{"id":11709,"date":"2012-12-02T13:58:34","date_gmt":"2012-12-02T11:58:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tautastribunals.eu\/?p=11709"},"modified":"2012-12-02T13:58:34","modified_gmt":"2012-12-02T11:58:34","slug":"a-kavacis-baltu-senvesture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tautastribunals.eu\/?p=11709","title":{"rendered":"A. Kavacis. Baltu senv\u0113sture"},"content":{"rendered":"

Priek\u0161v\u0101rds<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tauta bez savas v\u0113stures zin\u0101\u0161an\u0101m ir k\u0101 b\u0113rns bez vec\u0101kiem, kuram var iest\u0101st\u012bt, ko vien grib. Kaut kas t\u0101ds ir noticis ar baltu taut\u0101m. Modern\u0101 v\u0113sture t\u0101m ir nozagusi pirmdzimt\u012bbas paties\u012bbu, l\u012bdz ar to laupot goda un cie\u0146as pilnu st\u0101vokli Eiropas att\u012bst\u012bbas v\u0113stur\u0113.<\/p>\n

J\u0101teic gan, ka v\u0113l visai nesen godpr\u0101t\u012bgi zin\u0101tnieki, kalpodami paties\u012bbai, atzina, ka baltu tautas ir vissen\u0101k\u0101s Eirop\u0101. It\u0101\u013cu zin\u0101tnieks D\u017eakomo Devoto jau XX gs. s\u0101kum\u0101 uzsv\u0113rti atg\u0101din\u0101ja v\u0113sturisko paties\u012bbu par baltu senatn\u012bgumu. Ar to tika piev\u0113rsta uzman\u012bba baltu valodu un arheolo\u0123ijas p\u0113tniec\u012bbai.<\/p>\n

V\u0113l \u012bsu br\u012bdi p\u0113c II pasaules kara Padomju Savien\u012bbas okup\u0113taj\u0101 Latvij\u0101 skol\u0101s seno laiku v\u0113stur\u0113 m\u0101c\u012bja, ka Grie\u0137ijas pirmiedz\u012bvot\u0101ji bija pelasgi \u2013 sena baltu tauta. Ta\u010du v\u0113l\u0101k ac\u012bmredzamu politisku apsv\u0113rumu d\u0113\u013c, lai v\u0101jin\u0101tu latvie\u0161u tautas nacion\u0101lo pa\u0161apzi\u0146u un veicin\u0101tu t\u0101s p\u0101rkrievo\u0161anu, v\u0113sturisk\u0101 paties\u012bba tika \u201capgraiz\u012bta\u201d\u2026<\/p>\n

Pa to laiku br\u012bv\u0101s pasaules zin\u0101tne ir g\u0101jusi uz priek\u0161u un daudzos gad\u012bjumos radusi apstiprin\u0101jumus D\u017eakomo Devoto patiesajam uzst\u0101d\u012bjumam. Starp objekt\u012bviem baltu v\u0113stures p\u0113tniekiem j\u0101min lietuvie\u0161u \u0101rsts Basanavi\u010ds, v\u0113stures zin\u0101tniece Gimbuta, valodnieki Girdenis un Ma\u017eulis, v\u0101cu v\u0113sturnieks Maijers, krievu zin\u0101tnieki Toporovs un Ivanovs, \u010dehu zin\u0101tnieks N\u012bderle, v\u0101cbaltu v\u0113sturnieks R\u016btenbergs, it\u0101\u013cu valodnieks Dini u.c.<\/p>\n

\u0145emot v\u0113r\u0101 baltu senv\u0113stures dzi\u013cumu un pla\u0161umu, autors necer sniegt visaptvero\u0161u un izsme\u013co\u0161u v\u0113sturisku aprakstu, bet tikai konstrukt\u012bvu, dro\u0161i zin\u0101mu faktu kopsavilkumu, kas dotu visp\u0101rin\u0101tu ieskatu baltu senv\u0113stur\u0113 un b\u016btu lietojams skol\u0101s v\u0113stures programmas ietvaros.<\/p>\n

Ir gr\u016bti atjaunot dzi\u013cas aizv\u0113stures notikumu hronolo\u0123isko sec\u012bbu. T\u0101pat j\u0101\u0146em v\u0113r\u0101, ka mutv\u0101rdu trad\u012bcij\u0101 glab\u0101t\u0101 inform\u0101cija sniedz prec\u012bzas zi\u0146as par notikumiem un faktiem, bet reti iez\u012bm\u0113 to vietu uz laika ass. Ar\u012b arheolo\u0123isko atradumu vecuma noteik\u0161ana ir tikai aptuvena, jo neviena zin\u0101tnisk\u0101 metode negarant\u0113 100% precizit\u0101ti. Tom\u0113r ar\u012b maz ir vair\u0101k k\u0101 nekas.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Seno baltu tautu nosaukumi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kop\u0161 aizv\u0113stures baltu tautas ir sauku\u0161\u0101s daudzos un da\u017e\u0101dos v\u0101rdos. Pie vissen\u0101k\u0101s nosaukumu grupas pieder: k\u016bri, s\u0113\u013ci, vari\u0146i, heti, umbri un pelasgi, kas bija ku\u0123niec\u012bbai piev\u0113rsu\u0161os umbru nosaukums. P\u0113c m\u012btu v\u0113st\u012bm, \u0161\u012bs tautas sevi uzskat\u012bja par Letas b\u0113rniem vai \u2013 zieme\u013cu variant\u0101 \u2013 par Lotas b\u0113rniem. \u0160in\u012b sakar\u012bb\u0101 radu\u0161ies v\u0101rdi \u201cleti\u201d un \u201clotv\u012b\u0161i\u201d.<\/p>\n

No valstiskajiem veidojumiem j\u0101min aizv\u0113sturisk\u0101 K\u016bru valsts. Atmi\u0146as par t\u0101s esam\u012bbu glab\u0101 Baktrij\u0101 iemantot\u0101s grie\u0137u v\u0113stis un indie\u0161u m\u012bti, kas v\u0113st\u012b, ka K\u016bru valsts princis R\u0101ma bijis pirmais sen\u0101s saules zemes iekarot\u0101js un vald\u012bjis p\u0101r trim pasaul\u0113m \u2013 triloku. Tie\u0161\u0101m \u0100zijas, Eiropas un \u0100frikas kontinent\u0101 ir saglab\u0101ju\u0161ies daudzi ar k\u016bru v\u0101rdu saist\u012bti vietu un \u016bde\u0146u nosaukumi. Ar\u012b grandiozo pils\u0113tu drupas Altaja un Tjan\u0161ana kalnos pieder aizv\u0113sturiskajai k\u016bru kult\u016brai. J\u0101dom\u0101, ka zem \u0161\u012b v\u0101rda bija apvienoti ar\u012b s\u0113\u013ci, vari\u0146i, heti, keti un umbri.<\/p>\n

Ap 500. gadu pr.m.\u0113. aprit\u0113 ir budinu, neruvju, s\u0113\u013cu, k\u016bru, vari\u0146u, heru\u013cu, zemnonu, rugie\u0161u, j\u0101tvingu un galindu baltisk\u0101s tautas un to nosaukumi. T\u0101s \u0161\u0137ir tikai pavisam nelielas valodu \u012bpatn\u012bbas.<\/p>\n

M\u016bsu \u0113ras pirm\u0101 un otr\u0101 gadu t\u016bksto\u0161u mij\u0101 Eirop\u0101 v\u0113l ir saglab\u0101ju\u0161\u0101s vendu, liuticie\u0161u, drav\u0113nu, obru, Varnovas obru, ukru, ruj\u0101nu un tollensu baltu tautas. Seno k\u016bru atlikums p\u0113c gallu ekspansijas ar pr\u016b\u0161u-guto\u0146u un kur\u0161u nosaukumu atspiests uz Vislas lejteci pie Baltijas j\u016bras. Bet tagad\u0113jo Krieviju apdz\u012bvo seno k\u016bru atlikums \u2013 galindi un somu tautas, k\u0101 ar\u012b pirmie sl\u0101vu ien\u0101c\u0113ji. O. Zi\u013cickis min tambovus, valagus, muromus, kuru nosaukumi, t\u0101pat k\u0101 drav\u0113nu vai ukru nosaukumi, saist\u0101s ar \u0123eogr\u0101fisko vietu. Vien\u012bgi sindi var\u0113ja b\u016bt tauta ar at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bg\u0101m baltu n\u0101cijas iez\u012bm\u0113m.<\/p>\n

Jo tuv\u0101k viduslaikiem, jo vair\u0101k sazarojas baltu tautu nosaukumi un jo vair\u0101k tie attiecas uz apdz\u012bvoto teritoriju, bet maz\u0101k\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 uz nacion\u0101lo at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbu vai savdab\u012bgumu. Ar\u012b senatn\u0113 umbrus, kuri nodarboj\u0101s ar ku\u0123niec\u012bbu, sauca par pelasgiem, bet tos, kuri dz\u012bvoja Kr\u0113t\u0101, \u2013 par kretiem. Da\u017e\u0101di nosaukumi nenoz\u012bm\u0113, ka t\u0101 ir pavisam cita tauta.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Protobalti<\/strong><\/p>\n

Neatkar\u012bgais baltu v\u0113stures p\u0113tnieks O\u013c\u0123erts Zi\u013cickis, apkopojot lielu daudzumu arheolo\u0123ijas un antropolo\u0123ijas atkl\u0101jumu, konstat\u0113, ka protobaltu jeb Kroma\u0146onas cilv\u0113ku mirst\u012bg\u0101s atliekas atrastas 101 viet\u0101 \u0100frik\u0101, 72 viet\u0101s \u0100zij\u0101, 11 \u2013 Austr\u0101lij\u0101, 60 \u2013 Eirop\u0101 un 68 viet\u0101s Amerik\u0101.<\/p>\n

No izrakumu aptuven\u0101 vecuma var secin\u0101t, ka protobaltu pirmdzimtene bijusi \u0100zijas austrumos un Austr\u0101lij\u0101 pirms apm\u0113ram 50 000 gadu. Pirms 40 000 gadu tie jau sasniegu\u0161i Austrumeiropu, bet pirms 20 000 gadu protobalti apdz\u012bvoju\u0161i ar\u012b Rietumeiropu.<\/p>\n

Protobaltu antropolo\u0123iskais tips uzr\u0101da stabilu vienveid\u012bbu visos apdz\u012bvotajos re\u0123ionos, ieskaitot Ameriku. Tie bija vid\u0113ja auguma cilv\u0113ki ar \u0161auru, garenu seju, un vi\u0146u smadze\u0146u masa bija par 200 gramiem liel\u0101ka nek\u0101 m\u016bsdienu cilv\u0113kiem.<\/p>\n

Zin\u0101tnieki Rietumeiropas protobaltiem devu\u0161i ar\u012b sorotaptu v\u0101rdu. Protobalti jau no pirms\u0101kumiem ilgi un pla\u0161i praktiz\u0113ja miru\u0161o apbed\u012b\u0161anu uz labajiem s\u0101niem ar galvu uz austrumiem, saliektiem ce\u013ciem un ar ferosider\u012bta sarkan\u0101s kr\u0101sas uzkais\u012bjumu. Ap 3000. g. pr.m.\u0113. da\u017eas baltu tautas s\u0101ka miru\u0161os krem\u0113t un to pelnus apglab\u0101t urn\u0101s. T\u0101du praksi uzs\u0101ka Maz\u0101zij\u0101 fr\u012b\u0123ie\u0161i, bet Rietumeirop\u0101 \u2013 pr\u016b\u0161i un kur\u0161i. Francij\u0101 pie Glozelas atrastie rakstu pieminek\u013ci apstiprina baltu un sorotaptu kult\u016bras kop\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

Tas, ka sanskrita tekstos par \u0101rie\u0161u dzimteni tiek uzskat\u012bti gal\u0113jie Zieme\u013ci, kur tie\u0161i virs galvas sp\u012bd\u0113ja Zieme\u013czvaigzne un atrad\u0101s Lielais L\u0101cis, nav pretrun\u0101 ar antropologu datiem, jo tur att\u0113lots baltu atlikuma saglab\u0101\u0161an\u0101s re\u0123ions p\u0113c p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101s liel\u0101s kosmisk\u0101s katastrofas un vispasaules \u016bdenspl\u016bdiem, kad aptuveni 10 000 gadus pirms m\u016bsdien\u0101m viss ats\u0101k\u0101s no gala. Tika izveidota K\u016bru lielvalsts, kas atguva glob\u0101lu varu un ietekmi p\u0101r visu pasauli.<\/p>\n

Run\u0101jot par baltiem, nevajadz\u0113tu jaukt aizv\u0113sturiskos k\u016brus ar v\u0113sturiskajiem kur\u0161iem, kas gan ir tie\u0161\u0101k\u0101 atvase
\nno sen\u0101s k\u016bru saknes, tom\u0113r ne glu\u017ei tas pats. Aizv\u0113sturisko k\u016bru valod\u0101 ar sav\u0101m \u012bpatn\u012bb\u0101m ietilpa s\u0113\u013cu, ketu, hetu un vari\u0146u dialekti. Kur\u0161u un pr\u016b\u0161u valoda saskarsm\u0113 ar baskiem un galliem piedz\u012bvoja zin\u0101mu deform\u0101ciju un izmai\u0146as.<\/p>\n

M\u012bts ar paties\u012bbas segumu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Indie\u0161u mitolo\u0123ija glab\u0101 v\u0113stis par K\u016bru lielvalsti un t\u0101s dibin\u0101t\u0101ju princi R\u0101mu, kur\u0161 iekarojis seno Saules Zemi \u2013 R\u0101vanu un pak\u013c\u0101vis savai varai trejas pasaules \u2013 Triloku. Trilokas j\u0113dzien\u0101 ac\u012bmredzot iek\u013caujas ne maz\u0101k k\u0101 tr\u012bs kontinenti: \u0100zija, Eiropa un \u0100frika, bet, iesp\u0113jams, pat Eir\u0101zija, \u0100frika un Amerika. Arheolo\u0123ijas un antropolo\u0123ijas atkl\u0101jumi apstiprina, ka dzi\u013c\u0101 aizv\u0113stur\u0113 visus kontinentus apdz\u012bvoju\u0161i vienas rases un taut\u012bbas iedz\u012bvot\u0101ji. Ar\u012b sen\u0113\u0123iptie\u0161u, budistu un sem\u012btu avoti zi\u0146o par k\u0101du pirmtautu, kas run\u0101jusi kop\u012bg\u0101 pirmvalod\u0101.<\/p>\n

V\u0113l vair\u0101k \u2013 m\u016bsdienu zin\u0101tnisko atkl\u0101jumu un jauno tehnolo\u0123iju laikmet\u0101, kas ilgst tikai p\u0101ris gadsimtu, zin\u0101tnieki ir atkl\u0101ju\u0161i ar\u012b to, ka m\u016bsu laikmets ir tikai pag\u0101ju\u0161o laikmetu b\u0101la \u0113na, m\u016bsu \u201csasniegumi\u201d ir tikai pazaud\u0113to un aizmirsto sen\u010du zin\u0101\u0161anu jaunatkl\u0101jumi. M\u0113s joproj\u0101m dzenamies paka\u013c tam, kas jau sen ir bijis, un nav nek\u0101 patiesi jauna zem saules.<\/p>\n

M\u012bti skaidri neatkl\u0101j, vai princis R\u0101ma savu varu ieguva ar kariem to m\u016bsdien\u012bg\u0101 izpratn\u0113 vai ar zin\u0101tnisku gudr\u012bbu un tehnolo\u0123isku p\u0101r\u0101kumu, ta\u010du ir dro\u0161as liec\u012bbas, ka vi\u0146a veidot\u0101 lielvalsts p\u0113c daudziem gadu t\u016bksto\u0161iem tika sagrauta posto\u0161a kara rezult\u0101t\u0101, kur\u0101 tika pielietotas tehnolo\u0123iski piln\u012bgas izn\u012bcin\u0101\u0161anas iek\u0101rtas.<\/p>\n

Nav pamata apgalvot, ka K\u016bru lielvalsts b\u016btu bijusi vien\u012bg\u0101 glob\u0101l\u0101 civiliz\u0101cija uz Zemes. Tom\u0113r, dom\u0101jams, t\u0101 past\u0101v\u0113ja kop\u0161 10 000 gadu pirms m\u016bsu dien\u0101m l\u012bdz apm\u0113ram ceturtajam gadu t\u016bkstotim pirms m\u016bsu dien\u0101m, bet t\u0101s p\u0113d\u0113jie zin\u0101tniskie un administrat\u012bvie centri sagrauti ap 1500. gadu pirms m\u016bsu \u0113ras.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

M\u0113\u0123in\u0101sim apl\u016bkot vismaz da\u013cu no liec\u012bb\u0101m par k\u0101dreiz\u0113j\u0101s vispasaules civiliz\u0101cijas esam\u012bbu. Daudz\u0101m un da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m pasaul\u0113 izkl\u012bdin\u0101taj\u0101m taut\u0101m ir saglab\u0101ju\u0161\u0101s apbr\u012bnojamas zin\u0101\u0161anas astronomij\u0101 un matem\u0101tik\u0101. Bie\u017ei vien glab\u0101t\u0101jiem m\u016bsdien\u0101s tr\u016bkst savu zin\u0101\u0161anu praktisk\u0101 pielietojuma. Zodiaka z\u012bmes k\u0101 astronomiski simboli kop\u0161 senatnes bija zin\u0101mas \u0160umer\u0101, Indij\u0101, \u0136\u012bn\u0101 un pat Amerik\u0101. Tie piln\u012bgi sakr\u012bt vai ar\u012b ir \u013coti l\u012bdz\u012bgi cits citam. Saglab\u0101ju\u0161ies kalend\u0101ri un zvaig\u017e\u0146u kartes p\u0101rsteidz ar savu l\u012bdz\u012bbu un precizit\u0101ti. Slaven\u0101 Aleksandrijas bibliot\u0113ka glab\u0101ja lielu daudzumu \u0123eogr\u0101fisko kar\u0161u, kuru saglab\u0101t\u0101s kopijas p\u0101rsteidz ar savu precizit\u0101ti un uzr\u0101da kontinentu st\u0101vokli pat pirms 10 000 gadu. Bet k\u0101du \u0136\u012bn\u0101 saglab\u0101tu seno karti speci\u0101listi uzskata par fotogr\u0101fiju no kosmosa. P\u0113c v\u0113st\u012bjuma no Popol Vub<\/em> pirmie cilv\u0113ki zin\u0101ja visu, kas ir pasaul\u0113\u2026 Vi\u0146i redz\u0113ja visu pasauli, pat nem\u0113\u0123in\u0101dami izkust\u0113ties no t\u0101s vietas, kur\u0101 atrad\u0101s. Prof. Hapguds sav\u0101ca un izveidoja monogr\u0101fiju \u201cSeno j\u016bras valdnieku kartes\u201d. Vi\u0146\u0161 secin\u0101ja: \u201c\u013boti senos laikos past\u0101v\u0113ja visu pasauli aptvero\u0161a civiliz\u0101cija, kuras kartogr\u0101fi sast\u0101d\u012bja kvalitat\u012bvas visas zemeslodes kartes.\u201d<\/p>\n

Arheologi ir konstat\u0113ju\u0161i p\u0101rr\u0101vumu cilv\u0113ces eksistenc\u0113 uz Zemes. Tas ilgst apm\u0113ram no 12 000. gada l\u012bdz 10 000. gadam pirms m\u016bsu dien\u0101m. Apm\u0113ram pirms 10 000 gadu cilv\u0113ce s\u0101ka atjaunoties. Vajadz\u0113ja visu s\u0101kt no gala. Vienlaikus ar savva\u013cas dz\u012bvnieku pieradin\u0101\u0161anu n\u0101c\u0101s nostiprin\u0101t sen\u0101s zin\u0101\u0161anas par Visuma uzb\u016bvi un Zemes \u0123eogr\u0101fiju. \u0160im nol\u016bkam tika b\u016bv\u0113tas t\u0101das observatorijas k\u0101 Stonhend\u017e\u0101 (tagad\u0113j\u0101 Anglij\u0101) un Arkaim\u0101 (Dienvidur\u0101los), turkl\u0101t to iek\u0161\u0113jie ap\u013ci ir identiski, neskatoties uz to, ka abas \u0161\u0137ir 3000 km liels att\u0101lums. 12. gs. uzrakst\u012btaj\u0101 \u201cBritu kara\u013cu v\u0113stur\u0113\u201d ietvertas zi\u0146as no k\u0101da sena avota par Stonhend\u017eas celtniec\u012bbu. Megal\u012bti observatorijas cel\u0161anai esot vesti no \u012arijas, un atliek vien pie\u0146emt, ka umbru celtnieki ieradu\u0161ies no \u0100frikas, lai
\nveiktu \u0161os Trilokas valdnieka pav\u0113l\u0113tos darbus. Uz \u0161o megal\u012btisko celtniec\u012bbas laiku attiecin\u0101mi ar\u012b Lauvu v\u0101rti
\nMik\u0113n\u0101s, tiem l\u012bdz\u012bgie Saksavamanas v\u0101rti Peru, megal\u012btisko pils\u0113tu drupas Altaj\u0101 un Tjan\u0161ana kalnos un citas l\u012bdz\u012bgas aizv\u0113stures celtnes.<\/p>\n

Sanskrit\u0101 glab\u0101jas v\u0113stis par tehnolo\u0123iju uzplaukumu sen\u0101s K\u016bru lielvalsts laikos. T\u0101tad zin\u0101\u0161anas, lai gan r\u016bp\u012bgi sarg\u0101tas un pat sl\u0113ptas, tom\u0113r atrada praktisku pielietojumu dz\u012bv\u0113 un nodro\u0161in\u0101ja sakarus ar t\u0101l\u0101m zemes mal\u0101m, veidojot glob\u0101lu civiliz\u0101ciju.<\/p>\n

Starpkontinentu satiksm\u0113 noz\u012bm\u012bga ir j\u016bras ku\u0123niec\u012bba un gaisa satiksme. Ir arheolo\u0123iski pier\u0101d\u012bjumi, ka vismaz 4000 gadus pirms m\u016bsu dien\u0101m feni\u0137ie\u0161i sp\u0113ja nok\u013c\u016bt l\u012bdz Braz\u012blijai, pa Misisipi upi aizku\u0123oja l\u012bdz Lielajiem ezeriem Zieme\u013camerik\u0101, bet p\u0113c alvas ku\u0123oja uz tagad\u0113jo Angliju. Ar\u012b apbraukt \u0100friku pa j\u016bras ce\u013cu vi\u0146iem nebija nekas \u012bpa\u0161s. Tr\u016bkst zi\u0146u par ku\u0123niec\u012bbu pirms 10\u00a0000 gadu. Toties ir zi\u0146as par gaisa satiksmi starp kontinentiem un pat starp plan\u0113t\u0101m. Ki\u010di indi\u0101\u0146i glab\u0101 atmi\u0146as par \u010detriem tautas pirmt\u0113viem, kuri p\u0113c sava uzdevuma izpild\u012b\u0161anas kaut ko ieraudz\u012bja debes\u012bs, steig\u0161us atvad\u012bj\u0101s no siev\u0101m un radiem, lai dotos atpaka\u013c pie savas tautas. Vi\u0146i uzk\u0101pa kaln\u0101 un aizlidoja. L\u012bdz\u012bgs ir st\u0101sts par valdnieci, kas saukta par \u201cLidojo\u0161o t\u012b\u0123erieni\u201d. Vi\u0146a pav\u0113l\u0113jusi uznest sevi augst\u0101 kaln\u0101, no kurienes \u201cpazudusi p\u0113rkon\u0101 un ziben\u012b\u201d.<\/p>\n

Eposs \u201cR\u0101m\u0101jana\u201d v\u0113st\u012b: \u201cR\u0101ma ies\u0113d\u0101s debesu ratos, kurus vi\u0146am ats\u016bt\u012bja Pu\u0161paka, un sagatavoj\u0101s lidojumam. \u0160ie rati bija lieli un skaisti. Tiem bija divi st\u0101vi ar daudz\u0101m istab\u0101m un logiem. \u0160ie rati kust\u0113j\u0101s pa\u0161i no sevis. Pace\u013coties d\u0101rdo\u0146a piepild\u012bja visas \u010detras debespuses, bet, kad tie kust\u0113j\u0101s pa savu ce\u013cu gais\u0101, tie rad\u012bja vienmu\u013cu ska\u0146u. Att\u0101linoties tie liesmoja k\u0101 kom\u0113ta debes\u012bs.\u201d<\/p>\n

Sastopami v\u0113l vair\u0101ki detaliz\u0113ti gaisa ku\u0123u un to dzin\u0113ju apraksti. Var secin\u0101t, ka bija da\u017e\u0101da tipa gaisa ku\u0123i. R\u0101mas un hiperboreju (protobaltu) r\u012bc\u012bb\u0101 bija reakt\u012bvie lidapar\u0101ti, bet \u0137\u012bnie\u0161i uzb\u016bv\u0113ja propelleru dzin\u0113ja darbin\u0101tu gaisa ku\u0123i.<\/p>\n

Ar\u012b \u0161aujampulvera ra\u017eo\u0161anas nosl\u0113pums klejoja pa gadu t\u016bksto\u0161iem un valst\u012bm un paties\u012bb\u0101 nebija nosl\u0113pums, bet tikai r\u016bp\u012bgi glab\u0101tas zin\u0101\u0161anas. Bez pulvera bija v\u0113l daudz b\u012bstam\u0101ki bru\u0146ojuma veidi. Mah\u0101bh\u0101rat\u0101 viens no tiem raksturots \u0161\u0101di: \u201cTas ir ierocis, kas dr\u0101\u017eas ar me\u017eon\u012bgu sp\u0113ku, zibe\u0146u ap\u0146emts. Spr\u0101dziens bija spo\u017es k\u0101 10 000 sau\u013cu zen\u012bt\u0101. Visas stihijas satrakoj\u0101s. Lik\u0101s, ka saule pameta savu ce\u013cu. Visums, karstuma apdedzin\u0101ts, raust\u0101s k\u0101 drudz\u012b, skrien kaujas zilo\u0146i un apdegu\u0161i ar apdullino\u0161u r\u0113cienu kr\u012bt zem\u0113, trakojo\u0161\u0101s liesm\u0101s kaujas rati deg k\u0101 me\u017ea ugunsgr\u0113ks.\u201d Indij\u0101 \u0161o sauca par Brahmas ieroci, Dienvidamerik\u0101 \u2013 par Ma\u0161maku, bet pie baltiem \u2013 par P\u0113rkona m\u0101kslu. Aprakst\u012bta ar\u012b dzelzs bulta \u2013 ra\u0137e\u0161u ierocis, ar kura pal\u012bdz\u012bbu var\u0113tu ierosin\u0101t Visuma sabruk\u0161anu. Ir biju\u0161i zin\u0101mi ar\u012b da\u017e\u0101du degbumbu paveidi.<\/p>\n

