5 responses to “Krievžīdu ielikteņi klusē”

1. 

   ANDRIS 7

   2013. gada 28. August

   LABU VISU DIENU!
   Krize,laba maksliga krize,lai ar deficitu kads bija PSRS iemestu “tirgu”,
   liekot aizmirst garigumu,un reize “nodot” savus bernus,piesaistot tos
   tuksam vertibam,kuras zudis.Atstata bus genetiski samaitata paaudze
   garigi,un fiziski,jo materialisms,kurs sasniedzis apogeju kultive izvirtibu
   ka kermenisku baudu dzivi UN VISS.LIMUZINS JANU NAKTS KRASA virietim nav
   speka ” uzkapt” dzives koka,ar pilnigi samaitatu domasanu MELNAS BEDRES
   BEIGAS pie JAUNA LAIKMETA.Tapec nekad nezinas,kas ir kvantu fizika,kura
   JAUNA LAIKMETA bus noteicosa.
   Kas ir SMI.Kods SERP i MOLOT,divu semitu cilsu apvienosana baltas rases
   iznicinasanai,kur nakti ar sirpi izkava PERSIJAS iedzivotajus,pec JUDU
   LIGAVAS “PAVELES”.Amurs,ka TORA simbols no rietumiem,jo visiem tadiem
   “sikumiem” ir saistosas vertibas.
   Sergei Witte(Wikipedia)Kods Sers gejs,ka dzive(la vita)italiski,ROMAS
   rezidents ar pienemtu vardu,savu noziedzigo darbibu sak ar Vyacheslav
   von Plehve(Wikipedia) nogalinasanu,kurs uzstajas pret zidismu valdiba.
   Vina “varondarbi”

   http://allpravda.info/content/2243.html

   se ari HITLERA plani ieprieksejam jautatajam.PROVOKAcIJA ANARHIJAS MATE.

   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USrGWeC1XNY

   VELAK VEL. TENcINU.

2. 