Te nu esam non\u0101ku\u0161i l\u012bdz zin\u0101\u0161anu posto\u0161ajam sp\u0113kam un to sl\u0113p\u0161anas nepiecie\u0161am\u012bbai. Zin\u0101\u0161anu d\u017eins bezatbild\u012bgu cilv\u0113ku rok\u0101s noveda pie sabrukuma ar\u012b K\u016bru lielvalsti, ko apdz\u012bvoja protobalti, kas run\u0101ja k\u016bru, ketu, hetu, s\u0113\u013cu, umbru un vari\u0146u dialekt\u0101. No vi\u0146iem da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s kombin\u0101cij\u0101s, da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s viet\u0101s un laikos mijiedarb\u012bb\u0101 ar dzelteno, melno un sarkano rasi veidoju\u0161\u0101s pasaules jaun\u0101s tautas. Balt\u0101 rase p\u0113c miesas un asins ir protobaltu p\u0113cte\u010di, kaut valod\u0101s \u0161obr\u012bd patie\u0161\u0101m valda \u012bsts B\u0101beles juceklis. Tom\u0113r gadu t\u016bksto\u0161us ilgus\u012b protobaltu ietekme nav izdz\u0113\u0161ama no Zemes vaiga. \u0122eogr\u0101fiskie upju, kalnu un ieleju nosaukumi glab\u0101 piemi\u0146u par baltisko K\u016bru lielvalsti un t\u0101s pla\u0161aj\u0101m robe\u017e\u0101m. Valodu tilts no dzi\u013cas aizv\u0113stures caur k\u016bru-umbru-obru valod\u0101m l\u012bdz mal\u0113nie\u0161u izloksnei ar\u012b m\u016bsdien\u0101s \u013cauj at\u0161ifr\u0113t hidron\u012bmus un topon\u012bmus da\u017e\u0101dos kontinentos un atkl\u0101j to baltisko izcelsmi. L\u016bk, piem\u0113ri: Klus\u0101 oke\u0101na piekrast\u0113 Habarovskas novad\u0101 tek Kura un net\u0101lu no t\u0101s \u2013 N\u0101ra, Himalajos But\u0101n\u0101 tek Kuru upe un taj\u0101 ietek Dangme \u2013 debesu upe, caur Pakist\u0101nu tek Kurama, bet Turcij\u0101 izce\u013cas un caur Kauk\u0101zu tek K\u016bra, kas, ietekot Kaspijas j\u016br\u0101, veido K\u016bru jomu t\u0101pat k\u0101 Baltijas j\u016br\u0101, Krievij\u0101 Seimas krast\u0101 st\u0101v pils\u0113ta Kurska, bet Vagas krast\u0101 \u2013 \u0160enkurska. Ar\u012b Alpos tek Kuras up\u012bte un ir divas pils\u0113tas ar Kuras v\u0101rdu. \u0100frik\u0101 Zair\u0101 tek pr\u0101v\u0101 Sankuru upe, Gvinej\u0101 \u2013 Sankurami, Dienvid\u0101frik\u0101 tek Kurumana un Limpopa, kas sasaucas ar Zambijas Lufupu, Zieme\u013ckauk\u0101za Urupu un Upu Volgas basein\u0101. T\u0101 baltisk\u0101s upes ir iem\u016b\u017ein\u0101ju\u0161as K\u016bru lielvalsts v\u0113sturisko realit\u0101ti \u0123eogr\u0101fiskajos nosaukumos.<\/p>\n

Patur\u0113dami v\u0113r\u0101 tehnisko zin\u012bbu izplat\u012b\u0161anas b\u012bstam\u012bbu, senie priesteri, jau\u0161ot B\u0101beles posta tuvumu, v\u0113sturisk\u0101s paties\u012bbas tom\u0113r iem\u016b\u017ein\u0101ja sanskrit\u0101 \u2013 sanrokst\u0101 \u2013 senrakst\u0101. T\u0101p\u0113c \u0161iem senajiem m\u012btiem ir paties\u012bbas segums pat lidapar\u0101tu jaut\u0101jum\u0101. 1976. gad\u0101 Va\u0161kas upes krast\u0101 Komi iedz\u012bvot\u0101ji atrada k\u0101du atl\u016bzu, kas, k\u0101 noskaidroja zin\u0101tnieki, sast\u0101v\u0113ja no reti sastopamu elementu sakaus\u0113juma, kur\u0161 ieg\u016bts ar augstspiediena pres\u0113\u0161anas metodi, ko m\u016bsdien\u0101s paz\u012bst tikai k\u0101 teoriju, bet praks\u0113 \u012bstenot nesp\u0113j. Ar\u012b L\u016bks Birgins zi\u0146o par Rum\u0101nij\u0101 atrastu nezin\u0101ma lidapar\u0101ta balsta p\u0113du un Amerik\u0101 uzietu aizv\u0113sturiskas izcelsmes aizdedzes sveci.<\/p>\n

\u0112\u0123ipt\u0113 un Maz\u0101zij\u0101 atrasti pier\u0101d\u012bjumi, ka m\u016bsu sen\u010di pazina elektr\u012bbu, m\u0101c\u0113ja to ieg\u016bt un izmantot gan apgaismojumam, gan juvelierizstr\u0101d\u0101jumu apzelt\u012b\u0161anai. Viss \u0161eit min\u0113to un nemin\u0113to faktu kopums \u013cauj uztic\u0113ties sanskrit\u0101 fiks\u0113to zi\u0146u par K\u016bru lielvalsti un t\u0101s iesp\u0113j\u0101m patiesumam.<\/p>\n

Rakst\u012bt\u0101s mitolo\u0123ijas v\u0113stis dod pietiekamu vienlaidus kopainu l\u012bdz pagrieziena punktam, ko var\u0113tu nosaukt par B\u0101beles sajukumu. Gandr\u012bz visu pasaules tautu m\u012bti kaut k\u0101d\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 att\u0113lo \u0161o notikumu, kuram neviens nav uzdro\u0161in\u0101jies iez\u012bm\u0113t noteiktu vietu uz laika ass. Vienk\u0101r\u0161a lo\u0123ika prasa to iez\u012bm\u0113t pirms atsevi\u0161\u0137o, lok\u0101lo civiliz\u0101ciju laikiem, kas sav\u0101 b\u016bt\u012bb\u0101 bija tikai glob\u0101l\u0101s k\u016bru civiliz\u0101cijas atl\u016bzas.<\/p>\n

Izejot \u0101rpus mitolo\u0123isk\u0101 apraksta par v\u0113l\u0101kiem notikumiem, kas mums tuv\u0101ki laik\u0101, m\u0113s ieg\u016bstam da\u013c\u0113ju, fragment\u0101ru inform\u0101ciju, kas balst\u0101s uz gad\u012bjuma rakstura arheolo\u0123iskajiem atkl\u0101jumiem. T\u0101p\u0113c inform\u0101cija par baltu tautu dal\u012b\u0161anos un sajauk\u0161anos ir b\u0101l\u0101ka un nepiln\u012bg\u0101ka.<\/p>\n

No m\u016bsu \u0113ras s\u0101kuma l\u012bdz viduslaikiem nezi\u0146as tumsa, \u0161\u0137iet, sabiez\u0113 aizvien vair\u0101k \u2013 un p\u0113d\u0113jais baltu atlikums tiek novests l\u012bdz izn\u012bc\u012bbas slieksnim.<\/p>\n

Babilonie\u0161u priesteris un v\u0113sturnieks B\u0113ross raksta: \u201cSt\u0101sta, ka pirmie cilv\u0113ki, lepni sav\u0101 sp\u0113k\u0101 un lielum\u0101, s\u0101ka nicin\u0101t dievus un uzskat\u012bt, ka ir augst\u0101ki par tiem. Vi\u0146i uzb\u016bv\u0113ja augstu torni tur, kur tagad ir B\u0101bele. \u0160is tornis jau gandr\u012bz sk\u0101ra debesis, kad p\u0113k\u0161\u0146i v\u0113ji, pal\u012bdzot dieviem, nog\u0101za celtni uz t\u0101s b\u016bv\u0113t\u0101jiem. Ar\u012b drupas s\u0101ka saukt par B\u0101beli. L\u012bdz tam laikam \u013caudis run\u0101ja vien\u0101 valod\u0101, bet p\u0113c tam dievi tiem lika run\u0101t da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s valod\u0101s.\u201d B\u0101beles tornis simboliz\u0113 galu k\u0101dai ar lieluma m\u0101niju sasirgu\u0161ai ideolo\u0123ijai, kas ierobe\u017eoja indiv\u012bdu izpausmes iesp\u0113jas un savdab\u012bgumu. Tom\u0113r palika lielvalsts administrat\u012bvie centri, kuri, k\u0101 m\u0113s to varam konstat\u0113t, v\u0113l\u0101k tika glu\u017ei vienk\u0101r\u0161i izn\u012bcin\u0101ti.<\/p>\n

Arheologu atradumi apstiprina, ka Dundalkas un Ekosas cietok\u0161\u0146i \u012arij\u0101 izn\u012bcin\u0101ti ar k\u0101du \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi sp\u0113c\u012bgu degbumbu pal\u012bdz\u012bbu. Gran\u012bta blu\u0137i \u0161o cietok\u0161\u0146u iek\u0161pus\u0113 sakusu\u0161i stiklveida mas\u0101\u2026 L\u012bdz\u012bgi, tikai ar daudz liel\u0101kas jaudas iero\u010diem izn\u012bcin\u0101ta ar\u012b hetu galvaspils\u0113ta Hatusa Maz\u0101zij\u0101, kur m\u0101ju \u0137ie\u0123e\u013cu sienas sakusu\u0161as vien\u0101 sarkan\u0101 mas\u0101, akme\u0146i sa\u0137epu\u0161i un saplais\u0101ju\u0161i. T\u0101das pa\u0161as augstas temperat\u016bras p\u0113das saglab\u0101ju\u0161\u0101s Babilonij\u0101 uz 46 metrus augst\u0101 Nimroda tor\u0146a, k\u0101 ar\u012b uz klint\u012bm pie N\u0101ves j\u016bras, kur tika izn\u012bcin\u0101ta Sodoma un Gomora. Izrakumos pie Mohend\u017eodaro atkl\u0101j\u0101s pirms 3500 gadiem izn\u012bcin\u0101t\u0101s pils\u0113tas drupas. \u0112kas sagr\u0101vis triecienvilnis, kas n\u0101cis no aug\u0161as. Kilometra r\u0101dius\u0101 no spr\u0101dziena centra atrodami sakusu\u0161i akme\u0146i. Varb\u016bt sakusu\u0161\u0101s smiltis Gobi tuksnes\u012b liecina par apzin\u0101ti rad\u012bt\u0101 izn\u012bcin\u0101\u0161anas iero\u010da izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101jumu.<\/p>\n

Te nevar pie\u013caut domu par k\u0101d\u0101m nejau\u0161\u012bb\u0101m; t\u0101 pirms aptuveni 3500 gadiem tika izn\u012bcin\u0101ti sen\u0101s K\u016bru lielvalsts atliku\u0161ie centri. P\u0113c tam tika post\u012btas bibliot\u0113kas. Feni\u0137ie\u0161u bibliot\u0113ku T\u012br\u0101 izn\u012bcin\u0101ja Ma\u0137edonijas Aleksandrs, Kart\u0101gas bibliot\u0113ku \u2013 romie\u0161i, savuk\u0101rt Aleksandrijas bibliot\u0113ku vair\u0101kos pa\u0146\u0113mienos izn\u012bcin\u0101ja bizantie\u0161i un ar\u0101bi. Ac\u012bm redzams, ka jaun\u0101s kult\u016bras nesp\u0113ja paciest sen\u0101s civiliz\u0101cijas fonu un steidza atbr\u012bvoties no t\u0101\u2026<\/p>\n

Un t\u0101 viss atkal s\u0101k\u0101s no drup\u0101m, paciet\u012bgi kr\u0101jot paties\u012bbas drumslas.<\/p>\n

Paties\u012bba no drumsl\u0101m<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cilv\u0113ce ir apj\u016bsmojusi gan 7 pasaules br\u012bnumus, gan 70 pasaules br\u012bnumus. To vairums pieder laikmetam pirms m\u016bsu \u0113ras. T\u0101tad zin\u0101\u0161anas, k\u0101 tos rad\u012bt, n\u0101k no aizv\u0113stures dz\u012bl\u0113m, bet no to pielieto\u0161anas ir radu\u0161ies visi atsevi\u0161\u0137ie celtniec\u012bbas br\u012bnumi. \u0112\u0123iptes piram\u012bdas ir vispla\u0161\u0101k zin\u0101mais monument\u0101l\u0101s celtniec\u012bbas br\u012bnums. Meksikas piram\u012bdas no t\u0101m atpaliek apm\u0113ros un ir jaun\u0101kas celtnes. \u012bpa\u0161u vietu ie\u0146em Eir\u0101zijas piram\u012bdas, kuras sl\u0113pj bieza zemes k\u0101rta un kuras l\u012bdz p\u0113d\u0113jam laikam uzskat\u012bja par dabas veidojumiem. T\u0101s v\u0113l nav izp\u0113t\u012btas, bet dro\u0161i pretend\u0113 uz 1. vietu vecuma zi\u0146\u0101.<\/p>\n

Par vec\u0101ko pils\u0113tu cilv\u0113ces v\u0113stur\u0113 arheologi uzskat\u012bja J\u0113riku tagad\u0113j\u0101 Izra\u0113l\u0101. Ta\u010du t\u0101 izveidota da\u017eus gadu t\u016bksto\u0161us pirms sem\u012btu ielau\u0161an\u0101s \u0161aj\u0101 teritorij\u0101 un ir baltu dibin\u0101ta, T\u0101pat fr\u012b\u0123ie\u0161u nocietin\u0101t\u0101 pils\u0113ta Troja vecuma zi\u0146\u0101 st\u0101v tuvu J\u0113rikai, bet lielum\u0101 un p\u0113c noz\u012bm\u012bguma p\u0101rsp\u0113j to. Knosas pils Kr\u0113t\u0101 un Lauvu v\u0101rti Mik\u0113n\u0101s ir tikai saglab\u0101ju\u0161\u0101s paliekas no baltisk\u0101s pelasgu arhitekt\u016bras un kult\u016bras.<\/p>\n

v<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Zin\u0101tniekus p\u0101rsteidza fakts, ka hati jau 3000 g.pr.m.\u0113. p\u0101rvald\u012bja \u0123eometriju, prata k\u0101pin\u0101t skait\u013cus un vilkt saknes. \u0160\u012bm teor\u0113tiskaj\u0101m zin\u0101\u0161an\u0101m ir bijis ar\u012b praktisks pielietojums, piem\u0113ram, b\u016bv\u0113jot Stonhend\u017eas observatoriju vai Mik\u0113nu pils\u0113tu, vai Knosas pili Kr\u0113tas sal\u0101. Celtnes, kas veidotas no 3-4 metrus gariem mas\u012bviem klin\u0161u blu\u0137iem, nevar\u0113ja rad\u012bt tikai ar sp\u0113ku, bet galvenok\u0101rt ar pr\u0101tu un zin\u0101\u0161an\u0101m.
\n. . . \u0160\u012bs grandioz\u0101s celtnes tika b\u016bv\u0113tas aptuveni tan\u012b pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101, kad cilv\u0113ki s\u0101ka pieradin\u0101t m\u0101jdz\u012bvniekus. Bazalta reljefs, kur\u0101 att\u0113lots Gilgame\u0161s k\u0101 m\u0101jdz\u012bvnieku pieradin\u0101t\u0101js, atrasts hatu galvaspils\u0113t\u0101 Karkemi\u0161\u0101 un tiek dat\u0113ts ar 3000.g.pr.m.\u0113. T\u0101tad teika par Gilgame\u0161u pieder hatu, nevis as\u012brie\u0161u kult\u016brai. <\/em><\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

v<\/p>\n

<\/a>Gilgamesch als Bezwinger wilder Tiere.
\n\/Gilgame\u0161s k\u0101 me\u017ea zv\u0113ru savald\u012bt\u0101js (pieradin\u0101t\u0101js)\/<\/em><\/p>\n

v<\/p>\n

<\/a>Das L\u00f6wentor zu Myken\u00e4
\n\/Lauvu v\u0101rti Mik\u0113n\u0101s\/<\/em><\/p>\n

v<\/p>\n

<\/a>Stoehenge.<\/em><\/strong> Zeichnung von G. Schwarzburger nach der Rekonstruktion von Browne, 1834.
\n\/Stonhend\u017ea.<\/strong> G. \u0160varcburgera z\u012bm\u0113jums p\u0113c Brovna rekonstrukcijas, 1834.\/<\/em><\/p>\n

v<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0160o Francij\u0101 pie Glozelas atrasto rakstu pieminekli zin\u0101tnieki uzskata par 15-17 t\u016bksto\u0161us gadus vecu. Daudzi \u0161eit redzamie burti prec\u012bzi sakr\u012bt ar zin\u0101miem seno baltu burtiem, t\u0101tad atradums pieder protobaltu-sorotaptu kult\u016brai. <\/em><\/p>\n

v<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0160is arheologu atradums no Ekvadoras saglab\u0101jis inform\u0101ciju, kas iegrav\u0113ta ar burtiem, kuri \u013coti l\u012bdz\u012bgi Francij\u0101 pie Glozelas atrastaj\u0101 sorotaptu rakstu pieminekl\u012b iegrav\u0113tajiem. Mekl\u0113jot atbilsto\u0161\u0101kus burtus obru alfab\u0113t\u0101 un lasot tekstu horizont\u0101li, izn\u0101k:<\/em><\/p>\n

Uzmanies (utvaha) \u2014->
\ntra\u0123iski (tradil) <\u2014\u2014
\nnobeidza (duscil) \u2014\u2013>
\nl\u0101cis (tlatcis) <\u2014\u2013
\nce\u013ciniekus (celiur).\u2014\u2013><\/p>\n

Lasot vertik\u0101li no lab\u0101 st\u016bra un no aug\u0161as uz leju, izn\u0101k:<\/em><\/p>\n

Atl\u0113ts (atleter)
\nHerclus (Herclu)
\nvad\u012bja (vad\u012bti)
\njaunavu (tivici)
\nUldisoci (Uldisoc)<\/p>\n

No visa t\u0101 ir izn\u0101cis mielasts l\u0101cim, darbs priesteriem, divas pelnu urnas un piemi\u0146as pl\u0101ksne par tra\u0123isko notikumu arheologiem t\u0101laj\u0101 Ekvador\u0101. M\u0113s nezin\u0101m, vai \u0161ie senpr\u016b\u0161u valodai l\u012bdz\u012bgi run\u0101jo\u0161ie \u013caudis bija sorotaptu j\u016brasbrauc\u0113ji vai to protobaltu p\u0113cn\u0101c\u0113ji, kuru apmetnes Dienvidamerikas kontinent\u0101 atrastas 44 viet\u0101s, bet \u0161o v\u0113sti vi\u0146i ir atst\u0101ju\u0161i mums, lai ar\u012b m\u0113s saprastu, ka tra\u0123iski ir p\u0101rtraukt cilv\u0113ka dz\u012bvi jaun\u012bb\u0101, bet v\u0113l tra\u0123isk\u0101k, ja k\u0101dai tautai tiek nozagta t\u0101s v\u0113sture. <\/em><\/p>\n

v<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Ja sal\u012bdzin\u0101m \u0161o arheologu atradumu ar kur\u0161u z\u012bm\u0113m uz senas kokles, ac\u012bs kr\u012bt da\u017eu z\u012bmju liel\u0101 l\u012bdz\u012bba.
\n. . . \u0160\u012b Braz\u012blij\u0101 atrast\u0101 pl\u0101ksne glab\u0101 \u0161ifr\u0113tu inform\u0101ciju par k\u0101das cilts izcel\u0161anos, pirmajiem vec\u0101kiem, pirmdzimteni, savairo\u0161anos un aizce\u013co\u0161anu p\u0101r j\u016bru.
\n. . . Vai \u0161ie \u013caudis bija m\u016bsu baltisko kur\u0161u radinieki? Uz to \u0161odien mums nav dro\u0161as atbildes, bet t\u0101da iesp\u0113ja nav izsl\u0113gta. <\/em><\/p>\n

V<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a>Veca kur\u0161u kokle no XIII gs.<\/em><\/strong>
\nUz kokles iegriezts 1282.g. skaitlis un seno baltu rakstu z\u012bmes.<\/em><\/p>\n

V<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Stonhend\u017eas observatorija ir orient\u0113ta uz vasaras saulst\u0101vi. Sauli k\u0101 simbolu m\u0113s redzam piemi\u0146as pl\u0101ksn\u0113 Ekvador\u0101 un uz atraduma Viskonsinas \u0161tat\u0101 ASV. Te gan v\u0113l redzam k\u0101pnes un tr\u012bsst\u016bri vai piram\u012bdu l\u012bdz ar baltu burtu rakstu, kas var pieder\u0113t kr\u0113tie\u0161iem, etruskiem vai feni\u0137ie\u0161iem. Kuru ce\u013ci ir vedu\u0161i p\u0101r Atlantijas oke\u0101nu pa Misisipi upi uz aug\u0161u uz Lielajiem ezeriem, to varam min\u0113t, bet, ka tas ir noticis, to nevar noliegt. Turkl\u0101t tie ir dzi\u013cas aizv\u0113stures nosl\u0113pumi, kas apliecina seno baltu zin\u0101\u0161anas, drosmi un uz\u0146\u0113m\u012bbu.
\n. . . Rakst\u012bba baltu taut\u0101m bija rado\u0161s process. Katrai tautai bija savas rakst\u012bbas \u012bpatn\u012bbas un pat vair\u0101kas rakstu sist\u0113mas. Piem\u0113ram, burtu, mezglu un simbolu raksti. Tas, kas p\u0101rzin\u0101ja visas sist\u0113mas, visas var\u0113ja ar\u012b izmantot. Kaut ko t\u0101du m\u0113s redz\u0113j\u0101m atradum\u0101 no Braz\u012blijas.
\n. . . Senaj\u0101s baltu valod\u0101s atrodam ne vien jauno Eiropas valodu aizmet\u0146us un izejas b\u0101zi \u0161o valodu v\u0101rdu fonda veido\u0161anai, bet ar\u012b vien\u0101dus v\u0101rdus pat pie sve\u0161\u0101m ras\u0113m piedero\u0161u tautu valod\u0101s. <\/em><\/p>\n

V<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Piem\u0113ram, mekl\u0113t antropolo\u0123isku l\u012bdz\u012bbu starp baltu taut\u0101m un Austr\u0101lijas aborig\u0113niem, \u0161\u0137iet, neb\u016btu pr\u0101ta darbs, ta\u010du dze\u0146u sugas putni\u0146u aborig\u0113ni sauc par \u201dkookaburru\u201d \u2013 var\u0113tu tulkot par koka urb\u0113ju\u2026 Varb\u016bt pats putni\u0146\u0161 br\u012bn\u0101s, no kurienes vi\u0146am t\u0101ds joc\u012bgs, kaut ar\u012b atbilsto\u0161s v\u0101rds. <\/em><\/p>\n

V<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

v<\/p>\n

L\u012bdz\u012bbas aizv\u0113sturiskaj\u0101 rakst\u012bb\u0101<\/strong>
\n.<\/a>Ska\u0146u sak\u0101rtojums atbilst etrusku alfab\u0113tam. Tas atbilst ar\u012b latga\u013cu-obru alfab\u0113tam, bet pr\u016b\u0161u un senpr\u016b\u0161u alfab\u0113tiem tikai aptuveni. Feni\u0137ie\u0161u, kr\u0113tie\u0161u, meroie\u0161u burti savietoti p\u0113c l\u012bdz\u012bbas. <\/em><\/p>\n

v<\/p>\n

M\u0101jok\u013cu b\u016bv\u0113 balti r\u012bkoj\u0101s saska\u0146\u0101 ar klimata \u012bpatn\u012bb\u0101m. Apvidos, kur barg\u0101kas ziemas, b\u016bv\u0113ja pusieraktas p\u0101\u013cu celtnes, silt\u0101kos rajonos k\u0101r\u0161u sliet\u0146us. Dienvidu zem\u0113s ar\u012b akmens kr\u0101vumu celtnes. Griestus sedza ar liel\u0101m apdedzin\u0101ta m\u0101la fl\u012bz\u0113m, kas pirms apdedzin\u0101\u0161anas bija uzkl\u0101tas uz zaru vai niedru pinuma. Baltu tauta heti jau kop\u0161 18.gs.pr.m.\u0113. m\u0101jok\u013cu logus aizsedza ar stiklu, kaut gan cit\u0101di vi\u0146u m\u0101jok\u013ci bija vienk\u0101r\u0161i un pietic\u012bgi iek\u0101rtoti. Pelasgi un umbri vair\u0101k tiec\u0101s p\u0113c grezn\u012bbas.<\/p>\n

Rakst\u012bbu baltu tautas pazina jau pirms 15-17 t\u016bksto\u0161iem gadu. T\u0101du vecumu zin\u0101tnieki pied\u0113v\u0113 Francij\u0101 pie Glozelas atrastajam ar protobaltu burtiem aprakst\u012btajam akmenim. Hetiem rakst\u012bba bijusi jau 3500 gadus pr.m.\u0113. J\u0101dom\u0101, ka ar\u012b kr\u0113tie\u0161u rakst\u012bba nav jaun\u0101ka. Interesanti atz\u012bm\u0113t, ka gan uz Glozelas atraduma, gan kr\u0113tie\u0161u, gan senpr\u016b\u0161u, obru un kur\u0161u rakstos ir lietoti daudzi kop\u012bgi burti. Tan\u012b pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 katrai baltu tautai ir sava rakst\u012bba ar \u012bpa\u0161\u0101m, vien\u012bgi tai rakstur\u012bg\u0101m paz\u012bm\u0113m. Balti lietoja gan burtu, gan mezglu rakstu. \u012apa\u0161\u0101 priesteru r\u012bc\u012bb\u0101 bija gar\u012bgais \u2013 sare\u017e\u0123\u012btu simbolu raksts.<\/p>\n

Hieroglifu un \u0137\u012b\u013cu, ko pazina un lietoja heti, lieto\u0161ana pie p\u0101r\u0113j\u0101m baltu taut\u0101m nav konstat\u0113ta, bet t\u0101p\u0113c vien nav izsl\u0113dzama.<\/p>\n

Mezglu rakstu burtnieki un z\u012blnieki s\u0113ja ar linu diegiem uz koka kl\u016bdzi\u0146\u0101m. Atsevi\u0161\u0137us tekstus atdal\u012bja ar diegu, ko attiec\u012bg\u0101 viet\u0101 aps\u0113ja ap kl\u016bdzi\u0146u t\u0101, ka tas aptv\u0113ra noteiktu mezglu un cilpu grupu. Sadz\u012bv\u0113, tautas dziesmas pierakstot, mezglus un cilpas s\u0113ja citu citai gal\u0101 un tina kamol\u0101 glu\u017ei k\u0101 magnetofona lent\u0113.<\/p>\n

Vispopul\u0101r\u0101kais burtu raksta materi\u0101ls m\u0113renaj\u0101 klimatiskaj\u0101 josl\u0101 bija b\u0113rza t\u0101ss t\u012bstokl\u012b\u0161i. Rakst\u012bja ar irbul\u012bti uz svaigas t\u0101ss iek\u0161puses. Rakst\u012bt var\u0113ja visos virzienos p\u0113c rakst\u012bt\u0101ja izv\u0113les. Vienu ska\u0146u var\u0113ja apz\u012bm\u0113t ar vair\u0101kiem at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgiem burtiem. Patska\u0146us lietoja visai ierobe\u017eoti. Katrs l\u012bdzskanis bija it k\u0101 l\u012bdzska\u0146a un k\u0101da patska\u0146a dabisks salikums. Kur \u0161is salikums neatbilda vajadz\u012bbai, tur speci\u0101li lietoja vajadz\u012bgo patskani.<\/p>\n

Zin\u0101tnieku izbr\u012bnu izsauca hetu pla\u0161\u0101s zin\u0101\u0161anas matem\u0101tik\u0101. Heti perfekti pazinu\u0161i un lietoju\u0161i \u0123eometriju, k\u0101 ar\u012b m\u0101c\u0113ju\u0161i k\u0101pin\u0101t skait\u013cus un vilkt saknes jau 5000 gadus pirms m\u016bsu dien\u0101m. T\u0101das teor\u0113tisk\u0101s zin\u0101\u0161anas nevar\u0113tu b\u016bt uzglab\u0101tas bez pielietojuma praks\u0113.<\/p>\n

Baltu taut\u0101m bija vair\u0101ki gar\u012bgie kult\u016bras centri. Var\u0113tu min\u0113t \u010congru, Troju, Hatusu, kaut gan nevienu no t\u0101m nevar nosaukt par visu baltu galvaspils\u0113tu. Tom\u0113r starp baltu taut\u0101m past\u0101v\u0113ja sadarb\u012bba un r\u012bc\u012bbas koordin\u0101cija. To veicin\u0101ja augst\u0101k\u0101 gar\u012bdzniec\u012bba. Hatijas konstit\u016bciju var uzskat\u012bt par pirmo rakst\u012bto konstit\u016bciju pasaules v\u0113stur\u0113. \u0160\u012b konstit\u016bcija uztic\u0113ja laic\u012bgo varu v\u0113l\u0113tam \u0137\u0113ni\u0146am, kura vara bija neierobe\u017eota tikai kara apst\u0101k\u013cos. Miera laik\u0101 valst\u012b vald\u012bja visp\u0101r\u0113ja demokr\u0101tija. Ja \u0137\u0113ni\u0146\u0161 karu zaud\u0113ja, tad augst\u0101kie priesteri vi\u0146u upur\u0113ja P\u0113rkonam. Ar \u0161o Hatijas konstit\u016bcij\u0101 ir iez\u012bm\u0113ta teokr\u0101tija \u2013 gar\u012bg\u0101 vara uz milit\u0101r\u0101s demokr\u0101tijas b\u0101zes. Z\u012bm\u012bgi, ka \u0161\u0101da teokr\u0101tijai pak\u0101rtota milit\u0101r\u0101 demokr\u0101tija pie baltu taut\u0101m past\u0101v\u0113ja l\u012bdz pat 1015. gadam m\u016bsu \u0113r\u0101. T\u0101tad apm\u0113ram 2000 gadus p\u0113c Hetu valsts sagr\u0101ves. Hetu likumi \u2013 hetu dz\u012bves kodekss, kas ir apm\u0113ram 1000 gadus vec\u0101ks par izslav\u0113to Babilonijas Hammurapi kodeksu, reglament\u0113 iek\u0161\u0113jo k\u0101rt\u012bbu tautas dz\u012bv\u0113 un liel\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 ir k\u013cuvis par m\u0113rauklu visu baltu tautu dz\u012bv\u0113.<\/p>\n

Baltu pasaules uztvere no t\u0101l\u0101s aizv\u0113stures ir bijusi dzi\u013ci reli\u0123ioza. Baltu tautas Dievu piel\u016bdza uz katra kalna un katra pakalna, zem katra kupla koka \u2013 t\u0101 par to liecina B\u012bbeles teksts attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz pirmssem\u012btu laika filistie\u0161iem. T\u0101tad balti dz\u012bvoja akt\u012bv\u0101s attiec\u012bb\u0101s ar Dievu un nemekl\u0113ja akmens temp\u013cus k\u0101 \u012bpa\u0161u l\u016bg\u0161anas vietu. Baltu priesteri pirms atbild\u012bgu l\u0113mumu pie\u0146em\u0161anas cent\u0101s izzin\u0101t Dieva gribu, lai r\u012bkotos saska\u0146\u0101 ar to. Mald\u0101s tie, kuri saka, ka balti Dievu tikai daudzin\u0101ju\u0161i. Pat dainu pantos m\u0113s dzirdam l\u016bgumus Dievam: \u201cDod, Dievi\u0146i, otram dot, ne no otra m\u012b\u013ci l\u016bgt!\u201d Ar\u012b burtnieki pirms ma\u0123ijas pielieto\u0161anas cent\u0101s izdibin\u0101t, vai lietas izn\u0101kums neb\u016bs pret\u0113js Dieva gribai. Tas viss kop\u0101 liecina, ka m\u016bsu sen\u010di grib\u0113ja dz\u012bvot saska\u0146\u0101 ar dievi\u0161\u0137o k\u0101rt\u012bbu. Augstie priesteri un pat vi\u0146u zi\u0146ne\u0161i tika tur\u0113ti liel\u0101 cie\u0146\u0101.<\/p>\n

Baltu reli\u0123ij\u0101 k\u0101 pa\u0161saprotama lieta iek\u013caujas cie\u0146a pret vec\u0101kiem un visu rad\u012bto pasauli, kas baltu uztver\u0113 ir dievi\u0161\u0137a. P\u0113rkons k\u0101 augst\u0101k\u0101 diev\u012bba visiem baltiem ir kop\u012bgs, bet zem\u0101ko diev\u012bbu lok\u0101 valda liela da\u017e\u0101d\u012bba, no k\u0101 var secin\u0101t, ka to \u012bst\u0101 v\u0113rt\u012bba ir nenoz\u012bm\u012bga un tie vair\u0101k pieder folklorai nek\u0101 reli\u0123ijai. Pie noz\u012bm\u012bg\u0101k\u0101m baltu reli\u0123ijas atzi\u0146\u0101m pieder stipra p\u0101rliec\u012bba par m\u016b\u017e\u012bgo eksistenci, kas baltus \u013coti stiprin\u0101ja un padar\u012bja bezbail\u012bgus kaujas laukos. L\u012bdz\u0101s j\u0101min p\u0101rliec\u012bba, ka m\u012blest\u012bba nekad nebeidzas un m\u012blest\u012bbas saites m\u016b\u017e\u012bb\u0101 apvienos tos, kuri virs zemes tiek varm\u0101c\u012bgi \u0161\u0137irti. \u0160\u0101du tic\u012bbu sev\u012b nesa Zemgales \u0137\u0113ni\u0146\u0161 Viesturs, un t\u0101du pa\u0161u tic\u012bbu apstiprina Indri\u0137is sav\u0101 hronik\u0101, atst\u0101stot gad\u012bjumu, kad p\u0113c v\u012bru n\u0101ves Lietuv\u0101 izdar\u012bja pa\u0161n\u0101v\u012bbu vair\u0101k nek\u0101 50 kritu\u0161o karav\u012bru sievas. L\u012bdz\u012bgu liec\u012bbu par tic\u012bbas sp\u0113ku dod ar\u012b st\u0101sts par kur\u0161u pa\u0161izn\u012bcin\u0101\u0161anos aplenkt\u0101 cietoksn\u012b, kur, redzot neizb\u0113gamo, vi\u0146i izn\u012bcina iesp\u0113jamo laup\u012bjumu un tad ar\u012b pa\u0161i cits citu, lai neuzvar\u0113ti sadegtu uz kop\u012bga ugunskura. V\u0113sturnieks R\u016btenbergs liecina: \u201cTo vi\u0146i dar\u012bja t\u0101p\u0113c, ka stipri tic\u0113ja, ka p\u0113c n\u0101ves b\u016bs atkal kop\u0101 ,un, lai vi\u0146u dz\u012bve netiktu apg\u0101n\u012bta<\/strong>, tie lab\u0101k dev\u0101s n\u0101v\u0113, nevis padev\u0101s g\u016bst\u0101.\u201d Tas pats v\u0101cbaltu v\u0113sturnieks R\u016btenbergs apstiprina, ka baltu reli\u0123ija saviem tic\u012bgajiem sp\u0113ja dot to pa\u0161u, ko sp\u0113j dot jebkura no augst\u0101kaj\u0101m reli\u0123ij\u0101m. T\u0101p\u0113c ir skumji, ja nezino\u0161i cilv\u0113ki \u0161o reli\u0123iju grib aizst\u0101t ar tuk\u0161u Dieva daudzin\u0101\u0161anu un blu\u0137a vilk\u0161anu, kas ir visno\u017e\u0113lojam\u0101k\u0101 ma\u0123ijas imit\u0113\u0161ana, bet ma\u0123ija pati par sevi ir reli\u0123ijas sabruk\u0161anas produkts.<\/p>\n

Ar\u012b etruski \u2013 hetu tautas atzars \u2013 sav\u0101 baltiskaj\u0101 reli\u0123iskaj\u0101 p\u0101rliec\u012bb\u0101 neat\u0161\u0137\u012br\u0101s no p\u0101r\u0113jiem baltiem. Savus miru\u0161os gan vi\u0146i guld\u012bja apdedzin\u0101tos m\u016bra z\u0101rkos \u2013 mur\u0161os, uz kuriem l\u012bdz ar tajos guld\u012bto v\u0101rdiem apliecin\u0101ja ar\u012b \u0161o to no vi\u0146u tic\u012bbas. Piem\u0113ram: vivime san seciauni<\/em> \u2013 dz\u012bvojam sv\u0113t\u0101 m\u016b\u017e\u012bb\u0101\u2026<\/p>\n

Dal\u012b\u0161an\u0101s zieme\u013cu un dienvidu baltos<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0113c p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101 ledus laikmeta, dz\u012bvojot pla\u0161\u0101 re\u0123ion\u0101 no pol\u0101rajiem apgabaliem l\u012bdz \u0100frikas Vidusj\u016bras piekrastei, visai da\u017e\u0101dos klimatiskajos apst\u0101k\u013cos bija radu\u0161ies priek\u0161noteikumi valodas izmai\u0146\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Ne tikai lielie att\u0101lumi un da\u017e\u0101du \u0101r\u0113jo apst\u0101k\u013cu ietekme, bet ar\u012b gramatisk\u0101 br\u012bv\u012bba un da\u017ek\u0101rt nevajadz\u012bgi sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101s v\u0101rdu formas veicin\u0101ja racion\u0101l\u0101ku izteikumu rad\u012b\u0161anu. Dienvidbaltu valodas mantojumu glab\u0101 lietuvie\u0161u valoda, bet zieme\u013cbaltu mantojums vist\u012br\u0101kaj\u0101 veid\u0101 saglab\u0101jies latvie\u0161u valodas mal\u0113nie\u0161u dialekt\u0101, kas ir T\u0101lavas latga\u013cu un obru valodas sakaus\u0113jums. Ja nu sal\u012bdzin\u0101m tos v\u0101rdus, kuri bija j\u0101lieto no m\u0101jdz\u012bvnieku pieradin\u0101\u0161anas laikiem, tad atkl\u0101jas iev\u0113rojamas at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

L\u016bk, piem\u0113ri:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
mal\u0113niski zirgs<\/em><\/td>\nlietuviski a\u0161vienis<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mal\u0113niski \u0137ieve<\/em><\/td>\nlietuviski a\u0161va<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mal\u0113niski klepers<\/em><\/td>\nlietuviski kluinas, arklis<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mal\u0113niski kume\u013c\u0161<\/em><\/td>\nlietuviski \u017eirgas<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mal\u0113niski ierzels<\/em><\/td>\nlietuviski er\u017eilas<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mal\u0113niski koza<\/em><\/td>\nlietuviski o\u017eka, cibe<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mal\u0113niski g\u016bvs<\/em><\/td>\nlietuviski karve<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mal\u0113niski sols<\/em><\/td>\nlietuviski druskas<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mal\u0113niski mou\u017es<\/em><\/td>\nlietuviski am\u017eius<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mal\u0113niski skaidris<\/em><\/td>\nlietuviski ai\u0161kus<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mal\u0113niski maize<\/em><\/td>\nlietuviski duona<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mal\u0113niski klons<\/em><\/td>\nlietuviski asla<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mal\u0113niski tr\u016bksnis<\/em><\/td>\nlietuviski balda<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mal\u0113niski labi<\/em><\/td>\nlietuviski gerai<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mal\u0113niski cilvaks<\/em><\/td>\nlietuviski \u017emogas<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mal\u0113niski s\u012bva<\/em><\/td>\nlietuviski \u017emona<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mal\u0113niski maitiskis<\/em><\/td>\nlietuviski moteris<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u0160ie piem\u0113ri apliecina divu baltu valodu radniec\u012bbu, jo ierzels<\/em> un er\u017eilas<\/em> c\u0113lu\u0161ies no kop\u012bgas saknes un noz\u012bm\u0113 to pa\u0161u. Zirgs<\/em> un \u017eirgas<\/em> ar\u012b c\u0113lu\u0161ies no vienas saknes, bet noz\u012bm\u0113 ko citu. P\u0101r\u0113jie v\u0101rdi liecina, ka abas valodas veidoju\u0161\u0101s t\u0101lu viena no otras un vien\u0101di j\u0113dzieni izteikti ar da\u017e\u0101diem v\u0101rdiem. Tom\u0113r, ja pa\u0161\u0137iram latvie\u0161u-lietuvie\u0161u v\u0101rdn\u012bcu, m\u016bsu valodu radniec\u012bba \u0161aubas nerada.<\/p>\n

Lietuvie\u0161u valoda glab\u0101 sev\u012b hetu, fr\u012b\u0123ie\u0161u un tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161u valodas \u012bpatn\u012bbas no dienvidbaltu grupas, k\u0101 ar\u012b zieme\u013cbaltu heru|u un daku valodu mais\u012bjuma \u2013 verlu valodas \u012bpatn\u012bbas, protams, ar\u012b \u017eemai\u0161u un pr\u016b\u0161u atlikuma iespaidus.<\/p>\n

Latvie\u0161u valod\u0101 sakaus\u0113tas kur\u0161u, zemga\u013cu, Tolovas latga\u013cu, obru, ruj\u0101nu, tollensu, ukru, s\u0113\u013cu un galindu valodas, k\u0101 ar\u012b venedu valoda. T\u0101tad vairum\u0101 zieme\u013cbaltu grupas valodas.<\/p>\n

Valodu at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas starp zieme\u013cu un dienvidu baltu taut\u0101m izveidoj\u0101s apm\u0113ram 5 gadu t\u016bksto\u0161us pirms m\u016bsu dien\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Lai gan baltu apdz\u012bvotais are\u0101ls austrumu-rietumu virzien\u0101 ir gar\u0101ks nek\u0101 zieme\u013cu-dienvidu virzien\u0101, valodu at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas vien\u0101 klimatiskaj\u0101 josl\u0101 nav tik izteiktas. T\u0101p\u0113c par austrumu un rietumu baltu valodu at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101m n\u0101kas run\u0101t daudz v\u0113l\u0101k; p\u0113c sarmatu jaukt\u0101s taut\u012bbas iespaida austrumos un gallu jaukt\u0101s taut\u012bbas iespaida Rietumeirop\u0101. L\u012bdz tam laikam austrumu-rietumu valodu at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas nav aktu\u0101las. T\u0101s aktualiz\u0113j\u0101s apm. 1000 g. pr.m.\u0113. p\u0113c baltu sajauk\u0161an\u0101s ar grie\u0137iem un ir\u0101\u0146iem, ko lietuvie\u0161i v\u0113rt\u0113 k\u0101 kauna darbu \u2013 sarmata. Tas k\u013c\u016bst par jaun\u0101s tautas nosaukumu. Bet tagad\u0113j\u0101s Francijas vid\u016b pie Alesijas cietok\u0161\u0146a notiek baltu sajauk\u0161an\u0101s ar gr\u016bti nosak\u0101mu etnosu (iesp\u0113jams, ar baskiem) un izveidojas jauna tauta \u2013 galli, kas p\u0101rmanto baltu reli\u0123isk\u0101s atzi\u0146as, bet valoda tiek smagi deform\u0113ta. L\u012bdz ar gallu demogr\u0101fisko spr\u0101dzienu pieaug vi\u0146u ekspansijas tieksmes. Kar\u0101 pret vergturu Romu vi\u0146i c\u012bn\u0101s kop\u0101 ar baltiem, bet pak\u0101peniski izspie\u017e tos no tagad\u0113j\u0101s Francijas un dienvidrietumu V\u0101cijas teritorij\u0101m. Rietumu baltu atlikums sav\u0101c\u0101s Pr\u016bsijas teritorij\u0101, kur tos sauca par boruskiem, guto\u0146iem, aistiem utt. G\u016bto valodas deform\u0101ciju d\u0113\u013c vi\u0146i ir k\u013cuvu\u0161i par rietumbaltiem, kaut gan uz rietumiem un zieme\u013crietumiem v\u0113l dz\u012bvo baltu tautas ar labi saglab\u0101tu zieme\u013cbaltu valodu, piem\u0113ram, heru\u013ci, obri, venedi un ukri, ko gallu ekspansija nav salauzusi.<\/p>\n

Ja run\u0101 par austrumbaltu valodas \u012bpatn\u012bb\u0101m, tad j\u0101min galindu valoda, kas k\u0101 p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101 der\u0113ja par sazi\u0146as l\u012bdzekli no Pr\u016bsijas l\u012bdz Ur\u0101liem un tika izn\u012bd\u0113ta austrumsl\u0101vu \u2013 sarmatu ekspansijas rezult\u0101t\u0101. T\u0101 \u012bsum\u0101 var iez\u012bm\u0113t baltu valodu v\u0113sturisk\u0101s form\u0113\u0161an\u0101s sh\u0113mu.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Dienvidbaltu tautas un valstis<\/strong><\/p>\n

Uzreiz j\u0101teic, ka baltu tautu valstiskie veidojumi bija p\u0101r\u0101k demokr\u0101tiski, lai b\u016btu stipri. Br\u012bv\u012bba gan veicina mier\u012bgu att\u012bst\u012bbu, bet t\u0101 nav efekt\u012bva c\u012b\u0146\u0101 pret tir\u0101nisk\u0101m var\u0101m, kas ir mobil\u0101kas un maz\u0101k ierobe\u017eotas r\u012bc\u012bb\u0101 un l\u012bdzek\u013cu izv\u0113l\u0113 savu m\u0113r\u0137u sasnieg\u0161anai.<\/p>\n

Neskatoties uz to, Hatija ir pirm\u0101 uz likuma sp\u0113ku pamatot\u0101 un likumisk\u0101 k\u0101rt\u012bb\u0101 organiz\u0113t\u0101 valsts, kas past\u0101v\u0113jusi iev\u0113rojamu laiku un piedz\u012bvojusi atz\u012b\u0161anu no t\u0101 laika lielvar\u0101m, ar\u012b no vergturu \u0112\u0123iptes. Ap 3000. g. pr.m.\u0113. hetu princis Meness k\u013cuva par faraonu Minu, kur\u0161 apvienoja Lejas\u0113\u0123ipti un Aug\u0161\u0113\u0123ipti vien\u0101 valst\u012b. Bet pati Hatija nekad nek\u013cuva par vergturu valsti vai tir\u0101niju. Hatijas robe\u017e\u0101s iek\u013c\u0101v\u0101s tagad\u0113j\u0101s Turcijas, S\u012brijas un Palest\u012bnas teritorija. L\u012bdz\u0101s Hatijai rietumu virzien\u0101 atrad\u0101s pelasgu zemes, kas aiz\u0146\u0113ma tagad\u0113j\u0101s Grie\u0137ijas, Ma\u0137edonijas un Alb\u0101nijas teritoriju, k\u0101 ar\u012b Egejas j\u016bras salas Santorinu un Kr\u0113tu. Vis\u0101s \u0161aj\u0101s teritorij\u0101s v\u0113l \u0161odien var konstat\u0113t senas monument\u0101las kult\u016bras p\u0113das, kas noteikti ir vec\u0101ka par hell\u0113nisko kult\u016bru un attiecas uz laiku pirms Teras vulk\u0101na spr\u0101dziena un Santorinas salas nogrim\u0161anas. Santorinas katastrofa k\u0101dreiz plauksto\u0161o Pelasgiju satrieca drup\u0101s. Katastrofai sekoja epid\u0113mijas, un Pelasgija k\u013cuva par vieglu laup\u012bjumu j\u016bras taut\u0101m, kas nekav\u0113j\u0101s izmantot \u0161o iesp\u0113ju. Bet Teras vulk\u0101na pelni iekonserv\u0113ja Kr\u0113tas \u0137\u0113ni\u0146a M\u012bnoja pili par liec\u012bbu sen\u0101s baltu kult\u016bras varen\u012bbai. J\u0101atz\u012bm\u0113, ka vair\u0101ki kr\u0113tie\u0161u burti prec\u012bzi sakr\u012bt ar senpr\u016b\u0161u burtiem, un tas ir papildu apliecin\u0101jums Kr\u0113tas kult\u016bras baltiskajai izcelsmei.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

K\u0101da dievi\u0161\u0137ota hatu \u0137\u0113ni\u0146a reljefs ka\u013c\u0137akmen\u012b, atrasts Samal\u0101 \u2013 tagad\u0113j\u0101 Boghazkojas ciema tuvum\u0101. T\u0101 augstums ir 2,25 m un aptuvenais vecums 1300 g.pr.m.\u0113. Apak\u0161\u0101 hatu zemessargu klint\u012b iecirsta reljefa da\u013ca, kas atsegta pie Jazilikajas ciema, kur\u0161 atrodas net\u0101lu no sen\u0101s Samalas. Att\u0113la augstums ir 91 cm, bet vecums tiek l\u0113sts 1300 g.pr.m.\u0113.
\n\u2026. Hati jeb heti ir tautu grupas nosaukums, kura jau tr\u012bs gadu t\u016bksto\u0161us pr.m.\u0113. dz\u012bvoja Maz\u0101zij\u0101, Divup\u0113 un tagad\u0113j\u0101 Palest\u012bn\u0101 un S\u012brij\u0101. Ar\u012b etrusku valoda ir bijusi viens no hatu dialektiem. P\u0113c milit\u0101r\u0101s sagr\u0101ves pie Karkemi\u0161as liela hatu grupa atk\u0101pjas uz Donavas baseinu un kop\u0101 ar viet\u0113jiem baltiem sak\u016bst daku taut\u0101. <\/em><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

D\u012bvaini, ka v\u0113l Romas imperatora J\u016blija C\u0113zara laik\u0101 senaj\u0101 baltu zem\u0113, tagad\u0113j\u0101 V\u0101cij\u0101, V\u0113zeres upes aug\u0161tec\u0113 dz\u012bvoja hatu tautas da\u013ca, kas joproj\u0101m saucas par hatiem, kad vi\u0146u br\u0101\u013ci \u2013 etruski jau gras\u012bj\u0101s nozust no v\u0113stures skatuves un visai tuvu bija pien\u0101cis ar\u012b pietiekami sp\u0113c\u012bg\u0101s Dakijas iekaro\u0161anas br\u012bdis.
\n\u2026. Z\u012bm\u012bgs ir fakts, ka 3 no hatu taut\u0101m p\u0113c Karkemi\u0161as sagr\u0101ves patv\u0113rumu mekl\u0113ja radniec\u012bgo zieme\u013cbaltu zem\u0113s un tika tur pie\u0146emtas k\u0101 sav\u0113jie.
\n\u2026. Hetu jeb hatu valsti sauca par Hatiju. Vienu no galvenaj\u0101m pils\u0113t\u0101m sauca par Hatusu. Tom\u0113r hati tiek saukti ar\u012b par hetiem, t\u0101pat k\u0101 latvji par letiem. Hati un latvji b\u016btu uzskat\u0101mi par tautu pa\u0161nosaukumiem, bet heti un leti \u2013 par kaimi\u0146u dotiem v\u0101rdiem. <\/em><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

K\u0101da hatu \u0137\u0113ni\u0146a uzvaras piemineklis uz austrumiem no Tigras. Celts ap 2500.g.pr.m.\u0113.<\/em><\/p>\n

Umbru tauta dz\u012bvoja blakus pelasgiem, kas bija vi\u0146u tuvi radi \u2013 j\u016brasbrauc\u0113ji, abpus Adrijas j\u016brai, aiz\u0146emot tagad\u0113j\u0101s Serbijas un da\u013cu no Apen\u012bnu pussalas teritorijas. Saskar\u0113 ar umbriem un tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161iem dz\u012bvoja ar\u012b s\u0113\u013ci.<\/p>\n

P\u0113c Hetu valsts norieta da\u013ca no vi\u0146iem p\u0101rce\u013co uz Apen\u012bnu pussalu un l\u012bdz\u0101s Umbrijai nodibina Etr\u016briju, kur atst\u0101j savas \u012bpatn\u0113ji spilgt\u0101s kult\u016bras p\u0113das. Etruski bija lieliski j\u016brasbrauc\u0113ji, b\u016bv\u0113ja lielus ku\u0123us ar pieciem airu kl\u0101jiem un bur\u0101m t\u0101pat k\u0101 feni\u0137ie\u0161i. Iesp\u0113jams, ka tie\u0161i vi\u0146i ir non\u0101ku\u0161i l\u012bdz pat Viskonsinas \u0161tatam ASV, \u2013 t\u0101tad ne tikai sasniegu\u0161i Amerikas piekrasti, bet pa Misisipi upi aizku\u0123oju\u0161i l\u012bdz Lielajiem ezeriem. Tur ir atrasts etrusku rakstisks v\u0113st\u012bjums, kas iegrav\u0113ts akmen\u012b.<\/p>\n

Ta\u010du vairums hetu p\u0113c Karkemi\u0161as sak\u0101ves piedz\u012bvo\u0161anas cen\u0161as rast gl\u0101bi\u0146u pie radnieciskajiem fr\u012b\u0123ie\u0161iem, karie\u0161iem un l\u012bdie\u0161iem.<\/p>\n