   store

   2013. gada 29. August

   Pirms neilga laika plašsaziņas
   līdzekļos nonāca informācija
   par to, ka par politiķa
   Alfrēda Rubika
   izteikumiem, kuros viņš
   attaisno Staļina laika deportācijas, ir ierosināts
   kriminālprocess. Vēlos vērst sabiedrības
   uzmanību, ka tās nav viena
   indivīda interpretācijas,
   līdzīgas lietas joprojām tiek
   mācītas, un pat Latvijas
   augstskolās. Manā rīcībā ir nonācis Baltijas
   Starptautiskās Akadēmijas
   (BSA) 2008. gada izdevums
   “Baltijas valstu valsts un
   tiesību vēsture” – kursa
   lekciju konspekts 1. kursa Tiesību zinātnes studentiem.
   Ziņas par autoriem un
   recenzentiem krājumā ir
   sniegtas sekojošas: autori –
   Doc. S. Geršovičs un E.
   Juhno, recenzenti vēstures zinātņu doktors, profesors
   Josifs Šteimanis ( 1923. –
   2011.) un paeg.Mg. V.
   Agešins. Krājumā ir visai
   daudz gramatisku kļūdu,
   tanī skaitā nav skaidrs, kāds tad īsti ir zinātniskais grāds
   recenzentam Agešina
   kungam. Raksturojot
   krājumu vienā teikumā – tas
   ir padomju un mūsdienu
   Krievijas ideoloģisks kokteilis sliktā latviešu
   valodā. Kādas tad ir galvenās atziņas
   par deportācijām? Par 1941.
   gada 14. jūniju, ko Latvijā
   piemin kā komunistiskā
   genocīda upuru piemiņas
   dienu, ir teikts sekojošais (citāts): “Pagrīdes cīņu saasināšanās
   un pieaugošie Vācijas
   uzbrukuma PSRS draudi
   noveda pie lēmuma par
   “nevēlamu elementu
   deportāciju”. (…) Deportācija attiecās uz cariskās un
   Latvijas armijas
   virsniekiem, tiesībsargājošo
   iestāžu vadošajiem
   darbiniekiem, buržuāzisko
   partiju aktīvistiem, lielu privātīpašumu īpašniekiem,
   noziedzniekiem –
   recidīvistiem un
   prostitūtām. (…) Akciju
   izpildītāji uz vietām
   ļaunprātīgi izmantoja savu dienesta stāvokli, pieļaujot
   ne tikai vispārīgu cilvēcīgu
   normu pārkāpumus, bet
   pārkāpjot arī Maskavas
   diktētos formālos kritērijus.
   Tika izsūtīti cilvēki, pret kuriem nebija nekādas
   vajadzības izmantot tādus
   ārkārtējus mērus. Nebija
   pilnīgi nekāda attaisnojuma
   tam, ka tika deportēti
   arestēto vai izsūtīto ģimenes locekļi. Tai pašā
   laikā ārpus drošības orgānu
   redzesloka palika daudzas
   personas, kuru naidīga
   attieksme pret jauno
   iekārtu bija zināma, kā, piemēram, ģenerālis R.
   Bangerskis (komandēja
   Kolčaka armijas korpusu,
   vācu laikā kļuva par
   ģenerālinspektoru,
   “Latviešu SS leģiona ” gruppenfīreru, bijušais
   ministrs A. Valdmanis
   (vēlāk viens no aktīviem
   marionešu pašvaldības
   darbiniekiem), buržuāzisko
   partiju redzamākie locekļi, kuri kara sākumā izvērsa
   aktīvu naidīgo darbību, bet
   vācu okupācijas laikā
   uzticīgi kalpoja fašistiem.
   Slēdziens: deportācija, lai arī
   to diktēja apstākļi, notika bez tiesas sprieduma un
   tādēļ bija
   nelikumīga” (citāts no
   krājuma 76. lpp.). Tātad faktiski vienīgais
   autoru arguments, kas liek
   deportāciju no tiesiskā
   viedokļa atzīt par
   nelikumīgu, ir neesošie
   tiesas spriedumi. Jaunums ir tas, ka liela daļa vainas tiek
   uzvelta vietējai varai, kas ir
   pārkāpusi Maskavas
   instrukcijas. Bet no padomju
   laika ideoloģijas nemainīgā
   veidā ir paņemta ideja, ka izsūtīja nepietiekamu skaitu
   Latvijas pilsoņu. Citā vietā
   autori netieši norāda to
   cilvēku skaitu, kurus
   viņuprāt 1941. gadā
   vajadzēja izsūtīt, raksturojot tos, kas otrā
   pasaules kara laikā, bēgot
   no padomju represijām,
   devās bēgļu gaitās uz
   rietumiem: “120 000 latviešu
   – kolaboracionistu devās līdzi vāciešiem, kad tie
   atkāpās”.( 86.lpp.). Līdz ar to
   visi 120 tūkstoši bēgļu ir
   ierindoti nodevēju –
   padomju varas ienaidnieku
   sarakstā. Protams, tostarp arī sirmgalvji un bērni. Nav pārsteigums, ka 1949.
   gada marta deportācija ir
   analizēta nodaļas “Latvija
   fašistu okupācijas gados
   1941. – 1945.” apakšnodaļā
   “Tiesas un prokuratūra”, jo šī akcija tiek visciešākā
   veidā saistīta ar
   nepieciešamību atriebties
   tiem, kas nogalinājuši
   padomju aktīvistus (par to
   runāts iepriekšējā rindkopā). Rezumējums ir
   sekojošs: “Vietējā vara
   pārpildīja šo nelikumīgo un
   antihumāno plānu un
   izsūtīja 12 990 ģimenes”. Darbā ir ļoti plaši aprakstīti
   padomju varas sasniegumi
   pēckara laikā, tostarp
   analfabētisma izskaušana,
   kā arī industrializācija:
   “Daudzu uzņēmumu produkcija bija
   konkurētspējīga
   starptautiskajā tirgū, vai arī
   tai vispār nebija analogu
   pasaulē. Pēc neatkarības
   atjaunošanas Latvija lielāko daļu šo uzņēmumu
   likvidēja” (87. lpp.). Nav
   noliedzams, ka daudzi
   rūpniecības uzņēmumi
   beidza eksistēt, taču
   apgalvojums, ka tos likvidēja Latvijas valsts, ir
   tendenciozs un nepatiess.
   Šeit un citviet uzsvērta
   Krievijas un PSRS pozitīvā
   ietekme uz Latviju,
   savukārt neatkarības posmi, īpaši laiks pēc
   neatkarības atjaunošanas, ir
   raksturots kā īpaši
   neveiksmīgs. Tāpat
   tendenciozi ir atspoguļota
   Latvijas nacionālā politika: “Valdošās politiskās partijas
   visus gadus pēc neatkarības
   atgūšanas atklātā (likumu
   veidā) vai slēptā formā
   realizēja lozungu “Latvija
   latviešiem”.”(93.lpp.). Visai loģiski, ka esošajā
   kontekstā visplašāk ir
   aplūkotas nepilsoņu tiesības
   un uzsvars ir likts uz krievu
   tautības etnisku
   diskrimināciju: “Neskatoties uz to, ka vairāk kā 200 000
   etnisko krievu bija spiesti
   pamest Latviju laikā no
   1991. līdz 1994. gadam, un ap
   100 000 cilvēku pēdējo 10
   gadu laikā ir ieguvuši pilsonību naturalizācijas ceļā,
   nepilsoņi līdz šim sastāda
   lielāko daļu krievu tautības
   iedzīvotāju
   Latvijā” (94.lpp.). Savukārt 1940. gada
   notikumi (Latvijas
   okupācija un aneksija) tiek
   traktēti kā labdabīga un
   miermīlīga akcija, tiek
   uzsvērts, ka procesi notika demokrātiski, ka vēlēšanās
   piedalījās 94,8 % vēlētāju un
   par “Latvijas Darba tautas
   bloku” nobalsoja 97,8 %.
   Okupācija pieminēta tikai
   vienā aspektā – tā šos notikumus kopš 90. gadiem
   traktējot oficiālā vara, ar
   mērķi panākt Krievijas
   atvainošanos, finansiālu
   kompensāciju un iespējams,
   “civilo okupantu” deportāciju. Nākamajās
   rindkopās ir minēti vēl
   vairāki “pierādījumi” par
   PSRS labajiem nodomiem
   1940. gadā, pieminēts plaši
   zināmais Kārļa Ulmaņa runas citāts “tāpēc es vēlos, lai
   mūsu zemes iedzīvotāji
   uzņemtu draudzīgi
   ienākošās bruņoto spēku
   daļas (…)” u.t.t.. Citēšanas vērtas ir arī
   pēdējās divas rindkopas, kas
   veltītas okupācijas
   jautājumam, jo nekādā ziņā
   neatbilst ne vēsturiskajai, ne
   tiesiskajai realitātei: “Svarīgs apstāklis bija tas,
   ka varu Latvijā nekad
   neīstenoja okupācijas varas
   pārstāvji. Vēl jo vairāk,
   Latvijai bija pilnvērtīga
   pārstāvniecība PSRS Augstākajā padomē un
   Tautību padomē –
   augstākajā varas orgānā
   PSRS. Latvieši bija pārstāvēti
   PSRS valdībā, Padomju
   Armijas ģenerāļu un virsnieku korpusā. Atšķirībā no hitleriskās
   Vācijas, kas okupēja Latviju
   1941. gadā, PSRS neizveda
   no Latvijas kultūras un
   materiālās vērtības. No PSRS
   iebraukušajām militārpersonām un
   civilajiem speciālistiem
   nebija nekādu privilēģiju
   salīdzinājumā ar vietējiem
   iedzīvotājiem.” Secinājums ir viens – mums
   Latvijā eksistē ne tikai
   paralēlas informatīvās
   telpas, bet arī paralēlas
   izglītības telpas. Kur
   nākamajiem juristiem, tostarp tiesību sargājošo
   iestāžu darbiniekiem, tiek
   izveidota atšķirīga izpratne
   par mūsu valsti, tās vēsturi
   un vērtībām.