P\u0113chetu laik\u0101 Maz\u0101zij\u0101 izveidojas Fr\u012b\u0123ijas zemkopju valsts. Da\u017ei no vi\u0146u valdniekiem sauku\u0161ies Midasa v\u0101rd\u0101, ko var\u0113tu tulkot \u2013 Medalus. V\u0113l\u0101k blakus Fr\u012b\u0123ijai izveidojas L\u012bdijas valsts, kas sev\u012b iek\u013cauj ar\u012b fr\u012b\u0123ie\u0161u zemes. L\u012bdija uzplaukst par re\u0123iona bag\u0101t\u0101ko valsti ar att\u012bst\u012btu tirdzniec\u012bbu, amatniec\u012bbu un m\u0101kslu. L\u012bdij\u0101 sevi\u0161\u0137i labi att\u012bst\u012bta zirgkop\u012bba. T\u0101s kaval\u0113rij\u0101 kara gad\u012bjum\u0101 var\u0113ja mobiliz\u0113t 30 000 j\u0101tnieku. Bet, atrodoties pasaules krustcel\u0113s, L\u012bdijai n\u0101kas piedz\u012bvot ar\u012b daudzus karus \u2013 gan ar kimerie\u0161iem, gan ar as\u012brie\u0161iem. V\u0113stur\u0113 ieg\u0101ju\u0161i vi\u0146u \u0137\u0113ni\u0146u Giges un Arda v\u0101rdi, k\u0101 ar\u012b Aliats un Sadiats. Aliata d\u0113ls Kr\u0113zs iekaro atliku\u0161\u0101s fr\u012b\u0123ie\u0161u zemes, k\u0101 ar\u012b pak\u013cauj sev Bit\u012bniju un Efesu. Bet persie\u0161u \u0137\u0113ni\u0146\u0161 K\u012brs ar saviem kaujas zilo\u0146iem p\u0101rsp\u0113j Kr\u0113za kaval\u0113ristus, un 545. g. pr.m.\u0113. L\u012bdijas valsts beidz past\u0101v\u0113t.<\/p>\n

\u012apa\u0161u vietu starp dienvidbaltu taut\u0101m ie\u0146em feni\u0137ie\u0161i, kas n\u0101k no zieme\u013cbaltu re\u0123iona, no Karpatu priek\u0161kaln\u0113m, no Tiras (v\u0113l\u0101k\u0101s D\u0146estras) baseina, kur Tiras gr\u012bv\u0101 tie bija uzb\u016bv\u0113ju\u0161i pils\u0113tu Tiru. \u0160aj\u0101 sakar\u0101 pirmais v\u0101rds, ko grie\u0137i bija devu\u0161i feni\u0137ie\u0161iem, bija tir\u0113ni<\/em>. Kad nu \u0161ie tir\u0113ni Vidusj\u016bras austrumkrast\u0101 uzc\u0113la otro Tiru un nodibin\u0101ja tur tirdzniec\u012bbas koloniju, bet no t\u0101s uz zieme\u013ciem \u2013 S\u012bdonas ostu un koloniju, kas tur iepl\u016bda diezgan iev\u0113rojama zieme\u013cbaltu masa. \u0160o \u013cau\u017eu iedegums at\u0161\u0137\u012br\u0101s no tum\u0161i br\u016bn\u0101 dienvidnieku iedeguma. T\u0101p\u0113c grie\u0137i vi\u0146us nosauca par foini\u0137ie\u0161iem \u2013 purpur\u0101 t\u0113rptajiem, ko dien\u0101s piemin k\u0101 feni\u0137ie\u0161us. \u0160ie feni\u0137ie\u0161i Zieme\u013c\u0101frik\u0101 uzc\u0113la Kart\u0101gas ostu un koloniju, k\u0101 ar\u012b izveidoja kolonijas Sard\u012bnijas un Korsikas sal\u0101s. Starp \u0161\u012bm sal\u0101m un Etr\u016briju atrodo\u0161os Vidusj\u016bras da\u013cu grie\u0137i nosauca par Tir\u0113nu j\u016bru.<\/p>\n

\u0145emot v\u0113r\u0101 akt\u012bvo tirdzniec\u012bbu ar vis\u0101m Vidusj\u016bras re\u0123iona valst\u012bm, feni\u0137ie\u0161i iespaidoj\u0101s no sem\u012btu un hell\u0113\u0146u kult\u016br\u0101m, bet vienlaikus izveidoj\u0101s ar\u012b s\u012bvas konkurences situ\u0101cija. Visupirms konkurentus apkarot cen\u0161as grie\u0137i, bet feni\u0137ie\u0161i, apvienoju\u0161ies ar radniec\u012bgajiem etruskiem, sekm\u012bgi pretojas grie\u0137u uzbrukumiem Apen\u012bnu pussal\u0101 un tuv\u0113j\u0101s sal\u0101s. 332. gada j\u016blij\u0101 Ma\u0137edonijas Aleksandrs pabeidz S\u012bdonas un Tiras ie\u0146em\u0161anu un Tiru izn\u012bcina piln\u012bgi. Feni\u0137ija Vidusj\u016bras austrumkrast\u0101 beidz past\u0101v\u0113t.<\/p>\n

T\u0101tad 332. g. pr.m.\u0113. beidz past\u0101v\u0113t feni\u0137ie\u0161u valsts tagad\u0113j\u0101s Lib\u0101nas robe\u017e\u0101s, bet Kart\u0101ga un citas feni\u0137ie\u0161u rietumu teritorijas turpina past\u0101v\u0113t un c\u012bn\u012bties par eksistenci kop\u0101 ar etruskiem. 120 gadus ilg\u0101 period\u0101 risin\u0101s Romas uzs\u0101ktais kar\u0161 pret Kart\u0101gu un Etr\u016briju. V\u0113sture \u0161os karus sauc par p\u016bnie\u0161u kariem. Pirmo labi izpl\u0101noto karu romie\u0161i zaud\u0113, kad kart\u0101gie\u0161i veikli izmanto grie\u0137u algot\u0146us, lai no \u0101rpuses p\u0101rrautu romie\u0161u aplenkumu. V\u0101j\u0161 mierin\u0101jums romie\u0161iem ir uzvara j\u016bras kauj\u0101 242. g. pr.m.\u0113. Lai savald\u012btu Romas ekspansiju, kart\u0101gie\u0161i savu eksped\u012bcijas karasp\u0113ku Hannibala vad\u012bb\u0101 p\u0101rce\u013c uz Sp\u0101niju, caur kurieni, pak\u013caujot Romas atbalsta punktus, Hannibals virz\u0101s uz Galliju un p\u0101r Alpiem non\u0101k Etr\u016brij\u0101. Vi\u0146\u0161 ieg\u016bst gallu un etrusku atbalstu, un 2. p\u016bnie\u0161u kar\u0161 gandr\u012bz k\u013c\u016bst likten\u012bgs Romai. Ta\u010du romie\u0161i izce\u013c desantu pie Kart\u0101gas un t\u0101 s\u0101k miera sarunas, lai dotu laiku Hannibalam p\u0101rvest karasp\u0113ku m\u0101j\u0101s. Ilgsto\u0161aj\u0101s c\u012b\u0146\u0101s It\u0101lij\u0101 nov\u0101jin\u0101tais Hannibala karasp\u0113ks pie Mazlepetas tiek sakauts, un 201. g. pr.m.\u0113. romie\u0161i dikt\u0113 Kart\u0101gai savus noteikumus. Bet ar to Romai nav diezgan. Par ieganstu n\u0101kamajam uzbrukumam Kart\u0101gai romie\u0161i izmanto kart\u0101gie\u0161u aizsardz\u012bbas karu pret num\u012bdie\u0161u iebruc\u0113jiem. P\u0113c nekaun\u012bga un nepamatota ultim\u0101ta Kart\u0101gai nolikt iero\u010dus, ko t\u0101 ar\u012b izdara, romie\u0161i veic p\u0113d\u0113jo uzbrukumu, iekaro un izn\u012bcina Kart\u0101gu piln\u012bgi. T\u0101 146. g. pr.m.\u0113. Kart\u0101gas valsts ir likvid\u0113ta. Ar\u012b etrusku zileteraji paredz savas tautas past\u0101v\u0113\u0161anas galu uz m\u016bsu \u0113ras s\u0101kumu. T\u0101 ar\u012b notika, etruski izkusa It\u0101lijas tautu kokteil\u012b. M\u016bsdienu it\u0101\u013cu valoda gan glab\u0101 labu tiesu no vi\u0146u v\u0101rdu fonda.<\/p>\n

L\u016bk, da\u017ei etrusku v\u0101rdi p\u0113c Voro\u0146e\u017eas Universit\u0101tes etruskologu at\u0161ifr\u0113juma: m\u0101te \u2013 mati<\/em>, apak\u0161r\u016bme \u2013 aksrum<\/em>, celle \u2013 cela<\/em>, cep\u0113js \u2013 cepen<\/em>, e\u013c\u013ca \u2013 eleiva<\/em>, v\u012bns \u2013 vinum<\/em>, vadone \u2013 vatiekse<\/em>, z\u012bl\u0113t\u0101js \u2013 zileterajs<\/em>, prasme izgatavot \u2013 zina<\/em>, \u0161is-itis \u2013 ita<\/em>, iek\u0161t\u0113ls \u2013 hintial<\/em>, \u013caudis \u2013 lautni<\/em>, diena-d\u012bna \u2013 t\u012bn<\/em>, m\u016bra z\u0101rks \u2013 mur\u0161<\/em>, mani \u2013 mi<\/em>, tauta \u2013 tuti<\/em>, persona \u2013 perse<\/em>.<\/p>\n

K\u0101 redzam, etrusku valoda ir pietiekami tuva latvie\u0161u valodai, bet da\u017ek\u0101rt v\u0113l tuv\u0101ka zieme\u013cbaltiskajai mal\u0113nie\u0161u<\/em> valodai, k\u0101lab nebija gr\u016bti saprasties ar\u012b ar feni\u0137ie\u0161iem, kas p\u0113c izcelsmes bija zieme\u013cbalti, kaut ar\u012b dz\u012bvoja dienvidos.<\/p>\n

Etruskologu p\u016bles bie\u017ei \u0161\u0137iet mokpilnas. J\u0101\u0161aub\u0101s, vai ir apg\u016bta pareiza las\u012b\u0161ana. To apgr\u016btina etrusku lakoniskums un tieksme sa\u012bsin\u0101t v\u0101rdus.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Grie\u0137i Lakonijas provinc\u0113 uzskat\u012bja par goda lietu izteikties \u012bsi un konkr\u0113ti, no k\u0101 c\u0113lusies v\u0101rdu kopa \u201cizteikties lakoniski\u201d. Etruski ac\u012bmredzot pirmie ir biju\u0161i t\u0101dos uzskatos un centu\u0161ies ne tikai \u012bsi formul\u0113t domas, bet pat sa\u012bsin\u0101t v\u0101rdus. Vi\u0146u valodas neprat\u0113jiem tas rada papildu gr\u016bt\u012bbas pareizi izprast rakst\u012btos tekstus. Da\u017ei pat uzskata etrusku valodu par zilbju valodu un vi\u0146us pa\u0161us \u2013 par \u0137\u012bnie\u0161u radiniekiem vai vismaz saist\u012btus ar dzelteno rasi. T\u0101di kontakti sen\u0101k var b\u016bt biju\u0161i. Vi\u0146u valoda ir baltu tautas \u2013 hatu dialekts ar Indo\u0137\u012bn\u0101 g\u016btiem iespaidiem un \u012bpatn\u012bb\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Vai iesp\u0113jams g\u016bt kaut vai aptuvenu priek\u0161statu par sen\u0101s baltu tautas \u2013 pelasgu valodu? J\u0101dom\u0101, ka baltiskie aizguvumi grie\u0137u valod\u0101 vismaz da\u013c\u0113ji ir saglab\u0101ju\u0161i pelasgu valodu. Cik daudz \u0161\u012b valoda ir deform\u0113ta? To varam min\u0113t\u2026<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

H\u0113rodots raksta, ka ir gr\u016bti at\u0161\u0137irt umbru un pelasgu valodu. Paties\u012bb\u0101 t\u0101 bija viena valoda. Tagad\u0113j\u0101 Grie\u0137ij\u0101 dz\u012bvojo\u0161ie umbri, kas nodarboj\u0101s ar ku\u0123niec\u012bbu, at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no p\u0101r\u0113jiem, tika saukti par pelasgiem. Krim\u0101 dz\u012bvojo\u0161ie kimbri un vair\u0101k uz zieme\u013ciem dz\u012bvojo\u0161ie obri bija tuvi umbru radinieki, bet Dodon\u0101 dz\u012bvojo\u0161ie s\u0113\u013ci bija umbru un tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161u kaimi\u0146i. T\u0101p\u0113c grie\u0137u valod\u0101 daudz aizguvumu no umbriem un s\u0113\u013ciem. Bet Kr\u0113tas sal\u0101 apmetu\u0161os pelasgus sauca glu\u017ei mal\u0113niski par \u201ckret\u012bm\u201d.<\/p>\n

T\u0101, piem\u0113r\u0101m, no s\u0113\u013cu eimu<\/em> grie\u0137iem izn\u0101ca eimi<\/em> (ie\u0161u), no eita \u2013 eite<\/em> (ejiet), no p\u0101reimu \u2013pareimi<\/em> (p\u0101rn\u0101ku), no melans \u2013 melan<\/em> (melns). No umbru treis \u2013 treis<\/em> (tr\u012bs), no pappa \u2013 pappos<\/em> (t\u0113vs), no krosa \u2013 hroos<\/em> (kr\u0101sa). No tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161u rekti \u2013 r\u0113toor<\/em> (run\u0101t\u0101js), no kalbeti \u2013 kaleo<\/em> (saukt), no naujas<\/em> \u2013 neos<\/em> (jauns), no pedos \u2013 podos<\/em> (p\u0113da).<\/p>\n

Caur mal\u0113nie\u0161u-obru-umbru valodu tiltu atpaz\u012bstam Osumi upi Alb\u0101nij\u0101 (asumi), iz\u017e\u016bsto\u0161o L\u012btani upi Lib\u0101n\u0101 (lietavas), Kozanu (kazl\u0113nu) un Molas (malas) pils\u0113ti\u0146as Grie\u0137ij\u0101, Parnasa vai Paropam\u016b (p\u0101rnesto vai p\u0101rr\u0101pojamo) kalnu Grie\u0137ij\u0101 un citus Egejas j\u016bras re\u0123iona objektus, kas saglab\u0101ju\u0161i seno umbru jeb pelasgu dotos nosaukumus.<\/p>\n

Umbru jeb pelasgu valoda visilg\u0101k saglab\u0101j\u0101s pie eiriem un obriem zieme\u013cu re\u0123ionos, kas aplami tiek uzskat\u012bti par \u0137eltu un pat slavu zem\u0113m. Piem\u0113ram, \u012bru upes Moja (m\u0101ja) un Nora (n\u0101ra) vai pils\u0113tas Kova (kalve) un Golveja (galven\u0101) koment\u0101rus neprasa. To pa\u0161u var sac\u012bt par Vosas, Mosas un B\u016bdes pils\u0113ti\u0146u Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101, Storas, \u016azas un Donas upi, k\u0101 ar\u012b Kollas un Mallas salu Anglij\u0101, Sanas upi ar Sanokas pils\u0113tu un v\u0113l daudziem objektiem Polij\u0101.<\/p>\n

\u0122eogr\u0101fiski iem\u016b\u017ein\u0101to pelasgu-umbru-obru dz\u012bves un kl\u0101tb\u016btnes vietu ir tik daudz, ka j\u0101b\u016bt gal\u012bgam nej\u0113gam, lai m\u0113\u0123in\u0101tu ap\u0161aub\u012bt, vai t\u0101da tauta jebkad ir bijusi. Ta\u010du t\u0101 bija un atst\u0101ja lielisku kult\u016bras mantojumu grie\u0137iem, par ko pateic\u012bgais Hom\u0113rs vi\u0146us godin\u0101ja par dievi\u0161\u0137ajiem pelasgiem.<\/p>\n

Senpr\u016b\u0161u un cit\u0101s valod\u0101s var saskat\u012bt gan rom\u0101\u0146u, gan \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u, gan sl\u0101vu valodu aizmet\u0146us\u2026<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0160ie ir tikai uz \u0101tru roku izv\u0113l\u0113ti v\u0101rdi no apm\u0113ram 150 senpr\u016b\u0161u v\u0101rdiem, kas atrodami Pjetro Umberto Dini izdotaj\u0101 gr\u0101mat\u0101 \u201cBaltu valodas\u201d un kas var pal\u012bdz\u0113t saskat\u012bt vienk\u0101r\u0161o paties\u012bbu, proti, ka baltu valodas ir saknes un stumbrs, no kura ir izaudzis viss Eiropas valodu koks, ko pavisam nepamatoti sauc par indoeiropie\u0161u valodu koku un l\u012bdz p\u0113d\u0113jam laikam cen\u0161as iest\u0101d\u012bt ar zariem zem\u0113 un sakn\u0113m gais\u0101.<\/p>\n

Te labi redzams, k\u0101 no baltu v\u0101rdu fonda veidoju\u0161\u0101s jaun\u0101s valodas. Liekot pr\u016b\u0161u valodas viet\u0101 lietuvie\u0161u vai latvie\u0161u valodu, izn\u0101kums b\u016btu tas pats.<\/p>\n

Izdar\u012bsim \u012bsu un \u0101tru ieskatu caur lietuvie\u0161u valodu jaunaj\u0101s Eiropu tautu valod\u0101s.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Varam secin\u0101t, ka senpr\u016b\u0161u, lietuvie\u0161u un latvie\u0161u valoda, kas aptver visu baltu v\u0101rdu fondu, piln\u012bgi nosedz visu Eiropas jauno valodu p\u0101r\u0146emto un p\u0101rveidoto v\u0101rdu fondu. \u012astiem jaunveidojumiem tur pat neatliek vietas, un p\u0113c tiem nav ar\u012b \u012bstas vajadz\u012bbas.<\/p>\n

P\u0113c hetu un fr\u012b\u0123ie\u0161u valstu norieta baltisko iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju sast\u0101vu Maz\u0101zij\u0101 papildina p\u0101r Bosforu un Dardane\u013ciem no Eiropas ien\u0101ku\u0161ie tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161i. Tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161u sen\u0101 teritorija ir tagad\u0113j\u0101 Bulg\u0101rija, bet k\u0101dreiz apdz\u012bvot\u0101s teritorijas sniedzas no Krimas pussalas pa Meln\u0101s j\u016bras piekrasti uz rietumiem un uz Maz\u0101ziju, kur gan vi\u0146iem n\u0101kas dz\u012bvot liel\u0101koties sve\u0161u varu pak\u013caut\u012bb\u0101. Tur vi\u0146i nok\u013c\u016bst Ma\u0137edonijas Aleksandra un vi\u0146a mantinieku Seleik\u012bdu var\u0101, p\u0101rdz\u012bvo mas\u012bvu gallu iebrukumu, l\u012bdz non\u0101k stabil\u0101 pak\u013caut\u012bb\u0101 Romai un Bizantijai. J\u0101dom\u0101, ka Maz\u0101zijas balti savu identit\u0101ti ir saglab\u0101ju\u0161i l\u012bdz pat Osma\u0146u inv\u0101zijai. T\u0101 dom\u0101t liek lielais topon\u012bmu (ar nep\u0101rprotami baltisku izcelsmi) skaits. Piem\u0113ram, Bartina, Gemlika, Migla, Ezine, Sirmena, Simava, Ilgina, Saiteli, Isparta, Geive, Izmita, Izmira, Iznika u.c.<\/p>\n

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.<\/p>\n

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v<\/p>\n

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v<\/p>\n

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v<\/p>\n

<\/a>Reiterstandbild des Kaisers
\nMarcus Aurelius <\/em><\/p>\n

Romie\u0161u imperatori main\u012bj\u0101s cits p\u0113c cita, bet imp\u0113rijas m\u0113r\u0137i palika nemain\u012bgi. T\u0101 cent\u0101s papla\u0161in\u0101t savas robe\u017eas, pak\u013caujot kaimi\u0146u tautas un valstis.
\n\u2026 Marks Aur\u0113lijs zirg\u0101 v\u0113l tagad grezno Kapitolija laukumu Rom\u0101.
\n\u2026 Apak\u0161\u0101 skats no Traj\u0101na piemi\u0146as kolonnas, kur\u0101 r\u0101d\u012bts, k\u0101 Traj\u0101na le\u0123ioni pa laivu tiltu p\u0101rvar Donavu, lai iekarotu Dakiju. \u0160is uzbrukums m.\u0113. 102. g. palika bez sekm\u0113m. Dakiju Traj\u0101ns iekaroja tikai 106. gad\u0101, uzbr\u016bkot ar v\u0113l liel\u0101ku milit\u0101ro sp\u0113ku.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Ar\u012b Dakija ir pieskait\u0101ma pie dienvidbaltu valst\u012bm, jo daku tauta veidoj\u0101s no Donavas basein\u0101 dz\u012bvojo\u0161\u0101m zieme\u013cbaltu taut\u0101m, t\u0101m sajaucoties ar pietiekami daudzskaitl\u012bgu hetu grupu, kas p\u0113c Karkemi\u0161as kri\u0161anas 8. gs. pr.m.\u0113., atst\u0101ju\u0161i savas sen\u010du zemes, non\u0101ca Donavas basein\u0101 un tur sakusa daku taut\u012bb\u0101. Da\u017eas maz\u0101kas hetu grupas sasniedza pat tagad\u0113j\u0101s V\u0101cijas vidieni, kur sajauc\u0101s ar viet\u0113jiem baltiem. Dakijas valsts past\u0101v apm\u0113ram 1000 gadus un iztur da\u017e\u0101dus uzbrukumus, lielo gallu inv\u0101ziju ieskaitot. T\u0101s valstisko eksistenci p\u0101rtrauc Romas imperators Traj\u0101ns, kas savus iekaro\u0161anas m\u0113\u0123in\u0101jumus ies\u0101k m\u016bsu \u0113ras 100. gad\u0101 un 106. gad\u0101 salau\u017e Dakijas aizsardz\u012bbu un padara to par Romas provinci. V\u0113l\u0101k gan \u0161o provinci iekaro langobardi, bet tas Dakijas postu tikai padzi\u013cina. Necer\u0113ti pal\u012bdz\u012bba n\u0101k no heru\u013ciem. Bet tas jau ir st\u0101sts par zieme\u013cbaltiem.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Ziemelbaltu tautas<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kaut gan zieme\u013cbaltu tautas kult\u016bras att\u012bst\u012bb\u0101 neatpaliek no dienvidbaltiem, rakst\u012btu v\u0113stures liec\u012bbu par vi\u0146iem ir daudz maz\u0101k un t\u0101s, kas ir, attiecas uz sal\u012bdzino\u0161i jaun\u0101kiem laikiem. Ir pat zin\u0101mas gr\u016bt\u012bbas nosaukt visas zieme\u013cbaltu tautas v\u0101rdos, kas dz\u012bv\u0113 un dab\u0101 ir biju\u0161i pavisam cit\u0101di nek\u0101 tie, kurus min viens vai otrs v\u0113sturnieks. Tikai aptuveni var iez\u012bm\u0113t zieme\u013cbaltu izvietojumu 1000 gadus pr.m.\u0113., kad vi\u0146i v\u0113l mita no Ur\u0101liem l\u012bdz Atlantijas oke\u0101nam.<\/p>\n

Pr\u016b\u0161u un kur\u0161u taut\u0101m rakstur\u012bgos dubultl\u012bdzska\u0146us saturo\u0161us hidron\u012bmus atrodam Be\u013c\u0123ij\u0101 \u2013 Senna, Austrij\u0101 \u2013 Inna un Ille, \u0160veic\u0113 \u2013 Emme un Zimme, bet Francij\u0101 \u2013 Vjenna un Garonna. \u0160ie pr\u016bsisk\u0101s cilmes upju nosaukumi ap\u0146em to Rietumeiropas re\u0123ionu, kur\u0101 kop\u0161 pirm\u0101s t\u016bksto\u0161gades pr.m.\u0113. s\u0101kuma aizs\u0101k\u0101s baltu sajauk\u0161an\u0101s un jaun\u0101 gallu etnosa veido\u0161an\u0101s. Jau 7. gs. pr.m.\u0113. gallu etnoss piepilda Ronas, Mosas un Sennas aug\u0161teces, Mainas un Mozeles baseinus, k\u0101 ar\u012b Donavas un Tiras (Reinas) aug\u0161teces. No \u0161\u012bm teritorij\u0101m baltu tautas Rietumeirop\u0101 tiek izspiestas.<\/p>\n

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v
\n<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Romie\u0161i jauno tautu gan nosauc t\u012bri pr\u016bsiski par galliem \u2013 gai\u013ciem. T\u0101 piln\u012bgi p\u0101rmantojusi baltu reli\u0123isk\u0101s atzi\u0146as, bet stingri p\u0101rveidojusi valodu. V\u0113l\u0101k, kad galli iekaro baltisko Eiru salu, t\u0101s galvaspils\u0113ta saglab\u0101 baltisko nosaukumu Dublina, kas ar\u012b gallu valod\u0101 noz\u012bm\u0113 \u2013 dub\u013caini. Tom\u0113r starp baltu un gallu valodu ir izveidojusies daudz liel\u0101ka at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bba nek\u0101 starp \u0161iem diviem v\u0101rdiem.<\/p>\n

Gallu demogr\u0101fiskais spr\u0101dziens ar sekojo\u0161iem ekspansijas vi\u013c\u0146iem ir posto\u0161s baltu rietumu re\u0123ioniem. 5. gs. pr.m.\u0113. galli pak\u013cauj visu tagad\u0113j\u0101s Francijas teritoriju, iebr\u016bk Anglij\u0101 un \u012arij\u0101. 4. gs. pr.m.\u0113. iekaro Ib\u0113rijas pussalu, Boh\u0113miju, Mor\u0101viju un Panoniju, k\u0101 ar\u012b 380. g. pr.m.\u0113. iesaista baltus kar\u0101 pret Romu un l\u012bdz 370. g. non\u0101k Sic\u012blij\u0101. Gallu iebrukumi Labas (Elbas), Oderas un Vislas virzien\u0101 apl\u016bst un beidzas bez rezult\u0101tiem. P\u0113d\u0113jais karag\u0101jiens caur Balk\u0101niem un Grie\u0137iju 280. g. pr.m.\u0113. tiek atsists un galli caur Tr\u0101\u0137iju iebr\u016bk Maz\u0101zij\u0101, kur Lielfr\u012b\u0123ijas centr\u0101 nodibina savu valsti ar galvaspils\u0113tu Ankiru, kas t\u016bli\u0146 pat k\u013c\u016bst par Romas provinci Galatiju.<\/p>\n

Gallu ekspansijas rezult\u0101t\u0101 v\u0113l neuzvar\u0113to zieme\u013cbaltu aizseg\u0101 sav\u0101cas pr\u016b\u0161u-kur\u0161u tautu atliekas un izveidojas rietumbaltisk\u0101 Pr\u016bsija, kas k\u013c\u016bst par liel\u0101s zieme\u013cbaltu zemes, kura sniedzas no Baltijas j\u016bras l\u012bdz Ur\u0101liem, v\u0101rtu sargu.<\/p>\n

Ar\u012b Eiropas baltu austrumu re\u0123ion\u0101 Meln\u0101s j\u016bras piekrast\u0113 Donas un D\u0146epras lejastec\u0113 ap 7. gs. pr.m.\u0113. ir izveidojies baltu, grie\u0137u, ir\u0101\u0146u tautu mais\u012bjums, kam lietuvie\u0161i devu\u0161i v\u0101rdu sarmata<\/em> \u2013 kauns. S\u0101kotn\u0113ji \u0161\u012b jaukt\u0101 tauta nav baltiem tik posto\u0161a, k\u0101di bija galli, bet v\u0113l\u0101k pat p\u0101rsp\u0113j tos.<\/p>\n