3. 

   Os

   2013. gada 29. August

   Nav tacu iespejams-intigret 1 miljonu krievzidu okupntus Latviesu Nacija,ta ir Nacijas iznicinasana-genocids,bojaeja. Interesants fakts-PSRS pirmo militaro armijas izlukdienestu GRU(Velak kas saauga par KGB) ,ta pirmais prieksnieks bija Peteris Kuzis,tas pats tikai ar pseidonimu Krievija-Janis Berzins. Varbut sis 4 maija Valsts Policijas Kuza dzimtas vecvectevs?

4. 

   varenajam rakstniekam

   2013. gada 30. August

   Laikam sāksies aškenāzu un separdu kārtējais cīniņš.To izvešanu uz Sibiriju riktēja trockis,kad Krievijā un Latvijā izveda gandrīz visus Baltu cilvēkus (tādus kā godmanis,škēle, tāpat kā tagad, ir lielā aizsardzībā),pirms kārtējā kara katram varenajam gan Rīgā,gan laukos,piem.Sēlijā brīdināja izceļot,tur četri pagasti nojauca mājas un izceļoja uz Eiropu (tagad drīz ceļošot atpakaļ),it kā rotšilds nopērk Izraēlu.
   Varenie raksta,ka lietas labā var arī savējos novākt,jautājums kas organizēja holokaustu.
   Laikam Staļins gribēja nopirkt jaunus zābakus,(Krievijā bija 5 tūkst.tonnu zelta), un Staļins sāka izlaist zelta naudu,to varenie pasaulē nevarēja pieļaut un Staļinu noslepkavoja.

5. 

   vēsture

   2013. gada 11. September

   http://geocurrents.info/place/russia-ukraine-and-caucasus/stalins-ethnic-deportations-and-the-gerrymandered-ethnic-map?fb_action_ids=10151588653070978&fb_action_types=og.likes&fb_source=other_multiline&action_object_map=%7B%2210151588653070978%22%3A311658165632195%7D&action_type_map=%7B%2210151588653070978%22%3A%22og.likes%22%7D&action_ref_map=%5B%5D

   Stalin’s Ethnic Deportations—and the Gerrymandered Ethnic Map

   An earlier GeoCurrents post on Chechnya mentioned that the Chechens were deported from their homeland in the North Caucasus to Central Asia in February 1944. However, the Chechen nation was not the only one to suffer such a fate under Stalin’s regime. The early Bolsheviks generally believed that a nationality had to be associated with a distinct territory, rejecting the “extraterritorial national-cultural autonomy” approach, championed by Austrian Marxists like Otto Bauer. Thus, Lenin and his successors sought to provide a degree of territorially based autonomy to the country’s various ethno-national groups, assuming that the entire system would eventually wither away as a new pan-Soviet society emerged. But for Stalin, such a Soviet identity could not emerge fast enough to suit his purposes. As a result, he took to gerrymandering the country’s ethnic map by moving whole nationalities around like chess pieces on the board (Pohl 1999).

   The ultimate motivation behind Stalin’s policy of continuing deportation, however, was twofold. First, the need for cheap labor to explore and exploit the natural resources of Siberia and to speed up Soviet industrialization program meant that increasing numbers of people had to be sent wherever those economic needs arose. While economic motives provided the “pull”, political and military objectives constituted the “push”. It appears that by resettling whole populations in Siberia, Central Asia, and the Far North, Stalin was also clearing out much of the Western border zone, presumably in preparation for an offensive against Nazi Germany. Although the thesis that Stalin was poised to invade Nazi-controlled territories in July 1941 is highly controversial among historians, it is significant that most ethnic groups deported prior to June 22, 1941 (as discussed in more detail below) came from the border zone stretching from Karelia in the north to the Black Sea in the south. Similarly, some historians have suggested that the real reason behind the deportation of more than 100,000 Meskhetian Turks from the Caucasus was Stalin’s desire to cleanse southern Georgia of its Muslim elements in anticipation of war with neighboring Turkey, which never materialized. In later years, the Nazi invasion of the USSR provided another excuse for the continuing process of ethnic cleansing. Although the Soviet propaganda machine attempted to sugar-coat the bitter truths, justifying the mass deportation on the basis of resistance to Soviet rule, separatism, and collaboration with the German occupation forces, most Soviet citizens could see through the lies. For example, the young English adventurer Fitzroy Maclean, who visited the USSR in February 1937, reported that a Soviet citizen told him that “the arrests had been decreed from Moscow and merely formed part of the deliberate policy of the Soviet government, who believed in transplanting portions of the population from place to place as and when it suited them” (Martin 1998: 813).

   Most of the mass deportation occurred in 1930s and 1940s, when numerous ethnic groups were removed from their historical homelands. In this period, belonging to a certain ethnic group—rather than to a socio-economic class such as kulak (rich peasant) or texničeskaja intelligentsia (engineering professionals)—was sufficient to earn one the status of an “enemy of the people” (vrag naroda). Between 1935 and 1938 alone, no less than nine nationalities were deported: Poles, Germans, Finns, Estonians, Latvians, Koreans, Chinese, Kurds, and Iranians. Needless to say, not all of those who were forced onto ships or cattle trains “under the escort of NKVD frontier troops with fixed bayonets” (Martin 1998: 813) arrived to their final destination; this was not merely a “resettlement program”, as the Soviet propaganda machine depicted it, but a true government-run case of ethnic cleansing. According to the data reported in Wheatcroft (1996: 1341), the following ethnic groups were “held in places of special exile” as of 1946: over 400,000 Chechen and Ingush; 60,000 Karachai; almost 33,000 Balkars; 82,000 Kalmyks; 194,000 Crimean Tatars, Bulgarians and Greeks; 84,000 Turks and Kurds; 5,000 Lithuanians; and 774,000 Volga Germans (the latter figure does not include German POWs or captured non-Soviet German civilians). In addition to the groups listed above, displaced ethnic groups include Romanians, Caucasus Greeks, Karakalpaks, Koreans, and others. Altogether it is estimated that nearly 3.3 million people were deported to Siberia and the Central Asian republics between 1941 and 1949 (Boobbyer 2000; this figure includes other groups deported on religious or political grounds). By some estimates, up to 43% of the resettled population died of diseases, malnutrition, and general mistreatment during this period.

   Among the first to be deported on ethnic grounds were the Poles from Belarus, Ukraine, and European Russia, who were ousted in the early 1930s. During the 1920s, two Polish Autonomous Districts were created within the USSR, one in Belarus and one in Ukraine. The former was named Dzierzynszczyzna, after Felix Dzierżyński, the founder of the Soviet State Security forces, better known under his nicknames Iron Felix or Bloody Felix; the second was named Marchlewszczyzna after Julian Marchlewski, co-founder, with Rosa Luxemburg, of the Polish Marxist organization SDKPiL. As Soviet policies turned to outright eradication of Polish national identity in the late 1920s, both of these autonomous regions were abolished; their populations were subsequently deported to Kazakhstan in 1934-1938. In 1939, the Soviets invaded and annexed eastern Poland (known as Kresy to the Polish) just as the German invaded western Poland, marking the official start of World War II in 1939. From 1939 to1941, nearly 1.5 million people were deported from this region by the Soviet regime, including more than 900,000 Poles. Estimates of the number of Poles who died at the hands of the Soviets range from 350,000 to nearly a million.