\n<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

v<\/p>\n

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Ap 1000 g. pr.m.\u0113. zieme\u013cbalti ac\u012bmredzot sevi apzin\u0101j\u0101s k\u0101 vienu tautu kas no Atlantijas l\u012bdz Ur\u0101liem sp\u0113ja sazin\u0101ties vien\u0101 valod\u0101, kuras at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas da\u017e\u0101dos re\u0123ionos nep\u0101rsniedza dialekta robe\u017eas. Ar\u012b p\u0113c gallu ekspansijas un posta, ko t\u0101 nesa Rietumeiropas baltiem, to atlikums kop\u0101 ar p\u0101r\u0113jiem zieme\u013cbaltiem centr\u0113j\u0101s ap vienu gar\u012bgo autorit\u0101ti, ap Romoves kr\u012bvu. Neskatoties uz at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgos dialektos run\u0101jo\u0161\u0101m baltu taut\u012bb\u0101m, to valstisk\u0101 pieder\u012bba bija kop\u012bga visiem zieme\u013cbaltiem. Sabiedriskas attiec\u012bbas zieme\u013cbaltu taut\u0101s \u013coti l\u012bdz\u012bgas Hatijas konstit\u016bcij\u0101 iez\u012bm\u0113tajai teokr\u0101tijai, kas balst\u0101s uz milit\u0101ro demokr\u0101tiju. Starp zieme\u013cbaltu dialektos run\u0101jo\u0161\u0101m taut\u0101m j\u0101min rugie\u0161u-kur\u0161u-pr\u016b\u0161u grupa, vari\u0146u-heru\u013cu-obru-vendu grupa. S\u0113\u013ci un lei\u0161i savuk\u0101rt tuvi tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161iem, kurus jau pieskait\u012bj\u0101m pie dienvidbaltiem.<\/p>\n

Romove –
\nbaltu teokr\u0101tijas p\u0113d\u0113jais balsts<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0113c gallu posta darbiem rietumbaltu atlikums sav\u0101c\u0101s Pr\u016bsij\u0101, kur Nadravas zem\u0113 tika izveidota Romove ar apdz\u012bvotu centru un sv\u0113tn\u012bcu \u0101rpus t\u0101. Tur baltu priesteri cent\u0101s atjaunot vienotas tautas apzi\u0146u no da\u017e\u0101diem rietumu re\u0123ioniem izspiestiem un p\u0101rtauto\u0161an\u0101s briesm\u0101m pak\u013cautiem baltiem. \u0160ie centieni tika atzin\u012bgi v\u0113rt\u0113ti pie vis\u0101m baltu taut\u012bb\u0101m, un virspriestera \u2013 kr\u012bva autorit\u0101te bija glu\u017ei neierobe\u017eota. V\u0101cbaltu v\u0113sturnieks Oto R\u016btenbergs ir atst\u0101jis liec\u012bbu: \u201cBija k\u0101da vieta Romove, kuras nosaukums c\u0113lies no Romas un kur\u0101 dz\u012bvoja k\u0101ds kr\u012bvs, ko vi\u0146i k\u0101 p\u0101vestu godin\u0101ja\u2026, bet ar\u012b vi\u0146u v\u0113stnesis, kad tas ar zizli vai k\u0101du paz\u012b\u0161anas z\u012bmolu g\u0101ja pa iepriek\u0161 min\u0113to netic\u012bgo robe\u017e\u0101m, tika sa\u0146emts ar visliel\u0101ko godbij\u012bbu no kara\u013ciem un augstma\u0146iem, un prast\u0101s tautas.\u201d \u0160o hronista Dusburga liec\u012bbu R\u016btenbergs apliecina k\u0101 visaugst\u0101k\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 ticamu, jo kr\u012bvs no 6. l\u012bdz 11. gs. s\u0101kumam bija ne vien virspriesteris, bet ar\u012b visas tautas virstiesnesis un likumdev\u0113js no Ilfingas pie Fri\u017eas l\u012b\u010da rietumos l\u012bdz M\u0113trai Vidzem\u0113. Citu v\u0113sturnieku liec\u012bbas r\u0101da, ka kr\u012bva vara sniedz\u0101s v\u0113l daudz t\u0101l\u0101k \u2013 l\u012bdz Somijai un Sarmatijai.<\/p>\n

Gailu briesmas ir pag\u0101tn\u0113, bet to viel\u0101 n\u0101k Romas ekspansija, kas sama\u013c gallus un dienvidbaltus un tiecas paverdzin\u0101t ar\u012b zieme\u013cbaltus, un te nu Romoves teokr\u0101tija sp\u0113j sevi pier\u0101d\u012bt un p\u0101rdz\u012bvot Romas vergturu imp\u0113riju.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Romie\u0161u v\u0113sturnieks Pl\u012bnijs Vec\u0101kais min, ka Vislas labaj\u0101 krast\u0101 dz\u012bvo venedi un sarmati, kas nez k\u0101 non\u0101ku\u0161i te no dzimt\u0101s D\u0146epras un Donas lejteces. Bet Ptolemajs 2. gs. beig\u0101s tur sastop ar\u012b k\u0101du somu apmetni. V\u0113sturnieks Zosims apraksta romie\u0161u karu pret imp\u0113rij\u0101 iebr\u016bko\u0161o tautu koal\u012bciju. Romie\u0161i tom\u0113r paliek uzvar\u0113t\u0101ji un par godu \u0137eizara Galla d\u0113lam Voluzi\u0101nam tiek kalta mon\u0113ta, uz kuras vi\u0146\u0161 tiek pasludin\u0101ts par sarmatu, vanda\u013cu, somu, galindu un venedu uzvar\u0113t\u0101ju. T\u0101tad l\u012bdz ar baltu taut\u0101m karoja ar\u012b somi un jaukte\u0146i sarmati. Kas gan veica strat\u0113\u0123isko uzbrukuma pl\u0101no\u0161anu, un k\u0101p\u0113c tas tika sagatavots baltu zem\u0113s? Atbilde ir vienk\u0101r\u0161a. T\u0101 k\u0101 uzbrukumu pl\u0101noja Romoves kr\u012bvs, tad p\u0113c vi\u0146a uzaicin\u0101juma jau savlaic\u012bgi baltu zem\u0113s atbalsta b\u0101zes izveidoja gan no dienvidaustrumiem n\u0101ku\u0161ie sarmati, gan no zieme\u013ciem n\u0101ku\u0161ie somi. Uzvara netika g\u016bta 253. gad\u0101, t\u0101p\u0113c jau 269. gad\u0101 uzbrukumu atk\u0101rto baltu tautu, gotu un vikingu koal\u012bcija. Somi un sarmati vairs nepiedal\u0101s \u2013 resursi izsmelti.<\/p>\n

V\u0113l kaut ko interesantu starp v\u0113stures rindi\u0146\u0101m varam las\u012bt par baltisko heru\u013cu tautu. J\u016blija C\u0113zara laik\u0101 heru\u013ci apdz\u012bvo D\u0101nijas salas un Smolandi Zviedrijas dienvidos. P\u0113c tam kad Traj\u0101ns 107. gad\u0101 iekaro Dakiju, k\u0101da neredzama vara heru\u013cu tautai liek doties dzi\u013c\u0101k Eiropas kontinent\u0101 un apmesties blakus pak\u013cautaj\u0101m br\u0101\u013cu taut\u0101m \u2013 tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161iem un dakiem. Un t\u0101 kop\u0161 3. gs. heru\u013ci dz\u012bvo pie Meln\u0101s j\u016bras un laiku pa laikam liek dreb\u0113t Romas imp\u0113rijai, p\u0101rstaig\u0101dami sen\u0101s baltu zemes. J\u0101dom\u0101, ka te atkal izpau\u017eas Romoves kr\u012bva vara un m\u0113r\u0137is ar jebkuriem l\u012bdzek\u013ciem ierobe\u017eot un aptur\u0113t Romas ekspansiju. 4. gs. gotu \u0137\u0113ni\u0146\u0161 Hermanrihs iesaista heru\u013cus savas imp\u0113rijas izveid\u0113 no Meln\u0101s j\u016bras l\u012bdz Baltijas j\u016brai un Ur\u0101liem. P\u0113c gotu valsts sabrukuma heru\u013ci ir sastopami vis\u0101 Eirop\u0101 un piedal\u0101s ar\u012b Rietumromas valsts sagr\u0101v\u0113 Odoakra vad\u012bb\u0101.<\/p>\n

V\u0113l 6. gs. s\u0101kum\u0101 heru\u013ci ir varena taut\u012bba Donavas lejtec\u0113. Langobardi vi\u0146iem maks\u0101 meslus. Tom\u0113r k\u0101d\u0101 likten\u012bg\u0101 sadursm\u0113 ar langobardiem vi\u0146i piedz\u012bvo smagu sak\u0101vi, pamet Donavas baseinu un dodas uz zieme\u013ciem. Da\u013ca heru\u013cu caur tagad\u0113jo V\u0101ciju dodas savas sen\u0101s dzimtenes virzien\u0101, citi non\u0101k Lietuv\u0101. Vair\u0101ku gadsimtu gait\u0101, balstot nom\u0101kt\u0101s br\u0101\u013cu tautas tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161us un dakus, heru\u013ci ir sakusu\u0161i ar t\u0101m, un p\u0113c \u0161\u012bs tra\u0123isk\u0101s sak\u0101ves vi\u0146i saucas par verliem. Viena vi\u0146u apmetne Verla tiek dibin\u0101ta uz zieme\u013ciem no Harca kalniem pie Ilzes up\u012btes ietekas Oker\u0113, otra \u2013 tuv\u0101k senajai dzimtenei \u2013 vari\u0146u jeb Varnovas obru zem\u0113 \u2013 Verle Varnovas krast\u0101, kur verli savu identit\u0101ti saglab\u0101 l\u012bdz pat 16. gs. V\u0113sturnieks R\u016btenbergs apliecina, ka Laciusa tulkot\u0101s T\u0113vreizes teksts verlu valod\u0101 bijis \u013coti tuvs latvie\u0161u un lietuvie\u0161u tekstiem.<\/p>\n

Tik daudz par vienas baltu tautas misiju, ko rosin\u0101ja Romoves kr\u012bvs un ko \u0161\u012b tauta veica, aizst\u0101vot br\u0101\u013cu tautas un piedaloties Rietumromas imp\u0113rijas sagr\u0101v\u0113. 476. gad\u0101 Romu iekaroja baltu karasp\u0113ks, Odoakra vad\u012btie vanda\u013ci un heru\u013ci.<\/p>\n

Ar\u012b Lietuv\u0101 non\u0101kusi heru\u013cu grupa p\u0113c sl\u0101vu p\u0101rr\u0101vuma sp\u0113ja l\u012bdzsvarot st\u0101vokli un pasarg\u0101ja baltu tautas no piln\u012bgas izn\u012bcin\u0101\u0161anas.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Sl\u0101vu tautu veido\u0161an\u0101s<\/strong><\/p>\n

Da\u017ei v\u0113sturnieki lieto aplamu v\u0101rdu savienojumu \u2013 sl\u0101vu-lei\u0161u tautas. Izn\u0101k, ka sl\u0101vi it k\u0101 b\u016btu k\u0101ds vec\u0101ks etnoss un balti \u2013 vi\u0146u atzars. Paties\u012bba ir cita: k\u0101 to atzinu\u0161i krievu senv\u0113stures p\u0113tnieki Toporovs un Ivanovs, sl\u0101vu valodas ir veidoju\u0161\u0101s no noma\u013ciem baltu dialektiem. \u0160im sl\u0113dzienam rodam apstiprin\u0101jumu jau pie \u201cv\u0113stures t\u0113va\u201d H\u0113rodota, kur\u0161 Meln\u0101s j\u016bras zieme\u013cu piekrast\u0113 konstat\u0113 jau noliku\u0161u skitu un grie\u0137u sajauk\u0161anos D\u0146epras un Donas gr\u012bv\u0101s. Tos sauc par kalipldiem. Bet baltisko budinu robe\u017epils\u0113t\u0101 Gelon\u0101 notikusi budinu un kalip\u012bdu sajauk\u0161an\u0101s gelonos (hell\u0113\u0146os). T\u0101p\u0113c, vadoties no Meln\u0101s j\u016bras piekrastes un liel\u0101s budinu Pied\u0146epras pils\u0113tas Gelonas iespaidiem, H\u0113rodots secina, ka ar\u012b baltu tautas run\u0101jot \u201csamait\u0101t\u0101 grie\u0137u valod\u0101\u201d. Te nu H\u0113rodots neapjau\u0161, ka grie\u0137u valoda pati ir \u201csamait\u0101jusies\u201d, p\u0101r\u0146emot \u013coti daudzus j\u0113dzienus no baltisk\u0101s pelasgu valodas.<\/p>\n

Bet skitu, grie\u0137u, budinu jaukte\u0146iem lietuvie\u0161u sen\u010di ir devu\u0161i v\u0101rdu sarmata<\/em> \u2013 kauns. \u0160ie sarmatl tad ar\u012b k\u013cuva par vienu no topo\u0161o sl\u0101vu tautu pamatsast\u0101vda\u013c\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Baltu, skitu, grie\u0137u sajauk\u0161an\u0101s process, j\u0101dom\u0101, bija s\u0101cies p\u0101ris gadsimtus pirms H\u0113rodota, t\u0101tad ap 7. gs. pr.m.\u0113. V\u0113l m\u016bsu \u0113ras s\u0101kum\u0101 sarmati paklaus\u012bgi seko Romoves kr\u012bva aicin\u0101jumam, izveido atbalsta b\u0101zi l\u012bdz\u0101s venediem un piedal\u0101s kar\u0101 pret Voluzi\u0101na komand\u0113tajiem Romas le\u0123ioniem. Bet v\u0113l\u0101kos laikos sarmatus k\u0101 algot\u0146us jo bie\u017ei iev\u0113rojam\u0101 skait\u0101 sastopam romie\u0161u le\u0123ionos.<\/p>\n

\u0160im tautu karag\u0101jienam pret vergturu Romu ir sekas turpm\u0101kaj\u0101 zieme\u013cbaltu tautu dz\u012bv\u0113. Da\u013ca no somu atbalsta sp\u0113kiem paliek Baltijas j\u016bras piekrastes josl\u0101 baltu zem\u0113s, bet sarmatu atbalsta sp\u0113ki uzs\u0101k sajauk\u0161an\u0101s sp\u0113li ar venediem un t\u0101 sa\u0161\u0137e\u013c \u0161o baltu tautu, nesdami baltiem daudz vair\u0101k posta, nek\u0101 sp\u0113ju\u0161i pal\u012bdz\u0113t kar\u0101.<\/p>\n

Karpatos un to priek\u0161kaln\u0113s Vislas basein\u0101 s\u0101k veidoties rietumsl\u0101vu tautas, kuras l\u012bdz sestajam gadsimtam savairojas t\u0101d\u0101 skait\u0101, ka k\u013c\u016bst agres\u012bvas un ekspans\u012bvas. 5. gs. beig\u0101s rietumsl\u0101vu grupa no Karpatu priek\u0161kaln\u0113m dodas caur tagad\u0113j\u0101s Polijas, Baltkrievijas un Lietuvas zem\u0113m uz Ilme\u0146a ezera telpu un Lovates baseinu, pa ce\u013cam papostot savu priek\u0161te\u010du un sen\u010du \u2013 baltu zemes. Cita grupa spie\u017eas Boh\u0113mijas un Mor\u0101vijas virzien\u0101, v\u0113l citi \u2013 caur Vol\u012bniju sen\u0101s Gelonas un Kijevas virzien\u0101.<\/p>\n

Liela da\u013ca venedu, kuri negrib\u0113ja iesaist\u012bties sl\u0101vu kokteil\u012b, atst\u0101j seno m\u012btnes zemi, non\u0101k pie D\u0101nijas robe\u017e\u0101m un pat Breta\u0146as pussal\u0101 rietumos. Citi dodas uz dienvidiem un non\u0101k Ven\u0113cijas apgabal\u0101 It\u0101lij\u0101, v\u0113l citi \u2013 Ventas basein\u0101 Kurzem\u0113 un beidzot pie C\u0113s\u012bm.<\/p>\n

Pa to laiku ar venediem nesajauku\u0161ies sarmati pa Donas baseinu, hu\u0146\u0146u iztramd\u012bti, virz\u0101s uz zieme\u013ciem dzi\u013c\u0101k baltu zem\u0113s, no kurienes da\u013ca galindu ir devu\u0161ies l\u012bdz ar gotiem uz rietumiem un non\u0101ku\u0161i pat Ib\u0113rijas pussal\u0101, kur neizb\u0113gami zaud\u0113 savu nacion\u0101lo identit\u0101ti.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Daudzu v\u0113sturisko apst\u0101k\u013cu summa m\u016bsu \u0113ras s\u0101kum\u0101 izr\u0101d\u0101s baltu taut\u0101m nelabv\u0113l\u012bga un posto\u0161a. Tom\u0113r v\u0113l l\u012bdz 10. gs. baltu tautas apdz\u012bvo Pr\u016bsiju, iev\u0113rojamas teritorijas V\u0101cijas zieme\u013caustrumos un Polij\u0101, Latviju, Lietuvu, da\u013cu Baltkrievijas un Krievijas centr\u0101los apgabalus.<\/p>\n

No venedu un sarmatu mais\u012bjuma Piekarpatos paliek divas liel\u0101kas sl\u0101vu ciltis \u2013 leh\u012bti un pol\u0101bi. Sajaucoties \u0161\u012bm sl\u0101vu cilt\u012bm, 10. gs. izveidojas po\u013cu taut\u012bba. Krievi k\u0101 tauta tobr\u012bd v\u0113l neeksist\u0113, ar\u012b v\u0101cu n\u0101cija tikai s\u0101k veidoties. T\u0101pat fran\u010di un ang\u013ci v\u0113l neuzr\u0101da n\u0101cijas paz\u012bmes, bet ir tikai da\u017e\u0101du etnisko vien\u012bbu mais\u012bjums. \u012asi sakot, uz m\u016bsu \u0113ras 1000. gadu Eiropas n\u0101ciju kart\u0113 skaidras kont\u016bras v\u0113l neredz.<\/p>\n

Kur ir \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u dzimtene?<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u0113rojot tautu staig\u0101\u0161anu pa v\u0113stures ce\u013ciem, rodas iespaids, ka \u0123erm\u0101\u0146i vai nu ir biju\u0161i nelabojami plunduri \u2013 klai\u0146ot\u0101ji, vai ar\u012b k\u0101d\u0101 noma\u013c\u0101 viet\u0101 pratu\u0161i savairoties, citiem nemanot. Maz ticams, ka bronzas laikmet\u0101 vi\u0146i b\u016btu mitu\u0161i D\u0101nij\u0101 un Labas lejtec\u0113. Tolaik Baltijas j\u016bras un da\u013c\u0113ji ar\u012b Zieme\u013cj\u016bras piekrasti, visticam\u0101k, apdz\u012bvoja tikai balti. Ar\u012b teritorijas uz dienvidiem no min\u0113taj\u0101m bronzas laikmeta s\u0101kum\u0101 2200. g. pr.Kr. var\u0113ja b\u016bt tikai baltiskas. Par to neapstr\u012bdami liecina Viduseiropas hidron\u012bmi, kas nav ne galliski, ne \u0123erm\u0101niski, bet ir baltiski.<\/p>\n

\u0122erm\u0101\u0146u valodas s\u0101kumus var\u0113tu saskat\u012bt pie toh\u0101riem, kuri ap to laiku dz\u012bvoja Priek\u0161kauk\u0101z\u0101 un pie Meln\u0101s j\u016bras. Ta\u010du vi\u0146u p\u0113das paz\u016bd \u0100zij\u0101, Gobi tuksnes\u012b. Varb\u016bt \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u saknes b\u016btu mekl\u0113jamas pie kimerie\u0161iem jeb kimbriem, kuri dz\u012bvoja Krimas pussal\u0101? Savulaik tie bija toh\u0101ru tuvi kaimi\u0146i un varb\u016bt radi. Bet no tiem liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca izkusa Maz\u0101zijas tautu kokteil\u012b. Dr. Zeiferts ba\u017e\u012bgi nor\u0101da, ka k\u0101da da\u013ca Herson\u0113sas kimbru var\u0113tu b\u016bt non\u0101ku\u0161i D\u0101nij\u0101 Romas imp\u0113rijas ziedu laikos un tur dz\u012bvoja blakus baltiskajiem vari\u0146iem, heru\u013ciem, rugie\u0161iem un guto\u0146iem jeb pr\u016b\u0161iem. Iesp\u0113jams, ka kimbru-guto\u0146u sarado\u0161an\u0101s noveda pie gotu tautas s\u0101kumiem, tom\u0113r savi nopelni tur b\u016bs ar\u012b galliem, kuru rakst\u012bba non\u0101ca gotu rok\u0101s, kas to uzlaboja un pilnveidoja. T\u0101tad \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u tautu veido\u0161an\u0101s s\u0101kumi j\u0101mekl\u0113 nevis bronzas laikmeta s\u0101kum\u0101, bet gan t\u0101 beig\u0101s, kad pirm\u0123erm\u0101\u0146i, toh\u0101ri un kimbri beidz past\u0101v\u0113t. Jaun\u0101 gotu tauta, kura radusies Rietumeirop\u0101, tom\u0113r nejut\u0101s tai piesaist\u012bta, bet, t\u0101pat k\u0101 da\u013ca gallu, dev\u0101s uz dienvidaustrumiem, kur apmet\u0101s Meln\u0101s j\u016bras krastos \u2013 savu priek\u0161te\u010du baltu un kimbru senaj\u0101s dz\u012bvesviet\u0101s.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar gallu lielo skaitu un sp\u0113ku \u0123erm\u0101\u0146i sevi apliecina v\u0101ji. Vien\u012bgi p\u0113c gallu ekspansijas un iz\u0161\u0137\u012b\u0161anas visos virzienos vi\u0146u mantinieku vid\u016b paman\u0101m \u0123erm\u0101\u0146us, kas ros\u0101s gallu kodola zem\u0113s un pamaz\u0101m koloniz\u0113 arvien liel\u0101kas teritorijas. Galli ir izveidoju\u0161i p\u0101rr\u0101vumu starp baltu taut\u0101m Eiropas vidien\u0113 pie Baltijas j\u016bras, atst\u0101jot vari\u0146us \u2013 v\u0113l\u0101kos varnoberus jeb Varnovas obrus, rugie\u0161us un pr\u016b\u0161us. Oderas basein\u0101 joproj\u0101m saimnieko venedi, kurus Dr. Zeiferts nosauc par vanda\u013ciem. Uz Donavas aug\u0161teci \u0160veices un Austrijas teritorij\u0101, uz Alpu priek\u0161kaln\u0113m ir atspiesta cita venedu grupa, kuru sauc par vindi\u013ciem un kura ac\u012bmredzot sp\u0113l\u0113ja iz\u0161\u0137iro\u0161o lomu Romas imp\u0113rijas sagr\u0101v\u0113. Bet starp T\u012bru (Reinu) un Labu (Elbu) Romas imp\u0113rijas laikos m\u012bt gallu un baltu atliekas juku juk\u0101m ar topo\u0161o jaun\u0123erm\u0101\u0146u grup\u0101m. Apm\u0113ram t\u0101da aina ir v\u0113rojama Viduseirop\u0101 Romas imp\u0113rijas ziedu laikos.<\/p>\n

Pamaz\u0101m \u0123erm\u0101\u0146i gallu mantinieku lom\u0101 savairojas un tiecas koloniz\u0113t teritorijas uz zieme\u013caustrumiem no Elbas. Ta\u010du kop\u0161 m\u016bsu \u0113ras s\u0101kuma ir notiku\u0161as b\u016btiskas p\u0101rmai\u0146as.<\/p>\n

Vislas aug\u0161tec\u0113 un vidustec\u0113 ir s\u0101kusies Karpatu venedu un no dienvidaustrumiem ien\u0101ku\u0161o sarmatu sajauk\u0161an\u0101s sl\u0101vos, ap 6. gs. tie jau iebr\u016bk baltu zem\u0113s uz zieme\u013caustrumiem, kur nostiprin\u0101s Ilme\u0146a ezera apkaim\u0113. Sl\u0101vi m\u0113\u0123ina lauzties ar\u012b uz rietumiem, kur balti non\u0101k dubult\u0101 apdraud\u0113t\u012bb\u0101.<\/p>\n

Dr. Zeiferts ir centies iez\u012bm\u0113t kart\u0113 v\u0101cu austrumu koloniz\u0101cijas pan\u0101kumus. \u0160\u012b karte par\u0101da, ka zemes, kuras \u0123erm\u0101\u0146i it k\u0101 apdz\u012bvoju\u0161i kop\u0161 bronzas laikmeta s\u0101kuma, vi\u0146i s\u0101k apg\u016bt tikai p\u0113c m.\u0113. 1000. gada, kad tur pasp\u0113ju\u0161i iekl\u012bst pol\u0101bi, kas ir jauntapu\u0161o rietumsl\u0101vu v\u0113l jaun\u0101ks zars. Pla\u0161as teritorijas apz\u012bm\u0113tas k\u0101 t\u012bri \u201csl\u0101viskas\u201d. Turkl\u0101t par \u201csl\u0101visk\u0101m\u201d nosauktas ar\u012b baltisko venedu un verlu apdz\u012bvot\u0101s vietas, ar Meklenburgu un Verli tai skait\u0101. Tas ir apvidus, kur, p\u0113c pa\u0161a dr. Zeiferta dom\u0101m, verlu priek\u0161te\u010di heru\u013ci dz\u012bvoju\u0161i jau J\u016blija C\u0113zara vald\u012b\u0161anas laik\u0101. Ka verli nav sl\u0101vi, apliecina Oto fon R\u016btenbergs, pieminot, ka Laciuss ir p\u0101rtulkojis l\u016bg\u0161anu M\u016bsu T\u0113vs<\/em> verlu valod\u0101, teksts bijis tuvs atbilsto\u0161iem tekstiem latvie\u0161u un lietuvie\u0161u valod\u0101. Apstiprinot R\u016btenberga Donavas lejtec\u0113 6. gs. min\u0113tos notikumus, V\u0101cij\u0101 atrodam divas verlu apmetnes. Pirm\u0101 Verla pie Ilzes un Okeras satekas uz ZA no Braun\u0161veigas; otr\u0101 Verle atrodas uz ZA no Meklenburgas Varnenes basein\u0101, kuru v\u0113l 13. gs. apdz\u012bvo baltiskie varnoberi \u2013 Varnenes obri\u2026 V\u0113l starp taut\u0101m, kuras 13. gs. apdz\u012bvo V\u0101cijas zieme\u013caustrumus, dr. Zeiferts uzr\u0101da ukrus, redarus, ruj\u0101nus, tollensie\u0161us un drav\u0113nus, no kuriem drav\u0113nus sauc par sl\u0101viem, bet p\u0101r\u0113jos tikai no\u0161\u0137ir no \u0123erm\u0101\u0146iem.<\/p>\n

Var teikt, ka liela da\u013ca no \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u tautu locek\u013ciem ir \u0123ermaniz\u0113ti balti. Ar\u012b dr. Zeiferts uzsver, ka viet\u0113j\u0101s tautas tika pak\u013cautas, nevis izn\u012bcin\u0101tas, turkl\u0101t pak\u013cautas pak\u0101peniskai asimil\u0101cijai un \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u dz\u012bv\u0101 sp\u0113ka vairo\u0161anai. Ja sal\u012bdzin\u0101m to ar baltu p\u0101rkrievo\u0161anu Austrumeirop\u0101, tad j\u0101saka, ka tik band\u012btiski \u0123erm\u0101\u0146i iztur\u0113j\u0101s vien\u012bgi pret senpr\u016b\u0161iem. Tagad\u0113jo \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u genofonds nav viengabalains, un ar\u012b v\u0101cu valoda da\u017e\u0101dos v\u0101cu novados ir visai at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bga, t\u0101, ka sapra\u0161an\u0101s pa\u0161u v\u0101cie\u0161u starp\u0101 da\u017ek\u0101rt m\u0113dz b\u016bt \u013coti apgr\u016btin\u0101ta, bet pirmdzimtenes jaut\u0101jums gandr\u012bz neatbildams.<\/p>\n

V\u0101cu koloniz\u0113taj\u0101s baltu zem\u0113s asimil\u0101cijai visilg\u0101k sp\u0113ja pretoties Varnovas obri un verli, k\u0101 ar\u012b Dancigas kur\u0161i un Pr\u016bsijas pr\u016b\u0161i. 16. gs. vi\u0146i v\u0113l sevi apliecina, bet 18. gs. jau valda klusums. Skaidrs ir tikai viens \u2013 kaut ar\u012b zaud\u0113ju\u0161i savu nacion\u0101lo identit\u0101ti, vi\u0146i joproj\u0101m dz\u012bvo savu sent\u0113vu zem\u0113. Un tikai caur vi\u0146iem kaut k\u0101da F\u0101terlande ir ar\u012b p\u0101r\u0113jiem.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Romove p\u0101rdz\u012bvo Romas imp\u0113riju<\/strong><\/p>\n

Viens no Romas vergturu imp\u0113rijas sabruk\u0161anas c\u0113lo\u0146iem ir iek\u0161\u0113jo sp\u0113ku izs\u012bkums un nepiecie\u0161am\u012bba imp\u0113risko amb\u012bciju un privil\u0113\u0123iju sarg\u0101\u0161an\u0101 iesaist\u012bt algot\u0146us no kaimi\u0146taut\u0101m, kas nej\u016bt nek\u0101das simp\u0101tijas pret Romu. Otrs c\u0113lonis ir krist\u012bg\u0101s tic\u012bbas k\u013c\u016b\u0161ana par noteico\u0161o valsts reli\u0123iju, kas mazina \u0137eizara dievi\u0161\u0137o autorit\u0101ti un saasina c\u012b\u0146u par augst\u0101ko varu. \u0100r\u0113ji varen\u0101 imp\u0113rija ir k\u013cuvusi iek\u0161\u0113ji trausla un viegli ievainojama. S\u0101kas divvald\u012bba Rom\u0101 un Konstantinopol\u0113. P\u0113d\u0113jo Romas imperatoru Romulu Augustulu uzvar un g\u0101\u017e no tro\u0146a Odoakrs, kura karsp\u0113k\u0101 daudz baltu heru\u013cu karot\u0101ju. T\u0101 476. gad\u0101, t\u0101tad m.\u0113. 5. gs. beig\u0101s, beidz past\u0101v\u0113t Romas imp\u0113rija.<\/p>\n

Romove ir palikusi neuzvar\u0113ta un nepak\u013cauta. Tom\u0113r ar\u012b k\u0101dreiz monol\u012bt\u0101s zieme\u013cbaltu zemes vairs nav svaigu sp\u0113ku p\u0101rpilnas. Rietumos tie\u0161\u0101 Romas imp\u0113rijas iespaid\u0101 ir radu\u0161\u0101s jauktas gallu un \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u ciltis, kas p\u0113c imp\u0113rijas sabrukuma cen\u0161as pier\u0101d\u012bt savu ietekmi un sp\u0113jas un k\u013c\u016bt par likte\u0146a l\u0113m\u0113j\u0101m sev un citiem. Vecie Romas aristokr\u0101ti un karavado\u0146i \u0161ajos apst\u0101k\u013cos uz\u0146emas vado\u0146u lomu, k\u013c\u016bst par firstiem un cen\u0161as saglab\u0101t saviem p\u0113cn\u0101c\u0113jiem augstma\u0146u statusu un iesp\u0113jas.<\/p>\n

Turpina past\u0101v\u0113t Austrumromas imp\u0113rija \u2013 Bizantija. T\u0101 sevi v\u0113stur\u0113 ir ierakst\u012bjusi ar vergu tirdzniec\u012bbu, meliem un liekul\u012bbu. Bizantisk\u0101 vilt\u012bba ir rakstur\u012bga tai visos 1000 past\u0101v\u0113\u0161anas gados. Bizantijas vergu tirgus piepras\u012bjums rosina biju\u0161os Rietumromas le\u0123ion\u0101rus iesaist\u012bties ienes\u012bgaj\u0101 vergu tirdzniec\u012bb\u0101. Rietumeirop\u0101 s\u0101kas vikingu laiki. Par vikingiem tiek saukti ne romie\u0161i, ne \u0123erm\u0101\u0146i, bet norm\u0101\u0146i. Paties\u012bb\u0101 vecie imp\u0113rijas p\u012bl\u0101ri turpina vergu tirdzniec\u012bbu jaunos apst\u0101k\u013cos. Netikumi mirst l\u0113n\u0101m\u2026<\/p>\n

Baltu tautu st\u0101voklis Rietumeirop\u0101 p\u0113c Romas imp\u0113rijas sabrukuma ir k\u013cuvis cit\u0101ds, bet ne lab\u0101ks. Ir zudis lielvaras agresijas drauds, bet laup\u012b\u0161anas, pak\u013cau\u0161anas un izn\u012bcin\u0101\u0161anas briesmas saglab\u0101jas. St\u0101voklis ir k\u013cuvis gr\u016bt\u0101k prognoz\u0113jams, t\u0101p\u0113c ar\u012b gr\u016bt\u0101k organiz\u0113t aizsardz\u012bbu. Viena liela laup\u012bt\u0101ja \u2013 C\u0113zara viet\u0101 ir st\u0101jusies vesela banda neapr\u0113\u0137in\u0101mu firstu. Katram no vi\u0146iem ir sava karadraudze un atbalsta kontingents k\u0101d\u0101 topo\u0161aj\u0101 n\u0101cij\u0101, kuru t\u0101s firsts sarg\u0101 no vergu tirgo\u0146iem un laup\u012bt\u0101jiem.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0122erm\u0101\u0146u firstu strat\u0113\u0123ija<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vergturu Romas varu nomain\u012bja visai simboliska Sv\u0113t\u0101s Romas vara. P\u0101vests gan form\u0101li apstiprin\u0101ja \u0137eizara varu, bet faktiski laic\u012bg\u0101s liet\u0101s p\u0101vestam nebija nek\u0101das teik\u0161anas. Valsts politikas l\u012bmen\u012b bija pacelta krist\u012bg\u0101s tic\u012bbas izplat\u012b\u0161ana, bet \u0161o politiku \u012bstenoja firsti, kas no krist\u012bg\u0101s dz\u012bves izpratnes bija \u013coti t\u0101lu. P\u0101vestam nebija nek\u0101das kontroles iesp\u0113jas p\u0101r notikumiem visai pla\u0161\u0101 teritorij\u0101. Vi\u0146am n\u0101c\u0101s iztikt ar b\u012bskapu sniegto inform\u0101ciju, vai ar\u012b, ja zi\u0146as par notikumiem k\u0101d\u0101 att\u0101l\u0101 re\u0123ion\u0101 \u0161\u0137ita \u0161aub\u012bgas, p\u0101vests uz turieni s\u016bt\u012bja sev tuvus speci\u0101los p\u0101rst\u0101vjus \u2013 leg\u0101tus.<\/p>\n

\u0160o gar\u012bg\u0101s varas mazsp\u0113ju sav\u0101s interes\u0113s lieliski izmantoja firsti. Vi\u0146i kontrol\u0113ja provin\u010du sakarus ar Romu un par\u016bp\u0113j\u0101s, lai tur nenon\u0101ktu nek\u0101da vi\u0146us aps\u016bdzo\u0161a inform\u0101cija. Uzdodamies par krist\u012bg\u0101s tic\u012bbas izplat\u012bt\u0101jiem un aizst\u0101vjiem, vi\u0146i realiz\u0113ja baltu tautu pak\u013cau\u0161anas pl\u0101nu. Politisk\u0101 aizmugure bija nodro\u0161in\u0101ta Rom\u0101 un v\u0113l\u0101k Avi\u0146on\u0101, t\u0101lab ar\u012b \u0137eizara vara firstus vi\u0146u pa\u0161darb\u012bb\u0101 netrauc\u0113ja. Pietika ar form\u0101lu lojalit\u0101tes apliecin\u0101\u0161anu un minim\u0101liem maks\u0101jumiem \u0137eizaram un p\u0101vestam.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Ar firstu atbalstu un p\u0113c kop\u012bga pl\u0101na m\u016bku orde\u0146i b\u016bv\u0113ja klosterus nekrist\u012btaj\u0101s zem\u0113s. Klosteri parasti l\u012bdzin\u0101j\u0101s nocietin\u0101t\u0101m pil\u012bm ar kapelu, ret\u0101k ar bazn\u012bcu. Tie noder\u0113ja k\u0101 dro\u0161as atp\u016btas b\u0101zes firstu karadraudz\u0113m, kas vienm\u0113r bija gatavas ar uguni un zobenu atbalst\u012bt mision\u0101ru p\u016bli\u0146us. M\u016bki str\u0101d\u0101ja un kopa klostera zemi, atbalst\u012bja mision\u0101rus, iepazina apk\u0101rtni un viet\u0113jos \u013caudis, t\u0101, ka firstu karadraudzes, apciemojot klosterus, tur var\u0113ja sav\u0101kt sev noder\u012bgu inform\u0101ciju.<\/p>\n

Dr. Bernhards Zeiferts ir izstr\u0101d\u0101jis uzskat\u0101mu sh\u0113mu, kur\u0101 par\u0101da kristianiz\u0101cijas un \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u cil\u0161u koloniz\u0101cijas strat\u0113\u0123isko pl\u0101no\u0161anu no 12. l\u012bdz 14. gs. No diviem b\u0101zes klosteriem Altenkamp\u0101 un Altenberg\u0101 tiek pl\u0101nota un vad\u012bta meitas klosteru celtniec\u012bba tagad\u0113j\u0101s V\u0101cijas centr\u0101lajos zieme\u013cu un austrumu rajonos, k\u0101 ar\u012b tagad\u0113j\u0101 Polij\u0101 l\u012bdz pat Vislai. Bet no Pfortas klostera T\u012bringij\u0101, kas dibin\u0101ts tikai 1132. gad\u0101, tiek koordin\u0113ta un organiz\u0113ta Pr\u016bsijas un Baltijas zemju kristianiz\u0101cija un koloniz\u0101cija. Ta\u010du te m\u0113s mazliet aizsteidzamies notikumiem priek\u0161\u0101. Kaut ar\u012b laik\u0101 no 5. l\u012bdz 10. gs. Eirop\u0101 nevar skaidri iez\u012bm\u0113t jauno, topo\u0161o n\u0101ciju robe\u017eas, Eiropas pirmiedz\u012bvot\u0101ji \u2013 baltu tautas \u2013 tur v\u0113l dz\u012bvo iev\u0113rojam\u0101 skait\u0101.<\/p>\n

Baltu tautu atlikums Rietumeirop\u0101<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sa\u0161\u0137ob\u012btas ir ar\u012b baltu tautu robe\u017eas. Donavas aug\u0161tec\u0113 k\u0101ds venedu tautas atzars kop\u0161 gallu ekspansijas pak\u013cauts asimil\u0101cijai, bet, kop\u0161 J\u016blija C\u0113zara laikiem k\u013cuvis par Romas provinci, v\u0113l uzr\u0101da baltu dz\u012bv\u012bgumu, un vinde\u013cu pils\u0113ta V\u012bne saucas glu\u017ei baltiski \u2013 par Vindabonu \u2013 v\u012bna dab\u016btavu. Te var b\u016bt k\u0101ds iespaids ar\u012b baltu tautai \u2013 drav\u0113niem, kas kop\u0161 laika gala ir apdz\u012bvoju\u0161i Donavas lab\u0101 krasta pietekas Dravas baseinu, t\u0101tad pla\u0161u, norobe\u017eotu teritoriju no Donavas lab\u0101 krasta l\u012bdz n\u0101kam\u0101s pietekas Savas kreisajam krastam. Iztu\u00adr\u0113ju\u0161i gallu ekspansiju, v\u0113l\u0101k izvairoties no Romas okup\u0101\u00adcijas, da\u013ca drav\u0113nu p\u0101rvietojas uz zieme\u013ciem un dz\u012bvo Labas basein\u0101 starp Labu un t\u0101s pietek\u0101m Ilmenavu un Ori. Tur vi\u0146iem par valdnieku uzmetas sak\u0161u firsts Albrehts der B\u0113rs (1134. g.). Pie Ilzes up\u012btes ietekas Oker\u0113 6. gs. apmetu\u0161ies heru\u013cu p\u0113cn\u0101c\u0113ji verli jau 924. gad\u0101 non\u0101k atkar\u012bb\u0101 no sak\u0161u kungiem. Bet uz zieme\u013ciem no Labas, t\u0101s pieteku Sudas un Eldes basein\u0101, dz\u012bvo liuticie\u0161i, kas zem \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u varas no\u00adn\u0101k 1230. gad\u0101. No D\u0101nijas uz dienvidiem un l\u012bdz Traveles l\u012bcim austrumos dz\u012bvo k\u0101da nesajauku\u0161os venedu grupa, no kuras uz dienvidiem apmetusies k\u0101da sl\u0101vu pol\u0101bu cilts. \u0160in\u012b venedu teritorij\u0101 v\u0113l l\u012bdz 1172. gadam sak\u0161i nav iespie\u00addu\u0161ies. No Traveles l\u012b\u010da l\u012bdz Varnovas aug\u0161tecei dz\u012bvo obriem radniec\u012bgie obotriti, kuru vid\u016b jau iespiedu\u0161ies \u0123erm\u0101\u0146i. Firsts Heinrihs der Love 1160. gad\u0101 uzs\u0101cis koloniz\u0101ciju.<\/p>\n

Varnovas baseinu apdz\u012bvo Varnovas obri, bet vi\u0146u zem\u0113 6. gs. s\u0101kum\u0101 ir atgriezusies da\u013ca no heru\u013cu tautas, kas, t\u0101pat k\u0101 pie Ilzes up\u012btes ietekas Oker\u0113, ar\u012b Varnovas krast\u0101 uzce\u013c pils\u0113tu, kas saucas Verle. \u0160o teritoriju sak\u0161u firsti sp\u0113j pak\u013caut tikai administrat\u012bvi. Ar koloniz\u0101ciju un asimil\u0101ciju neveicas l\u012bdz pat 16. gadsimtam.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

R\u012bgenes sal\u0101 un tuv\u0113j\u0101 j\u016bras piekrast\u0113 sagraujot Svantevita sv\u0113tn\u012bcu, \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u firsti 1168. gad\u0101 nodibina R\u012bgenes firstiju, bet to apdz\u012bvo baltu tauta ruj\u0101ni, kas, t\u0101pat k\u0101 obri, ir izteikti balti. At\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no pr\u016b\u0161iem, kas tr\u012bs galvenos dievus att\u0113lo k\u0101 P\u0113rkonu, Potrimpu un P\u012bkolu, ruj\u0101ni \u0161o trijotni att\u0113lo k\u0101 vienu Dievu ar \u010detr\u0101m sej\u0101m. \u0160\u0101da form\u0101la Dieva t\u0113la at\u0161\u0137i\u00adr\u012bba tom\u0113r nav bijusi par iemeslu as\u0101m domstarp\u012bb\u0101m baltu tautu starp\u0101.<\/p>\n

Uz dienvidiem no R\u012bgenes firstijas, ko pak\u013c\u0101vis firsts Hein\u00adrihs der Love, starp Pienes un Tollenz\u0113 up\u0113m dz\u012bvoja kur\u00ad\u0161iem tuv\u0101 tollensu tauti\u0146a. Tollenz\u0113 labo krastu apdz\u012bvoja baltiskie redari, bet Ukeres un Randovas baseinu l\u012bdz Oderai \u2013 ukru tauta.<\/p>\n

Vartas pietekas Obras baseinu, Vartas lejasteci un Oderas labo krastu, ietverot Plonazaru, Plones upi un Madusazaru apdz\u012bvoja obru tauta. Tollensus, redarus, ukrus un obrus, kas, \u0161\u0137iet, v\u0113l ir bijusi paliela tauta, firsti pak\u013cauj tikai 1200. gad\u0101. Jo sevi\u0161\u0137i obru pak\u013cau\u0161an\u0101 ir iesaist\u012bti gan templie\u0161u, gan johann\u012btu, gan v\u0101cu bru\u0146inieku, gan cistercie\u0161u un citi orde\u0146i.<\/p>\n

Obr\u0101 cistercie\u0161i uzce\u013c klosteri tikai 1237. gad\u0101. Var vien pabr\u012bn\u012bties, ar k\u0101du skubu \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u firsti r\u0101v\u0101s uz baltu zem\u0113m. V\u0113l l\u0101g\u0101 nenostiprin\u0101ju\u0161ies iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101, tie jau cent\u0101s sagr\u0101bt n\u0101kamo.<\/p>\n

T\u0101dai steigai bija savs pamats. Firsti steidz\u0101s izmantot baltu milit\u0101r\u0101s demokr\u0101tijas tr\u016bkumus iepretim savai pietiekami absol\u016btajai varai. Ja balti atmestu milit\u0101r\u0101s demokr\u0101tijas iek\u0101rtu, vi\u0146u pak\u013cau\u0161ana k\u013c\u016btu neiesp\u0113jama. Ta\u010du baltu taut\u0101m p\u0101rk\u0101rto\u0161anos uz \u0137\u0113ni\u0146u absol\u016bto varu nebija iesp\u0113jams s\u0101kt Romoves kr\u012bva teokr\u0101tisk\u0101s autorit\u0101tes d\u0113\u013c. T\u0101p\u0113c z\u012bm\u012bgi, ka l\u012bdz Romoves izpost\u012b\u0161anai 1015. gad\u0101 \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u firsti uzdro\u0161in\u0101j\u0101s pak\u013caut tikai att\u0101las un mazas baltu grupas, piem\u0113ram, Verlu pie Ilzes 924. gad\u0101.<\/p>\n

Situ\u0101cija m\u016bsu \u0113ras t\u016bksto\u0161aj\u0101 gad\u0101 bija divdom\u012bga. No vienas puses, baltu tautas vienoja kr\u012bva autorit\u0101te. Caur Romovi tika koordin\u0113ta vi\u0146u sadarb\u012bba un savstarp\u0113j\u0101 pal\u012bdz\u012bba. No otras \u2013 baltu kara\u013cu un \u0137\u0113ni\u0146u vara bija re\u0101la un iespaid\u012bga tikai kara apst\u0101k\u013cos, bet ne p\u0113c tam. Gadu t\u016bksto\u0161os iesak\u0146oju\u0161\u0101s milit\u0101r\u0101s demokr\u0101tijas trad\u012bcijas miera laik\u0101 l\u012bdz minimumam samazin\u0101ja viet\u0113jo valdnieku varu, jo likumdev\u0113ja un augst\u0101k\u0101 so\u0123a vara pieder\u0113ja virspriesterim \u2013 kr\u012bvam. Milit\u0101r\u0101s demokr\u0101tijas galvenais tr\u016bkums bija nesp\u0113ja \u0101tri un operat\u012bvi rea\u0123\u0113t uz p\u0113k\u0161\u0146iem, negaid\u012btiem uzbrukumiem. Turkl\u0101t mazas milit\u0101ras af\u0113ras paredz\u0113t bija daudz gr\u016bt\u0101k nek\u0101 paman\u012bt liela uzbrukuma sagatavo\u0161anu. T\u0101p\u0113c pat nelielas vikingu bandas baltu milit\u0101raj\u0101m demokr\u0101tij\u0101m sp\u0113ja nodar\u012bt lielu postu, jo augst\u0101k\u0101s varas nes\u0113jam \u2013 kr\u012bvam nebija sava p\u0101rvaldes apar\u0101ta, bet viet\u0113jie valdnieki miera laik\u0101 bija bez re\u0101las varas. Tas liel\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 iz\u0161\u0137\u012bra Rietumeiropas baltu likteni.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

St\u0101voklis pec Romoves izpost\u012b\u0161anas<\/strong><\/p>\n

997. gad\u0101 misijas nol\u016bk\u0101 Zamu zem\u0113 ieradies arhib\u012bskaps Adalberts aizkaitina pr\u016b\u0161us, nosaukdams vi\u0146u dievus par m\u0113miem un kurliem elkiem. Tad tie mision\u0101ru apklusina, uzsaukdami: \u201cLai pietiek tev, ka tu nesod\u012bts esi \u0161urpu atn\u0101cis. M\u016bs un visu \u0161o valsti, pie kuras ieejas m\u0113s dz\u012bvojam, p\u0101rvalda tikai viens likums un viena dz\u012bves k\u0101rt\u012bba. Bet tu, padots citam, mums sve\u0161am likumam, r\u012bt atrad\u012bsi n\u0101vi, ja \u0161onakt neaizb\u0113gsi!\u201d Adalberts gan aizbrauc ar savu ku\u0123\u012bti, bet atkal izk\u0101pj krast\u0101 un ieku\u013cas k\u0101d\u0101 sv\u0113taj\u0101 birz\u0113, kur pr\u016b\u0161u priesteri vi\u0146u notver un upur\u0113 dieviem. Vi\u0146a pavado\u0146us sasaist\u012btus aizved no sv\u0113t\u0101s vietas un atbr\u012bvo. 1015. gad\u0101 jaun\u0101s po\u013cu tautas hercogs Bo\u013ceslavs ar lielu karasp\u0113ku negaid\u012bti iebr\u016bk Pr\u016bsij\u0101, izn\u012bcina Nadravas provinc\u0113 atrodo\u0161os nacion\u0101lo sv\u0113tn\u012bcu Romovi un ar varu piespie\u017e pr\u016b\u0161us pie\u0146emt krist\u012bbu, neaizmirstot piepras\u012bt meslu maks\u0101\u0161anu.<\/p>\n

Protams, pr\u016b\u0161i v\u0113l\u0101k atjauno Romovi Sambu zem\u0113, bet uz laiku p\u0101rtraukt\u0101 kr\u012bva vara vairs neatg\u016bst savu spo\u017eumu un ietekmi. K\u0101 m\u0113s jau redz\u0113j\u0101m, jauno situ\u0101ciju izmanto \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u firsti un ar steigu pak\u013cauj un koloniz\u0113 Rietumeiropas baltu valsti\u0146as. Baltu tautu sadarb\u012bba ir k\u0101 ar cirvi p\u0101rcirsta.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Senpr\u016b\u0161i sagaida Sv. Adalbertu, Pr\u0101gas b\u012bskapu, v\u0113l\u0101ko G\u0146ezno arhib\u012bskapu un Otona III person\u012bgo draugu. G\u0146ezno katedr\u0101l\u0113 uz 12. gs. bronz\u0101 liet\u0101m durv\u012bm atainota vi\u0146a misijas darb\u012bba un mocek\u013ca n\u0101ve pr\u016b\u0161u zem\u0113. Senpr\u016b\u0161u karav\u012bri, apbru\u0146oti ar \u0161\u0137\u0113piem, gariem divasme\u0146u zobeniem un smaili ov\u0101liem vairogiem, sagaida laivu ar Sv. Adalbertu orn\u0101t\u0101 un b\u012bskapa zizli rok\u0101, ar trim pavado\u0146iem. Laivai ir vikingu laivas forma ar p\u016bka galv\u0101m galos. Bareljefs interesants k\u0101 vec\u0101kais \u0161\u0101das misijas atainojums un vien\u012bgais tik detaliz\u0113ts seno pr\u016b\u0161u att\u0113lojums.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/a>Sv Adalberta mocek\u013ca n\u0101ve pie senpr\u016b\u0161iem.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Adalberts att\u0113lots dievl\u016bdz\u0113ja poz\u0101 uz ce\u013ciem. Kam\u0113r viens vi\u0146am gatavojas nocirst galvu ar cirvi, otrs (kas Sv. Adalberta le\u0123end\u0101 nosaukts par \u201cSiggo\u201d) dur vi\u0146am \u0161\u0137\u0113pu mugura, vi\u0146a tr\u012bs pavad\u012bt\u0101ji b\u0113g.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/a>P\u0113rko\u0146t\u0113va t\u0113ls<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Uz katras P\u0113rkona statujas \u012bpa\u0161s uzraksts. Kreisaj\u0101 pus\u0113: \u201cP\u0113rkon, t\u0113vuci, ner\u016bc tik neapmierin\u0101ti!\u201d Labaj\u0101 pus\u0113: \u2018P\u0113rkon\u012bt, ier\u016bcies!\u201d Ac\u012bmredzot baltu priesteri pie t\u0101diem t\u0113liem gaid\u012bja Dieva atbildes uz da\u017e\u0101diem svar\u012bgiem jaut\u0101jumiem. Secin\u0101jumus izdar\u012bja p\u0113c p\u0113rkona bardz\u012bbas vai maigas ducin\u0101\u0161anas.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0160is \u0161\u0137\u0113pa uzgalis ir atrasts tagad\u0113j\u0101 Brandenburgas apgabal\u0101. Visticam\u0101k, tas ir pieder\u0113jis k\u0101dam ukru tautas karot\u0101jam ne jau grezn\u012bbai, bet lieto\u0161anai pret nel\u016bgtiem viesiem.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Karogs bijis no baltas m\u012bkstas dr\u0101nas, 2,5 m gar\u0161 un 1,5 m plats. Uz karoga redzami P\u012bkols, P\u0113rkons un Potrimps. Pirmajam miro\u0146u auts ap galvu, otram \u2013 liesmu (zibe\u0146u) kronis, tre\u0161ajam \u2013 v\u0101rpu vainags.
\n\u2026..\u201dDievs sargi sambus un samogitus no S\u0101tana kundz\u012bbas.\u201d
\n\u2026..T\u0101 skan \u0161is senpr\u016b\u0161u uzraksts latviski. T\u0101tad sambi ir zamu, bet samogiti ir \u017demai\u0161u pa\u0161nosaukums. <\/em><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