   karte_deport_2

   The same fate awaited Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. The first wave of expulsions, known as the “June deportations”, began on June 14, 1941, shortly after the annexation of the three Baltic states by the Soviet Union. Men were generally imprisoned and most of them died in Siberian prison camps. Women and children were resettled in Kirov, Tomsk, Omsk, and Novosibirsk Oblast, as well as Krasnoyarsk and Altai Krai; about a half of them are estimated to have survived. Another wave of eviction called the “March deportation” by Baltic historians and known also under their Soviet code name Operation Priboi (“Operation Coastal Surf”) were more massive in scope: some 90,000 Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians, labeled “enemies of the people”, were deported to inhospitable areas of the USSR in late March, 1949. While portrayed as part of the collectivization program, this operation targeted anti-Soviet nationalists, supporters and kin of the Forest Brothers (anti-Soviet partisan fighters), veterans who had served in the German military, and relatives of those already held in the Soviet Gulag for alleged anti-Soviet activities (Strods and Kott 2002). Some of those deported were placed in Gulag prison camps; others were considered “special settlers” with no right of return to their homelands or even to leave their designated area; those hoping to escape faced the penalty of twenty years’ hard labor. Such “special settlers” often found themselves in conditions no better than those awaiting Gulag prisoners, as the Soviet authorities did not provide adequate or suitable clothing or housing at the destinations. The resulting high death rate has led many historians to consider these deportations an act of genocide and a crime against humanity (Rummel 1990, Pohl 2000, Mälksoo 2001).

   Altogether nearly 300,000 people are estimated to have been deported or sent to Gulag camps from the time the annexation of the Baltic Republics in 1940 to Stalin’s death in 1953. Roughly 10% of the entire adult population was expelled from the Baltic countries. As elsewhere, masses of ethnic Russians and members of other ethnic groups were resettled to take their places. Largely as a consequence of these policies, native Latvians represented only 52% of the population of Latvia in 1989, and Estonians comprised merely 62% of their country’s population (Laar 2009: 36). In Lithuania, the situation was not as extreme. Although many Lithuanians were deported, the corresponding Russians resettlement effort was focused on former East Prussia (now Kaliningrad District) which, contrary to the original plans, never became part of Lithuania (Misiunas and Taagepera 1983). Partly as a result of these policies, strong anti-Soviet and anti-Russian sentiment became especially widespread in the Baltic republics, which subsequently became the first parts of the Soviet Union to break away. Anti-Russian feelings are still evident in the region, reflected, for example, in the extremely divisive recent referendum of whether to make Russian a co-official language of Latvia.

   1942-01-massaker-Ukraine-deportationen-Bessarabien-Transnistrien

   Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, formerly part of Romania, were also occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940. On June 12-13, 1941—just days before Nazi Germany invasion of the USSR began—nearly 30,000 of “counter-revolutionaries and nationalists” and their families were deported from Moldova and from the Chernivtsi and Izmail oblasts of Ukraine, most of them ethnic Romanians. They ended up in Kazakhstan, the Komi Autonomous Republic in far northern European Russia, and in such Siberian regions as Krasnoyarsk Krai, Omsk, and Novosibirsk. It bears highlighting that these Romanians were not simply shifted from one location to another, but were taken from one of the most climatically mild and agriculturally favorable locations in the Soviet Union and resettled in some of its most inhospitable areas, noted for their bitterly cold winters, poor soils, and meager infrastructure. After the German invasion commenced on June 22, 1941, another massive wave of deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina occurred, only to be followed by additional expulsions in 1949 and 1951. Estimates of the total number of ethnic Romanian deportees range from 200,000 to 400,000.

   While most ethnic deportees were “resettled” to the east, one group was deported westwards—the Koreans of the Russian Far East. Their deportation was conceived in 1926, initiated in 1930, and carried through in 1937, Koreans were among the first nationalities to undergo mass expulsion (Pohl 1999: 9-20). Almost the entire Soviet population of ethnic Koreans, over 170,000 people, were forcefully moved to unpopulated areas of Kazakhstan in October 1937. The official reason was to stem “the penetration of the Japanese espionage” into the Far East, where Koreans were viewed as a potential enemy, eager to collaborate with the Japanese military. Considering the general level of animosity between the Koreans and the Japanese, the very idea seems absurd.