No baltu reli\u0123ijas B\u012bbele p\u0101rmantojusi j\u0113dzienu: \u201cVec\u0101 \u010d\u016bska, velns un s\u0101tans.\u201d Ieslodz\u012btais s\u0101tans redzams pr\u016b\u0161u karoga otr\u0101 pus\u0113. Ne velti Br\u0113menes \u0100dams par baltu reli\u0123iju raksta, ka \u201cviss p\u0101r\u0113jais vi\u0146iem ir t\u0101pat k\u0101 pie mums\u201d\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Diev\u012bbu personifik\u0101cija baltu taut\u0101m nebija visp\u0101r\u0113ja un vienota. Vien\u012bgi P\u0113rkonu sastopam pie vis\u0101m baltu taut\u0101m. Cit\u0101di pamatv\u0113rt\u012bbu vien\u012bb\u0101 tiek pie\u013cauta personifik\u0101ciju da\u017e\u0101d\u012bba.
\n\u2026..R\u012bgenes sal\u0101 Sv\u0113t\u0101 un Dz\u012bv\u0101 Dieva simbols ir Svantevits, kas tiek att\u0113lots ar \u010detr\u0101m galv\u0101m. J\u0101dom\u0101, ka grie\u0137i filozofisko sl\u0113dzienu: \u201cDievs ir viss acs, viss auss un viiss sapr\u0101ts\u201d ir mantoju\u0161i no hatiem.
\n\u2026..Nav nek\u0101da pamata Svantevitu pied\u0113v\u0113t sl\u0101viem, jo R\u012bgenes salu apdz\u012bvoja ruj\u0101ni \u2013 baltu tauta, ar\u012b v\u0101rds \u201cSvantevits\u201d var\u0113tu b\u016bt aizg\u016bts no hatiem vai etruskiem.
\n\u2026..J\u0101atz\u012bm\u0113, ka \u0161o \u0101r\u0113jo at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbu d\u0113\u013c starp pr\u016b\u0161iem un ruj\u0101niem nebija ne naida, ne karu, bet tikai norm\u0101las kaimi\u0146attiec\u012bbas. Svantevita sv\u0113tn\u012bcu R\u012bgenes sal\u0101 izn\u012bcin\u0101ja 1168. gad\u0101 firsta Heinriha der Loves karot\u0101ji. T\u0101tad tas notika p\u0113c 1. Romoves izpost\u012b\u0161anas Nadravas provinc\u0113 1015. gad\u0101 un pirms 2. Romoves izpost\u012b\u0161anas 1255. gad\u0101. T\u0101tad kop\u0161 m\u016bsu \u0113ras s\u0101kuma vismaz gadu t\u016bkstoti abas baltu sv\u0113tn\u012bcas mier\u012bgi past\u0101v\u0113ja tuvos kaimi\u0146os un nejut\u0101s viena no otras kaut jel maz\u0101k\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 trauc\u0113tas.
\n\u2026..Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka pr\u016b\u0161u piemin\u0113tais viens likums un viena dz\u012bves k\u0101rt\u012bba vienoja baltu tautas daudz liel\u0101k\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 nek\u0101 diev\u012bbas un dievu t\u0113li, kas katrai tautai var\u0113ja b\u016bt ar sav\u0101m \u012bpatn\u012bb\u0101m vai pat folkloriskiem izdai\u013cojumiem. <\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cM\u016bs un visu \u0161o valsti, pie kuras ieejas m\u0113s dz\u012bvojam, p\u0101rvalda tikai viens likums un viena dz\u012bves k\u0101rt\u012bba,\u201d \u2013 t\u0101da v\u0113l 997. gad\u0101 ir pr\u016b\u0161u p\u0101rliec\u012bba. Ac\u012bmredzot pr\u016b\u0161i savu zemi uzskat\u012bja par priek\u0161posteni baltu zem\u0113m Austrumeirop\u0101. Ta\u010du ar\u012b tur 5. gs. beig\u0101s ir notiku\u0161as p\u0101rmai\u0146as, kuras ne\u0161\u0137iet pozit\u012bvas. Da\u013ca galindu l\u012bdz ar gotiem ir aizg\u0101ju\u0161i uz Rietumeiropu, bet Ilme\u0146a telp\u0101 ir iebruku\u0161i Piekarpatu rietumsl\u0101vu jaukt\u0101 taut\u012bba. To apliecina vien\u0101die vietv\u0101rdi Karpatu priek\u0161kaln\u0113s un tagad\u0113j\u0101 Rietumkrievij\u0101.<\/p>\n

K\u0101ds bija \u0161\u012bs Ilme\u0146a rietumsl\u0101vu kolonijas statuss baltu valst\u012b? P\u0113c da\u017e\u0101m paz\u012bm\u0113m \u0161ie sl\u0101vi v\u0113l ir pa da\u013cai baltiski. Vi\u0146u sabiedrisko attiec\u012bbu pamats joproj\u0101m ir milit\u0101r\u0101 demokr\u0101tija. Valdniekam vara ir tikai kara laik\u0101, bet miera apst\u0101k\u013cos aktu\u0101los jaut\u0101jumus risina vec\u0101ko sapulce \u2013 ve\u010de, kur\u0101 tiek izlemtas visas lietas, kas attiecas uz tautu kopum\u0101. Galvaspils\u0113ta Novgoroda ir v\u0101rdam\u0101sa vismaz div\u0101m lei\u0161u Naujasgarduk\u0101m \u2013 Naugardai Pomer\u0101nij\u0101 un Naugardukai tagad\u0113j\u0101 Baltkrievij\u0101, kas toreiz v\u0113l bija t\u012bra Lietuva. Novgorodie\u0161i ir mantoju\u0161i no baltiskajiem sen\u010diem ar\u012b darba tikumu un ir viena no plauksto\u0161\u0101kaj\u0101m sl\u0101viskot\u0101m provinc\u0113m. Vismaz l\u012bdz 1471. gadam, kad Novgorodu iekaro Maskavas k\u0146azs Ivans III, Novgorodas sl\u0101vus nevar saukt par krieviem un vi\u0146i uztur vislab\u0101k\u0101s attiec\u012bbas tie\u0161i ar lietuvie\u0161iem. Ar\u012b fakts, ka maskavie\u0161i organiz\u0113 iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju masveida izkau\u0161anu Novgorod\u0101, apliecina vi\u0146os neizdz\u0113sto l\u012bdz\u012bbu ar baltiem.<\/p>\n

Bet m\u016bsu \u0113ras gadu t\u016bksto\u0161u mij\u0101 baltiskie galindi apdz\u012bvo krietnu da\u013cu tagad\u0113j\u0101s Baltkrievijas un visus centr\u0101l\u0101s Krievijas apgabalus. Ar\u012b J\u0101tvingija, Lietuva un Latvija ir t\u012bri baltiskas zemes, pie kuru v\u0101rtiem rietumos atrodas Pr\u016bsija, bet tagad\u0113j\u0101s V\u0101cijas zieme\u013cda\u013cu un lielu da\u013cu no tagad\u0113j\u0101s Polijas teritorijas apdz\u012bvo baltu tautas.<\/p>\n

Tan\u012b pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 ir \u013coti pietuvoju\u0161ies notikumi, kuru rezult\u0101t\u0101 baltu apdz\u012bvot\u0101s teritorijas tiks sa\u0161aurin\u0101tas l\u012bdz minimumam un baltu tautas atrad\u012bsies uz izn\u012bc\u012bbas robe\u017eas. Pagrieziena punktu notikumu att\u012bst\u012bb\u0101 iez\u012bm\u0113 nu jau gandr\u012bz aizmirst\u0101s Romoves kri\u0161ana \u2013 t\u0101 izr\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s bezsp\u0113c\u012bga c\u012b\u0146\u0101s pret Romas imp\u0113rijas atl\u016bz\u0101m, kaut imp\u0113riju pa\u0161u uzvar\u0113ja.<\/p>\n

Baltu pak\u013cau\u0161anas p\u0113d\u0113jais posms<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u0101 redz\u0113j\u0101m, l\u012bdz Romoves izpost\u012b\u0161anai \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u firsti baltu tautu pak\u013cau\u0161anu veica piesardz\u012bgi, iztiekot ar vikingu sirojumiem, mision\u0101ru s\u016bt\u012b\u0161anu un atsevi\u0161\u0137u \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u koloniju veido\u0161anu, un s\u0101kotn\u0113ji uzved\u0101s k\u0101 labi kaimi\u0146i. It k\u0101 pa\u0161aizsardz\u012bbas nol\u016bk\u0101 tika dibin\u0101tas kop\u012bgas karadraudzes, kur\u0101s dien\u0113ja gan baltu, gan \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u un rietumsl\u0101vu taut\u012bbu zobenbr\u0101\u013ci. Pielietoja ar\u012b slepenu un nodev\u012bgu baltu labie\u0161u slepkavo\u0161anu. Vado\u0161os amatos tika iecelti \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u izcelsmes komandieri, un firstu interes\u0113s izmantoja baltu karav\u012bru dz\u012bvo sp\u0113ku. Tas viss notika it k\u0101 sadarb\u012bbas un liel\u0101kas dro\u0161\u012bbas v\u0101rd\u0101.<\/p>\n

P\u0113c Romoves izpost\u012b\u0161anas firsti p\u0101rg\u0101ja pie baltu un sl\u0101vu tautu klajas pak\u013cau\u0161anas. Vi\u0146u vid\u016b izc\u0113l\u0101s divi liel\u0101kie \u201czv\u0113ri\u201d: Albreht der B\u00e4r<\/em> \u2013 L\u0101cis un Heinrih derL\u00f6ve<\/em> \u2013 Lauva.<\/p>\n

Pirmais pak\u013c\u0101va Elbas baseina baltus un sl\u0101vus, bet otrais \u2013 baltu tautas gar Baltijas j\u016bras piekrasti. Dr. Bernhards Zeiferts visas pak\u013caut\u0101s tautas nev\u0113r\u012bgi sauca par sl\u0101viem, kaut gan vismaz divas tre\u0161da\u013cas no pak\u013cautaj\u0101m taut\u0101m v\u0113l ir t\u012bri balti. Zeiferts apliecina, ka \u0161\u012bs tautas tika pak\u013cautas, nevis izn\u012bcin\u0101tas, bet atvirz\u012btas uz mitriem un me\u017eainiem apvidiem. Vi\u0146u ciemos apmet\u0101s v\u0101cie\u0161i, kas da\u017ereiz b\u016bv\u0113ja ar\u012b jaunus ciemus un pils\u0113ti\u0146as, kam pie\u0161\u0137\u012bra vai nu Libekas vai Magdeburgas pils\u0113tties\u012bbas, kas t\u0101m nodro\u0161in\u0101ja zin\u0101mas privil\u0113\u0123ijas. T\u0101 tika rad\u012bti priek\u0161noteikumi cittautie\u0161u iesp\u0113jami dr\u012bzai asimil\u0113\u0161anai. \u0160o tautu vit\u0101lais sp\u0113ks un ekonomisk\u0101 b\u0101ze vis\u0101 piln\u012bb\u0101 tika izmantota \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u firstu interes\u0113s, bet vi\u0146u m\u0113r\u0137is bija pak\u013caut ar\u012b Pr\u016bsijas, Lietuvas un Latvijas tautas.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Tom\u0113r, neskatoties uz \u0161o velni\u0161\u0137\u012bgi izstr\u0101d\u0101to baltu pak\u013cau\u0161anas pl\u0101nu, baltu tautu asimil\u0101cija neveic\u0101s pietiekami \u0101tri un laika gait\u0101 firstiem n\u0101c\u0101s main\u012bt savu taktiku, izdom\u0101t jaunus pas\u0101kumus savas virskundz\u012bbas nodro\u0161in\u0101\u0161anai. Pirmk\u0101rt, pa\u0161u \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u skaits pirms baltu un sl\u0101vu asimil\u0101cijas bija pietiekami tr\u016bc\u012bgs un t\u0101p\u0113c vien, lietojot kailu sp\u0113ku, var\u0113ja zaud\u0113t vair\u0101k, nek\u0101 ieg\u016bt. Tie\u0161i t\u0101p\u0113c tika pla\u0161i pielietotas nodev\u012bbas un viltus, ko nek\u0101di nevar\u0113ja savienot ar krist\u012bgo mor\u0101li. \u0122erm\u0101\u0146u ekspansijas tieksme p\u0101rv\u0113rta krist\u012bgo misiju no\u017e\u0113lojam\u0101 karikat\u016br\u0101.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Paverdzin\u0101\u0161anas politika Baltija<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0122erm\u0101\u0146u firsti nol\u0113ma Rietumeiropas baltu un sl\u0101vu tautas asimil\u0113t, lai pa\u0161u tauta ieg\u016btu pietiekamu sp\u0113ku. Tom\u0113r
\nt\u0101p\u0113c, ka Rietumeiropas baltu, Pr\u016bsijas un Latvijas tautu pak\u013cau\u0161ana notika gandr\u012bz vienlaikus, visu baltu asimil\u0113\u0161anai pa\u0161u \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u bija par maz. T\u0101p\u0113c Pr\u016bsij\u0101 un Baltij\u0101 tika realiz\u0113ta pak\u013cau\u0161anas politika. Pr\u016b\u0161us un latvie\u0161us nepl\u0101noja asimil\u0113t, bet cer\u0113ja padar\u012bt par paklaus\u012bgu darbasp\u0113ku sve\u0161as tautas kungiem.<\/p>\n

S\u0101kuma f\u0101z\u0113 pak\u013cau\u0161anas sh\u0113ma ir t\u0101 pati jau Rietumeirop\u0101 pielietot\u0101. Vispirms ierodas god\u012bgs un godpr\u0101t\u012bgs mision\u0101rs b\u012bskaps Meinards, veic mision\u0101ra darbu un pied\u0101v\u0101 uzb\u016bv\u0113t Ik\u0161\u0137il\u0113 m\u016bra pili, kur b\u016btu ar\u012b bazn\u012bca. V\u0113l\u0101k tiek dibin\u0101ts Zobenbr\u0101\u013cu ordenis, kam j\u0101r\u016bp\u0113jas par visp\u0101r\u0113ju dro\u0161\u012bbu un misijas aizsardz\u012bbu. Viss \u0161\u0137iet pusl\u012bdz k\u0101rt\u012bb\u0101. Tom\u0113r Meinarda p\u0113ctecim Bertoldam un v\u0113l n\u0101kamajam b\u012bskapam Albertam mision\u0113\u0161ana liekas p\u0101r\u0101k garlaic\u012bga nodarbe, jo daudz vienk\u0101r\u0161\u0101k ir mision\u0113t ar uguni un zobenu, ar varu un bez paskaidrojumiem nokristot visus, kas paliku\u0161i un v\u0113l grib palikt dz\u012bvi.<\/p>\n

Oto fon R\u016btenbergs v\u0113l\u0101k raksta glu\u017ei atkl\u0101ti: \u201cKrist\u012bg\u0101 tic\u012bba tolaik visp\u0101r bija tum\u0161as m\u0101\u0146tic\u012bbas un teolo\u0123isku pr\u0101tojumu mais\u012bjums, kurus neviens nesaprata un nevar\u0113ja saprast\u2026 un tikai retam, sevi\u0161\u0137i apd\u0101vin\u0101tam var\u0113ja palaim\u0113ties iedzi\u013cin\u0101ties t\u0101s kodol\u0101, atrast paties\u012bbas p\u0113rli gru\u017eos, kurus tum\u0161i un barbariski gadsimte\u0146i virs t\u0101s bija sakr\u0101vu\u0161i.\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u0101dos apst\u0101k\u013cos \u201ckrist\u012bg\u0101 misija\u201d bija tikai v\u0101cu firstu ekspansijas aizsegs. P\u0101vesta leg\u0101ts Modenas Vilhelms bija pirmais, kur\u0161 rosin\u0101ja izdot tic\u012bbas m\u0101c\u012bbas gr\u0101matas, prata nov\u0113rst domstarp\u012bbas starp viet\u0113jiem iedz\u012bvot\u0101jiem un ambiciozajiem ien\u0101c\u0113jiem. Vi\u0146am bija gara saruna ar Zemgales karali Viesturu, kuras rezult\u0101t\u0101 Viesturs at\u013c\u0101va s\u016bt\u012bt mision\u0101rus uz Zemgali un pats da\u017eus no tiem aizveda turp, bet ar\u012b Vilhelms neprata p\u0101rliecin\u0101t Viesturu, kas, izgl\u012btots un audzis sen\u010du reli\u0123ijas gar\u0101, nesp\u0113ja atrast motiv\u0101ciju reli\u0123isk\u0101s p\u0101rliec\u012bbas mai\u0146ai, jo paties\u012bb\u0101 tas reli\u0123iskais kodols, ko pr\u016b\u0161i sauca par \u201cvienu likumu un vienu dz\u012bves k\u0101rt\u012bbu\u201d, ne ar ko neat\u0161\u0137\u012br\u0101s no Mozus bausl\u012bb\u0101 noteikt\u0101s k\u0101rt\u012bbas. Bet Kristus pest\u012bjo\u0161\u0101 upura noz\u012bmi, kas atce\u013c jebk\u0101das citas upur\u0113\u0161anas vajadz\u012bbu, mision\u0101ri neprata izskaidrot.<\/p>\n

Ar\u012b Zemgal\u0113, t\u0101pat k\u0101 jebkur\u0101 cit\u0101 viet\u0101, firsti prata norm\u0101lu misiju p\u0101rv\u0113rst brut\u0101l\u0101 iekaro\u0161anas avant\u016br\u0101. Uzkurin\u0101jis separ\u0101tiskas tieksmes Me\u017eotnes virsai\u0161os, k\u0101ds Saksijas Anhaltes gr\u0101fs, it k\u0101 aizsarg\u0101jot vi\u0146us pret Zemgales kara\u013ca varu, izvieto Me\u017eotn\u0113 v\u0101cu bru\u0146inieku vien\u012bbu, kuru Viesturs padzen. \u0160o savu provok\u0101ciju bru\u0146inieki izmanto par ieganstu nov\u0101rdzino\u0161am karam pret Zemgali. \u0160im karam ir tik nekrist\u012bga gaita, ka da\u017es bru\u0146inieks k\u0101, piem\u0113ram, Bertolds, p\u0101riet zemga\u013cu pus\u0113 un apm\u0101ca vi\u0146us r\u012bkoties ar balist\u0101rijiem barbarisko \u201ckrist\u012bt\u0101ju\u201d izn\u012bcin\u0101\u0161anai. Galu gal\u0101 ap 100 000 zemga\u013cu atst\u0101j sent\u0113vu zemi un dodas uz Lietuvu t\u0101pat, k\u0101 to jau agr\u0101k ir dar\u012bju\u0161i j\u0101tvingi un dara pr\u016b\u0161i.<\/p>\n

Paliku\u0161ie non\u0101k v\u0101cu meslu kungu kalp\u012bb\u0101. Bet ar\u012b Lietuva, uz\u0146emot br\u0101\u013cu tautu atlikumus, pieaug sp\u0113k\u0101. Turkl\u0101t lietuvie\u0161iem izdodas tas, ko nesp\u0113ja paveikt kur\u0161i. Vi\u0146i vair\u0101kk\u0101rt non\u0101k Rom\u0101, kur aps\u016bdz krusta karot\u0101jus vi\u0146u faktiskaj\u0101 bezdiev\u012bb\u0101. V\u0101cu firsti un vi\u0146u bru\u0146inieki gan \u0161\u0101das aps\u016bdz\u012bbas noliedza, bet varb\u016bt tie\u0161i t\u0101p\u0113c, lai turpm\u0101k t\u0101das nov\u0113rstu, vi\u0146i, sev par nelaimi, piekrita krist\u012bt un kron\u0113t Lietuvas valdnieku Mindaugu par karali, un p\u0101vesta v\u0101rd\u0101 to izdar\u012bja Kulmas b\u012bskaps Heidenreihs. L\u012bdz ar karali tika krist\u012bti v\u0113l ap 600 lietuvie\u0161u.<\/p>\n

T\u0101 Lietuva k\u013cuva par krist\u012bgu valsti ar krist\u012bgu karali Mindaugu gandr\u012bz bez krist\u012bg\u0101s tic\u012bbas, \u2013 raksta v\u0113sturnieks R\u016btenbergs, bet t\u016bl\u012bt god\u012bgi piebilst, ka \u0161\u0101d\u0101 st\u0101vokl\u012b atrad\u0101s gandr\u012bz visi \u201cjaunatgrieztie\u201d ar\u012b Vidzem\u0113 un Pr\u016bsij\u0101. T\u0101 1252. g. ruden\u012b notika Lietuvas v\u0113sturisk\u0101 krist\u012b\u0161ana, kas bija tik \u013coti tipiska \u0161im liekul\u012bgajam laikmetam.<\/p>\n

Mindaugs izpild\u012bja visus dotos sol\u012bjumus, ieskaitot S\u0113lijas un Kursas atdo\u0161anu ordenim, kas gan jau atrad\u0101s re\u0101l\u0101 orde\u0146a kalp\u012bb\u0101, lai \u012bst\u0101 br\u012bd\u012b \u201ckrist\u012bgi\u201d p\u0101rm\u0101c\u012btu savus jaunos draugus. Ta\u010du iek\u0161politisk\u0101 situ\u0101cija Lietuv\u0101 ir sare\u017e\u0123\u012bta un nestabila. Daudzi augstma\u0146i nav sapratu\u0161i laikmeta \u012bpatn\u012bbas un \u013caujas sap\u0146iem par separ\u0101tu varu un milit\u0101r\u0101s demokr\u0101tijas jaukumiem. Tas ne\u013cauj izmantot kara\u013ca varas iesp\u0113jas, lai radik\u0101li izmain\u012btu v\u0113stures gaitu par labu baltu taut\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Tikm\u0113r izbiju\u0161o Romas karakalpu \u2013 \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u, \u012bpa\u0161i sak\u0161u atvases neatlaid\u012bgi turpina Rietumeiropas baltu asimil\u0101ciju un Baltijas baltu pak\u013cau\u0161anu. Pa vidu abiem re\u0123ioniem atrodas Pr\u016bsija, kas p\u0113c 1. Romoves kri\u0161anas Nadravas provinc\u0113 1015. gad\u0101 ir pasp\u0113jusi at\u017eirgt, izveidot Romovi sambu \u2013 zarmu zem\u0113, p\u0101rtraukt separ\u0101to novadu nevar\u012bbu un mobiliz\u0113ties kop\u012bgam neatkar\u012bbas karam. P\u0113c daudziem kariem, kas noris ar main\u012bg\u0101m sekm\u0113m, zami iev\u0113ro topo\u0161o Memelsburgas pili, ko Livonijas ordenis b\u016bv\u0113 vi\u0146iem kaimi\u0146os. Vi\u0146i uzbr\u016bk tai, bet nesp\u0113j ie\u0146emt, un seko mestra atrieb\u012bbas uzbrukums, kas ar\u012b ir nesekm\u012bgs, un mestrs tikko izraujas, lai aizb\u0113gtu uz R\u012bgu. Tas notiek 1254. gada ruden\u012b. Bet jau 1255. gada janv\u0101r\u012b Boh\u0113mijas karalis Otokars no dienvidiem iebr\u016bk zamu zem\u0113 ar 60 000 v\u012bru karasp\u0113ku, izposta 2. Romovi, noslepkavo kr\u012bvu un liek izn\u012bcin\u0101t visus, kuri nav krist\u012bti. Tom\u0113r jau 1260. gad\u0101 pr\u016b\u0161i sace\u013cas pret krustne\u0161iem. N\u0101tangi, sambi, pagudie\u0161i, v\u0101rmi un b\u0101rti iev\u0113l\u0113 savus karavado\u0146us un Herkus Manta vad\u012bb\u0101 uzs\u0101k izmis\u012bgu atbr\u012bvo\u0161an\u0101s c\u012b\u0146u. C\u012b\u0146a ir asi\u0146aina, uzvaro\u0161a, bet ar\u012b velt\u012bga, jo pr\u016b\u0161i nevar ilgsto\u0161i karot pret visu Rietumeiropu. Ar\u012b lietuvie\u0161i un samogiti-\u017eemai\u0161i, aiz\u0146emti cit\u0101s front\u0113s, nevar atvieglot pr\u016b\u0161u likteni, kas k\u013c\u016bst arvien \u013caun\u0101ks.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Izn\u012bcin\u0101\u0161anas politika
\nPr\u016bsij\u0101 un Krievij\u0101<\/strong><\/p>\n

Atsvaidzinot un papildinot savus sp\u0113kus, sak\u0161u firsti apspie\u017e pr\u016b\u0161u sacel\u0161anos un p\u0113c tam uzs\u0101k \u012bstenot pak\u0101penisku un sistem\u0101tisku pr\u016b\u0161u izn\u012bcin\u0101\u0161anu. V\u0113sturnieks R\u016btenbergs ir aprakst\u012bjis visdr\u016bm\u0101ko paties\u012bbu, k\u0101d\u0101 non\u0101ca iebruc\u0113jiem pak\u013cautie pr\u016b\u0161i.<\/p>\n

Neskatoties uz to, ka vi\u0146i bija krist\u012bti un kalpoja saviem zemes kungiem, vi\u0146u dz\u012bve rit\u0113ja nep\u0101rtraukt\u0101s briesm\u0101s. Pie tam nekad nevar\u0113ja zin\u0101t, no kuras puses draud nelaime. Gad\u012bj\u0101s, ka pie k\u0101da sak\u0161u pils kunga viesoj\u0101s \u201cbru\u0146inieku br\u0101\u013ci\u201d no V\u0101cijas. Tie dev\u0101s kop\u012bg\u0101s med\u012bb\u0101s, bet pa ce\u013cam atkl\u0101ja, ka k\u0101d\u0101 pr\u016b\u0161u ciem\u0101 notiek k\u0101zas, un me\u017ea dz\u012bvnieku med\u012bbas p\u0101rv\u0113rt\u0101s par cilv\u0113ku med\u012bb\u0101m. Mednieki iebruka k\u0101zu nam\u0101, noslepkavoja v\u012brie\u0161us, izvaroja sievietes, apk\u0101va b\u0113rnus un izv\u0113rsa n\u0101ves or\u0123ijas pa visu apk\u0101rtni\u2026<\/p>\n

Var\u0113tu dom\u0101t, ka viet\u0113jiem bru\u0146iniekiem savus \u013caudis vajadz\u0113ja aizst\u0101v\u0113t \u2013 ja ne cilv\u0113c\u012bbas v\u0101rd\u0101, tad vismaz auksta apr\u0113\u0137ina d\u0113\u013c, jo \u0161ie \u013caudis ta\u010du vairoja vi\u0146u labkl\u0101j\u012bbu, bet ar\u012b tam nebija noz\u012bmes.<\/p>\n