   deportation_1941_map

   Other ethnic groups were deported in the later stages of WWII as a form of collective punishment. Although treasonous collaboration with the invading Germans and anti-Soviet rebellion were again the official justifications. only a small proportion of these ethnic populations served in German battalions or otherwise collaborated with the Nazis. ,The deportations of 1943-1944 uprooted entire ethnic groups, nearly 2 million people in total. Among them were Volga Germans and several non-Slavic nationalities of the Crimea and the northern Caucasus: Crimean Tatars, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Karachays, Meskhetian Turks, Bulgarians, Crimean Greeks, Romanians, and Armenians. Effectively, the whole Black Sea coastal region was cleared of ethnic minorities. Because nearly all the Soviet male population was serving in the army, the majority of the deportees in those lighting-strike operations performed by Stalin’s NKVD (secret police) consisted of women, children, and the elderly. After demobilization, the men were arrested and sent into exile. Klara Baratashvili, who was born in 1955, recalled her father Latif Shah Baratashvili’s account of what happened to him and his people on the night of November 15, 1944:

   “At 4 am, people were aroused from sleep and ordered out in the fields without a single word of explanation. They remained all night on the threshing floor. Later on, several Stuedebaker trucks drove in and everyone was ordered to board them. People were authorized to take only the bare minimum with them. Before leaving the house my father had grabbed a few books and his personal notes. He had such faith in communism—he was almost a fanatic—that he had taken [Josef] Stalin’s complete works with him. That was what he valued most.”

   According to NKVD data, nearly 20% of the deportees died in exile during the first 18 months; Crimean Tatar activists have reported this figure to be nearly 46%.

   Yaghnobi_tajikistan-map

   Stalin’s death on March 5, 1953 largely put a stop to the policies of ethnic deportation, though some groups, such as the Yaghnobi people of Tajikistan—the descendants of the ancient Sogdians—were forcibly settled from their mountainous homeland to semi-desert lowlands as late as 1957 and 1970. Red Army Helicopters were sent in, ostensibly to save the Yaghnobis from an avalanche threat, but the abandoned kishlaks (villages) were razed to prevent any attempted return. In the process, a sizable trove of religious books, some as old as 600 years, were destroyed. The Yaghnobi ethnicity was officially abolished by the Soviet State, and no longer appears as a separate category in Russian censuses.

   After Stalin’s death, Nikita Khrushchev’s government “rehabilitated” most of the exiled ethnic groups, permitting some to return to their homelands. However, it was not until as late as 1991 that the Crimean Tatars, Meskhetian Turks, and Volga Germans were allowed to return en masse to their original settlement areas. But several of these, including the Volga Germans and Greeks, generally preferred to abandon the Soviet Union (and later Russia) for their original homelands. The deportations had a profound effect on the non-Russian peoples of the Soviet Union, and the collective memory of the deportations has played an important role in the separatist movements in Chechnya and the Baltic republics.

   While all of the above-mentioned groups deserve a closer look, the following GeoCurrents posts will focus on the Finns and Karelians, the Koreans, and the Volga Germans.

   Sources:

   Boobbyer, Philip (2000) The Stalin Era. Routledge.

   Laar, M. (2009). The Power of Freedom. Central and Eastern Europe after 1945. Centre for European Studies.

   Mälksoo, Lauri (2001) Soviet Genocide? Communist Mass Deportations in the Baltic States and International Law. Leiden Journal of International Law 14: 757-787.

   Martin, Terry (1998) The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing. The Journal of Modern History 70 (4): 813–861.

   Misiunas, Romuald J. and Rein Taagepera (1983) Baltic States: The Years of Dependence, 1940-1980. University of California Press.

   Pohl, J. Otto (1999) Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937–1949. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

   Pohl, J. Otto (2000) Stalin’s genocide against the “Repressed Peoples”. Journal of Genocide Research 2(2): 267-293.

   Rummel, Rudolph J. (1990) Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917. Transaction Publishers.

   Strods, Heinrihs and Matthew Kott (2002) The File on Operation “Priboi”: A Re-Assessment of the Mass Deportations of 1949. Journal of Baltic Studies 33 (1): 1-36.

   Wheatcroft, Stephen (1996) The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930-45. Europe-Asia Studies 48(8): 1319-1353.

   Source: http://geocurrents.info/place/russia-ukraine-and-caucasus/stalins-ethnic-deportations-and-the-gerrymandered-ethnic-map#ixzz2eZMyLvNs