Pr\u016b\u0161i bija pier\u0101d\u012bju\u0161i, ka nav pak\u013caujami, un t\u0101p\u0113c tika nolemti izn\u012bc\u012bbai. Neapbru\u0146otu un neaizsarg\u0101tu cilv\u0113ku periodiska masveida slepkavo\u0161ana Pr\u016bsij\u0101 k\u013cuva par \u012bpa\u0161u \u201cbru\u0146inieku\u201d sporta veidu l\u012bdz tam laikam, kad var\u0113ja zi\u0146ot,
\nka Pr\u016bsij\u0101 paliku\u0161i ne vair\u0101k k\u0101 2000 pr\u016b\u0161u valod\u0101 run\u0101jo\u0161ie. Tos tad nu var\u0113ja atst\u0101t asimil\u0101cijai.<\/p>\n

\u0160\u012b drausm\u012bg\u0101 vienaldz\u012bba pret cilv\u0113kiem un vi\u0146u likte\u0146iem, ko vergturu Roma ieaudzin\u0101ja saviem karakalpiem, par\u0101d\u012bja savu notur\u012bbu uz paaud\u017eu paaudz\u0113m. V\u0113stures izsmiekls un likte\u0146a ironija, ka t\u0101di \u013caudis uzdev\u0101s par krist\u012bg\u0101s m\u012blest\u012bbas nes\u0113jiem un aizst\u0101vjiem. Turkl\u0101t savu noziegumu apjom\u0101 sl\u0101vu flang\u0101 darbojo\u0161ies Romas karapulku p\u0113cte\u010di daudzk\u0101rt p\u0101rsp\u0113ja \u0123erm\u0101\u0146us. Sak\u0161iem bija savi pl\u0113s\u0113ji \u201cl\u0101\u010di\u201d un \u201clauvas\u201d, bet sl\u0101viem Vladimirs \u2013 pasaules valdnieks ar dievi\u0161\u0137\u012bgu kroni un velni\u0161\u0137\u012bgu asinsk\u0101ri, kas varas d\u0113\u013c noslepkavojis pat savus br\u0101\u013cus, varas d\u0113\u013c form\u0101li krist\u012bjies un licis \u201ckrist\u012bt Krievzemi\u201d un kam jau no pirmskrist\u012bbu laika biju\u0161as 800 \u201csievas\u201d. \u0160is p\u0113d\u0113jais fakti\u0146\u0161
\nvien dod liec\u012bbu par laup\u012bt\u0101ju, slepkavu un izvarot\u0101ju, jo kur gan viena pag\u0101na sirds lai \u0146emtu t\u0101du m\u012blest\u012bbas p\u0101rbag\u0101t\u012bbu, ar ko past\u0101v\u012bgi iepriecin\u0101t 800 \u201csievu\u201d sirdis?<\/p>\n

Vi\u0146a priek\u0161g\u0101j\u0113ju un vi\u0146am l\u012bdz\u012bgu p\u0113cn\u0101c\u0113ju vara un \u201c\u017e\u0113last\u012bba\u201d iz\u0161\u0137\u012bra no vis\u0101m pus\u0113m sl\u0101vu ielenkto baltu, visvair\u0101k galindu, likteni. Ko noz\u012bm\u0113 \u201c\u017e\u0113last\u012bba\u201d sl\u0101vu, v\u0113l\u0101k \u2013 krievu gaum\u0113, var noprast, izlasot krievu hroniku v\u0113sti par Ivana III izdar\u012bb\u0101m ar Novgorodas iedz\u012bvot\u0101jiem jau 463 gadus p\u0113c \u201cKrievzemes krist\u012b\u0161anas\u201d, kad, j\u0101dom\u0101, cilv\u0113km\u012blest\u012bbai vajadz\u0113ja b\u016bt apj\u0113gtai\u2026<\/p>\n

\u201cUn cars pav\u0113l\u0113ja atvest sav\u0101 priek\u0161\u0101 liel\u0101s Novgorodas varenos baj\u0101rus, redzamus tirgo\u0146us, ier\u0113d\u0146us un vis\u0101dus pilso\u0146us ar vi\u0146u siev\u0101m un b\u0113rniem. Un cars pav\u0113l\u0113ja sav\u0101 kl\u0101tb\u016btn\u0113 vi\u0146us necilv\u0113c\u012bgi un briesm\u012bgi moc\u012bt un p\u0113c tam ar uguni dedzin\u0101t un cepin\u0101t. P\u0113c tam cars pav\u0113l\u0113ja saviem augstma\u0146iem \u0161os nomoc\u012btos un cepin\u0101tos cilv\u0113kus piesiet pie ragav\u0101m, vilkt uz Volhovas upes tiltu un iesviest \u016bden\u012b. \u0160o nelaim\u012bgo sievas un b\u0113rni tika ar\u012b aizvesti uz tilta, vi\u0146iem tika sasietas k\u0101jas un rokas, b\u0113rni piesieti pie m\u0101t\u0113m un visi sasviesti up\u0113\u2026 Cara \u013caudis, augstma\u0146i un kareivji brauk\u0101ja laivi\u0146\u0101s pa upi un ar p\u012b\u0137iem, \u0101\u0137iem un cirvjiem nobend\u0113ja tos, kas bija dz\u012bvi paliku\u0161ies.\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u0101 tas turpin\u0101jies piecas ned\u0113\u013cas no vietas, ik dienas non\u0101v\u0113jot no 1000-1500 cilv\u0113ku (Pokrovskis). L\u016bk, pareizo sl\u0101vu \u201c\u017e\u0113last\u012bba\u201d pret v\u0113l pareiz\u0101kajiem, kas bija venedu un sarmatu mais\u012bjums, kam\u0113r no Maskavas n\u0101ca austrumnieciski sarmatiskie sl\u0101vi.<\/p>\n

T\u0101das \u201c\u017e\u0113last\u012bbas\u201d pilnai n\u0101vei bija lemti ar\u012b \u201clikum\u012bg\u0101s\u201d Krievijas pirmiedz\u012bvot\u0101ji galindi. Vi\u0146u sievas gan ret\u0101k izn\u012bcin\u0101ja, bie\u017e\u0101k izmantoja un kalpin\u0101ja. Bet Maskavas krievus visi rietumsl\u0101vi un citas tautas sauc par \u201cmoska\u013ciem\u201d, kas ir sinon\u012bms j\u0113dzienam \u201cnecilv\u0113ks visaugst\u0101kaj\u0101 pak\u0101p\u0113\u201d.<\/p>\n

Noklus\u0113tie v\u0101cu firstu labie darbi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pret baltu taut\u0101m rietumos vien\u012bgi Pr\u016bsij\u0101 v\u0101cu firsti cie\u0161i pietuvoj\u0101s sl\u0101vu standartiem austrumos. Cit\u0101s viet\u0101s cilv\u0113ku slepkavo\u0161ana nebija tik visaptvero\u0161a, kaut gan notika pietiekami aizraut\u012bgi un ne\u017e\u0113l\u012bgi. Ari tagad\u0113j\u0101s Latvijas teritorij\u0101 karu rezult\u0101t\u0101, run\u0101jot hronista Indri\u0137a v\u0101rdiem, \u201cdaudzas ziedo\u0161as pils\u0113tas pazuda no zemes virsas\u201d \u2013 tika nodedzin\u0101tas un to iedz\u012bvot\u0101ji apkauti vai sa\u0146emti g\u016bst\u0101. Vietu viet\u0101m zeme palika neapdz\u012bvota. Tas rad\u012bja probl\u0113mas ar\u012b pa\u0161iem iekarot\u0101jiem. Bija izn\u012bcin\u0101ti ne tikai meslu maks\u0101t\u0101ji, bet ar\u012b tr\u016bka darbasp\u0113ka pi\u013cu b\u016bvniec\u012bbai. L\u012bdz ar to uzvar\u0113ju\u0161ie iekarot\u0101ji nesp\u0113ja nostiprin\u0101t savu varu.<\/p>\n

P\u0113c ilg\u0101m un asi\u0146ain\u0101m kauj\u0101m pret l\u012bbie\u0161iem un igau\u0146iem uz zieme\u013crietumiem no T\u0101lavas izveidoj\u0101s neapdz\u012bvota teritorija. T\u0101pat Piet\u0101lavas, Al\u016bksnes, Gulbenes un Balvu apk\u0101rtn\u0113 Pleskavas krievu laup\u012b\u0161anas d\u0113\u013c iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju skaits bija sarucis l\u012bdz b\u012bstami zemam l\u012bmenim. Kurzem\u0113 p\u0113c tam, kad kur\u0161i bija padzinu\u0161i vendus no zieme\u013cu rajoniem, bet pa\u0161i v\u0113l nepasp\u0113ja piepild\u012bt ieg\u016bt\u0101s teritorijas, l\u012bdz s\u0101k\u0101s kar\u0161 ar krustne\u0161iem, ar\u012b bija j\u016btams iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju tr\u016bkums. Savstarp\u0113jo karu rezult\u0101t\u0101 ari uz kur\u0161u un \u017eemai\u0161u robe\u017e\u0101m bija izveidojusies mazapdz\u012bvota josla. Daba necie\u0161 tuk\u0161umu \u2013 un ar\u012b iekarot\u0101ji ne\u2026<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Latvija. V\u0101cu firstu slepenie labie darbi<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Te v\u0101cu firstiem bija lielas iesp\u0113jas pan\u0101kt sev pat divk\u0101r\u0161u labumu. Asimil\u0101cijai nolemtaj\u0101 topo\u0161aj\u0101 zieme\u013caustrumu V\u0101cij\u0101 v\u0113l dz\u012bvoja pietiekami daudzskaitl\u012bgas baltu tautas, kuras n\u0101ktos gr\u016bti asimil\u0113t, bet Baltij\u0101 starp pak\u013cautaj\u0101m taut\u0101m bija rad\u012bta telpa \u0161o lieko \u013cau\u017eu p\u0101rvieto\u0161anai. P\u0101rvieto\u0161ana notika bez liela trok\u0161\u0146a, uz pusl\u012bdz br\u012bvpr\u0101t\u012bgiem pamatiem. Tika l\u012bgti str\u0101dnieki pi\u013cu b\u016bvniec\u012bbai. Vi\u0146iem \u013c\u0101va \u0146emt l\u012bdzi \u0123imenes. Pasol\u012bja iesp\u0113ju ieg\u016bt ar\u012b zemi iztikas nodro\u0161in\u0101\u0161anai, un viss notika.<\/p>\n

No R\u012bgenes salas uz zieme\u013crietumu Vidzemi p\u0101rvietoja iev\u0113rojamu skaitu izteikti baltisko ruj\u0101nu, un tur vi\u0146u piemi\u0146u glab\u0101 pils\u0113ti\u0146a R\u016bjiena\u2026<\/p>\n

No Tollenz\u0113 baseina kur\u0161u cilti tollensus p\u0101rvietoja uz pustuk\u0161o R\u012bgas j\u016bras l\u012b\u010da piekrasti, kur vi\u0146u piemi\u0146u glab\u0101 Talsu pils\u0113ti\u0146a. Bet tollensu atlikums V\u0101cij\u0101 saglab\u0101j\u0101s ar Dancigas kur\u0161u v\u0101rdu l\u012bdz pat 16. gs., kad tos beidzot izdev\u0101s asimil\u0113t par \u201c\u012bstiem\u201d v\u0101cie\u0161iem.<\/p>\n

Lai padar\u012btu iesp\u0113jam\u0101ku liel\u0101s ukru tautas asimil\u0101ciju (t\u0101 apdz\u012bvoja pietiekami pla\u0161o Ukeres baseinu), da\u013cu no vi\u0146iem p\u0101rvietoja uz teritoriju starp Kursu un \u017demaiti. Tur \u0161ai tautai par piemi\u0146u k\u0101 divi robe\u017estabi v\u0113l \u0161odien st\u0101v ukru ciems Dobeles rajona dienvidos un Ukrinas ciems Ma\u017eei\u0137u rajon\u0101 Lietuv\u0101.<\/p>\n

Ta\u010du p\u0101ri \u0161\u012bm p\u0101rvieto\u0161an\u0101m st\u0101v notikums ar izteikti zieme\u013cbaltiskajiem obriem, kurus no vi\u0146u dzimt\u0101 Obras baseina bija izdz\u012bvoju\u0161i sl\u0101vi un 10. gs. jau po\u013ci. Bet obri v\u0113l daudzskaitl\u012bgi mita Varnovas basein\u0101, kur pie vi\u0146iem ierad\u0101s heru\u013cu p\u0113cn\u0101c\u0113ji \u2013 verli. \u0160\u012bs abas zieme\u013cbaltu tautas v\u0101cie\u0161i v\u0113l 16. gs. nesp\u0113ja asimil\u0113t. Kur\u0161 no Heinriha der Loves p\u0113cn\u0101c\u0113jiem prata mobiliz\u0113t obru karadraudzi t\u0101lam eksped\u012bcijas karag\u0101jienam uz krievu izpost\u012bto Piet\u0101lavu, paliek nezin\u0101ms. Bet skaidrs ir tas, ka \u0161\u012b ir bijusi visliel\u0101k\u0101 baltu p\u0101rvieto\u0161ana laikmet\u0101 p\u0113c Romoves kr\u012bva varas izbeig\u0161an\u0101s. Pie tam at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no cit\u0101m baltu taut\u0101m obri p\u0101rvietoj\u0101s apbru\u0146oti, l\u012bdzi vedot firstiem nezin\u0101mus burtniekus un zintniekus, seno rakst\u012bbu un nosl\u0113pumus. Ar milit\u0101ru sp\u0113ku vi\u0146i at\u0146\u0113ma krieviem Piet\u0101lavu un p\u0101rd\u0113v\u0113ja to par Obreni. Mal\u0113nie\u0161u izloksne iez\u012bm\u0113 vi\u0146u ietekmes re\u0123ionu l\u012bdz \u0161ai dienai.<\/p>\n

Z\u012bm\u012bgi, ka zintnieku v\u0113sts glab\u0101t\u0101ji pa\u0161i br\u012bn\u0101s, k\u0101 gan obru iebrukums var\u0113jis notikt sal\u012bdzino\u0161i tik v\u0113l\u0101 v\u0113sturisk\u0101 period\u0101, bet \u0161\u012bs v\u0113sts pirmie glab\u0101t\u0101ji ir atk\u0101rtoti uzsv\u0113ru\u0161i, ka obru iebrukums noticis p\u0113c krievu k\u0146azu iebrukuma, nevis p\u0113c pirm\u0101 sl\u0101vu caurg\u0101jiena uz Ilme\u0146a telpu.<\/p>\n

Ja \u0146em v\u0113r\u0101 ruj\u0101nu, tollensu un ukru p\u0101rvieto\u0161anas, tad \u0161\u012bs ba\u017eas var atmest. J\u0101saprot tikai tas, ka v\u0101cu firstiem un krievu k\u0146aziem nav grib\u0113jies ierakst\u012bt v\u0113stur\u0113 t\u0101das lietas, kas neb\u016bt neliecina par vi\u0146u varen\u012bbu, bet tikai par bl\u0113d\u012bbu\u2026 Raust karstas ogles ar citu rok\u0101m, protams, ir izdev\u012bgi.<\/p>\n

Tom\u0113r, kas attiecas uz latvie\u0161u taut\u012bbas veido\u0161anos, tad j\u0101atz\u012bst, ka \u0161\u012bs v\u0101cu firstu bl\u0113d\u012bbas ir veicin\u0101ju\u0161as zieme\u013cbaltu tautu saku\u0161anu latvie\u0161u taut\u0101. Latvie\u0161u tautas j\u0113dziens turkl\u0101t ir daudz sen\u0101ks, nek\u0101 to var\u0113tu iedom\u0101ties. Tie pa\u0161i obri attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz zieme\u013cbaltu taut\u0101m kopum\u0101 lietoja v\u0101rdu \u201clotv\u012b\u0161i \u2013 latvie\u0161i\u201d. Sl\u0101vi, v\u0113l\u0101k po\u013ci no \u0161\u012b v\u0101rda izveidoja sav\u0113jo \u2013 \u201clotevci\u201d. Tikai sal\u012bdzino\u0161i nesen caur zemga\u013cu dialektu un m\u016bsdienu rakstu valodu m\u0113s esam non\u0101ku\u0161i pie sava tagad\u0113j\u0101 tautas nosaukuma \u2013 latvie\u0161i.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Lietuva aptur baltu izn\u012bcin\u0101\u0161anu<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0113c Mindauga kron\u0113\u0161anas un Lietuvas form\u0101l\u0101s krist\u012b\u0161anas uzlabojas t\u0101s presti\u017es un sakari Rietumeirop\u0101, it sevi\u0161\u0137i ar p\u0101vesta k\u016briju. Lai gan orde\u0146a br\u0101\u013ci vis\u0101di cent\u0101s noniecin\u0101t Lietuvas krist\u012b\u0161anu, tie pa\u0161i jau sen bija zaud\u0113ju\u0161i p\u0101vesta uztic\u0113\u0161anos un vairs nevar\u0113ja dab\u016bt atbalstu Lietuvas pak\u013cau\u0161anai ar varu. Turkl\u0101t Lietuva kop\u0161 m\u016bsu \u0113ras otr\u0101s t\u016bksto\u0161gades s\u0101kuma, neskatoties uz visai bie\u017eajiem kariem, netika nov\u0101jin\u0101ta, jo uz to atk\u0101p\u0101s gan j\u0101tvingu, gan pr\u016b\u0161u, gan zemga\u013cu nom\u0101kto tautu atliekas, kas visas bija gatavas turpin\u0101t c\u012b\u0146u kop\u0101 ar lietuvie\u0161iem. Ar\u012b Mindauga atkri\u0161ana no tic\u012bbas nepal\u012bdz\u0113ja celt orde\u0146u br\u0101\u013cu autorit\u0101ti, kas bija pagalam sabrukusi.<\/p>\n

P\u0101vests Klements V bija izdevis bullu, kur\u0101 konstat\u0113ja, ka:<\/p>\n

1 ) ordenis necien\u012bgi un varm\u0101c\u012bgi iztur\u0113jies pret augstiem Bazn\u012bcas gar\u012bdzniekiem,
\n2 ) orde\u0146a d\u0113\u013c no 14 b\u012bskapist\u0113m septi\u0146as beigu\u0161as darboties,
\n3 ) atliku\u0161aj\u0101s b\u012bskapist\u0113s atbild\u012bgos amatos ordenis iec\u0113lis necien\u012bgas personas,
\n4 ) pag\u0101niem kaimi\u0146os ordenis tirgo iero\u010dus, dzelzi, zirgus un citas preces,
\n5 ) orde\u0146a br\u0101\u013ci R\u012bgas Bazn\u012bcai piedero\u0161u pili Dinaburg\u0101 par naudu p\u0101rdevu\u0161i pag\u0101niem,
\n6 ) ordenis t\u012b\u0161\u0101m, caur netaisn\u012bbu un v\u0101rda lau\u0161anu, pag\u0101nus izaicin\u0101jis uz pretdarb\u012bbu, k\u0101p\u0113c zaud\u0113tas Polockas un S\u0113lpils b\u012bskapiste,
\n7 ) orde\u0146a vainas d\u0113\u013c karalis Mindaugs atkal atteicies no tic\u012bbas,
\n8 ) orde\u0146a bru\u0146inieki k\u0101d\u0101 mielast\u0101 nodev\u012bgi apk\u0101vu\u0161i vair\u0101k nek\u0101 100 zemga\u013cu augstma\u0146u, k\u0101 d\u0113\u013c tauta atkritusi no tic\u012bbas un b\u012bskapiste izn\u012bkusi,
\n9) kav\u0113jot jaunkrist\u012bto izgl\u012bto\u0161anu, vi\u0146i no Braunsbergas pils padzinu\u0161i minor\u012btu m\u016bkus,
\n10) vi\u0146i pie\u0146\u0113mu\u0161i pag\u0101nu para\u0161u nokaut savus smagi ievainotos br\u0101\u013cus un tos sadedzin\u0101t,
\n11) vi\u0146i bie\u017ei uzbruku\u0161i un nok\u0101vu\u0161i s\u016bt\u0146us, kuri ar s\u016bdz\u012bb\u0101m no R\u012bgas devu\u0161ies uz p\u0101vesta galmu,
\n12) vi\u0146i apsarg\u0101jot visus ce\u013cus, kas ved uz Romu,
\n13) ordenis negod\u012bg\u0101 k\u0101rt\u0101 piesavin\u0101jies Dinamindes klosteri, uz ko bijis p\u0101vesta Gregora IX aizliegums,
\n14) ordenis, iekarojot Dancigu, izn\u012bcin\u0101jis vair\u0101k nek\u0101 10 000 iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju, netaupot pat b\u0113rnus \u0161\u016bpu\u013cos.<\/p>\n

Tik dr\u016bmu faktu uzskait\u012bjumu 14. gs. s\u0101kum\u0101 ir izdar\u012bjis p\u0101vests Klements V.<\/p>\n

Ar\u012b p\u0113c Mindauga \u0122edimins neb\u016bt nesteidz krist\u012bties, bet grie\u017eas pie p\u0101vesta ar pla\u0161u v\u0113st\u012bjumu, kur\u0101 izskaidro st\u0101vokli un apliecina, ka ir gatavs pats apsarg\u0101t m\u016bkus un priesterus, kas tautai m\u0101c\u012bs krist\u012bgo tic\u012bbu bez orde\u0146a \u201cbr\u0101\u013cu\u201d kl\u0101tb\u016btnes un pal\u012bdz\u012bbas. Ordenis gan metas uz Lietuvu, lai to p\u0101rm\u0101c\u012btu, bet barg\u0101 ziemas sala d\u0113\u013c uzbrukums paj\u016bk un \u0122edimins pa p\u0113d\u0101m non\u0101k l\u012bdz pat T\u0113rbatai un pamat\u012bgi samizo orde\u0146a bru\u0146iniekus, kas zaud\u0113 ap 20 000 v\u012bru. Ar to faktiski ir izbeigta baltu tautu t\u0101l\u0101ka paverdzin\u0101\u0161ana un atmirdz Lietuvas lielk\u0146azistes vara un god\u012bba.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Baltu aizv\u0113sture un seno laiku hronolo\u0123ija<\/strong><\/p>\n

4000. g. pr.m.\u0113. baltu tautas dz\u012bvo Eir\u0101zij\u0101 un Zieme\u013c\u0101frik\u0101, ieskaitot tagad\u0113j\u0101s Kamer\u016bnas un Ugandas teritoriju, bet iz\u00ad\u0146emot \u0136\u012bnas teritoriju \u0100zij\u0101.<\/p>\n

3000. g. pr.m.\u0113. izveidojas dienvidbaltisk\u0101s hetu valstis Maz\u0101zij\u0101, S\u012brij\u0101 un Palest\u012bn\u0101, baltisk\u0101 Pelasgija Grie\u0137ij\u0101, Egejas j\u016bras sal\u0101s un Kr\u0113t\u0101, k\u0101 ar\u012b zieme\u013cbaltu valsts Brit\u0101nij\u0101 un uz dienvidiem no Baltijas j\u016bras, ar\u012b Be\u013c\u0123ijas un Francijas teritorij\u0101.<\/p>\n

2000. g. pr.m.\u0113. izveidojas feni\u0137ie\u0161u kolonijas T\u012br\u0101 un S\u012bdon\u0101. S\u0101kas ahajavu aktivit\u0101te Egejas j\u016bras sal\u0101s, bet ara\u00admie\u0161i pak\u013cauj hetus 1500. g. pr.Kr.<\/p>\n

1450. g. pr.m.\u0113. zemestr\u012bce izposta un vulk\u0101niskie pelni aprok Kr\u0113tas baltisko kult\u016bru. Pelepon\u0113sas pussalu izposta zemestr\u012bce un tai sekojo\u0161as epid\u0113mijas, un 13. gs. pr.m.\u0113. ahajavi iekaro Kr\u0113tu, Mik\u0113nas, Pelepon\u0113sas pussalu un Troju Maz\u0101zij\u0101.<\/p>\n

1200. g. pr.m.\u0113. Apen\u012bnu pussal\u0101 izveidojas etrusku kolo\u00adnija, kas p\u0101rtop valst\u012b.<\/p>\n

11. gs. pr.m.\u0113. feni\u0137ie\u0161i papla\u0161ina savas teritorijas: Zie\u00adme\u013c\u0101frik\u0101 izveido Kart\u0101gas koloniju, t\u0101pat atbalsta b\u0101zes Sp\u0101nij\u0101 un Vidusj\u016bras sal\u0101s.<\/p>\n

1000. g. pr.m.\u0113. Vidusj\u016bras rietumus liel\u0101koties apdz\u012bvo baltu tautas: Sp\u0101niju un Portug\u0101li \u2013 ib\u0113ri, Francijas Vidusj\u016bras piekrasti un Alpu dienvidu priek\u0161kalnes \u2013 lig\u016bri un veneti, Apen\u012bnu pussalu \u2013 etruski, umbri un volski, Tr\u0101\u0137iju \u2013 s\u0113\u013ci un tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161i, Maz\u0101ziju \u2013 fr\u012b\u0123ie\u0161i, k\u0101rie\u0161i un l\u012bdie\u0161i, Rum\u0101niju \u2013 daki, Lib\u0101nu \u2013 feni\u0137ie\u0161i, Tunisiju un \u0100frikas zieme\u013cu piekrasti \u2013feni\u0137ie\u0161i un daki, Francijas, Be\u013c\u0123ijas un da\u013cu V\u0101cijas teritori\u00adjas \u2013 pr\u016b\u0161u-kur\u0161u tautas, Vidusv\u0101ciju \u2013 hati, Austrumv\u0101ciju, Boh\u0113miju, Karpatus un Vol\u012bniju \u2013 veneti, Brit\u0101niju, Skandin\u0101\u00advijas dienvidus un Baltijas j\u016bras dienvidu piekrasti apdz\u012bvo vari\u0146i, heru\u013ci, obri un ukri, Baltkrieviju \u2013 lietuvie\u0161i, Ukrainu \u2013 budini un neuri, Donas baseinu \u2013 skiti, Viduskrieviju \u2013 galindi un obri, bet aiz Ur\u0101liem dz\u012bvo se\u013ckupi.<\/p>\n

1000 \u2013 800. g. pr.m.\u0113. Maz\u0101zij\u0101 past\u0101v fr\u012b\u0123ie\u0161u valstis.<\/p>\n

8. gs. pr.m.\u0113. uzplaukst L\u012bdijas valsts, kas apvieno fr\u012b\u0123ie\u0161u valstis un sasniedz visp\u0101r\u0113ju uzplaukumu, tiek gal\u0101 ar kimerie\u0161u un as\u012brie\u0161u t\u012bkojumiem, bet 545. g. pr.m.\u0113. Kr\u0113za armiju pieveic persie\u0161u \u0137\u0113ni\u0146\u0161 K\u012brs.<\/p>\n

5. gs. pr.m.\u0113. Tr\u0101\u0137ij\u0101 odru cilts nodibina Odrisu \u0137\u0113ni\u0146valsti ar 150 000 v\u012bru armiju \u0137\u0113ni\u0146a Sitalka laik\u0101, bet jau 4. gs. pr.m.\u0113. valsts sadal\u0101s tr\u012bs da\u013c\u0101s.<\/p>\n

332. g. pr.m.\u0113. Ma\u0137edonijas Aleksandrs iekaro Feni\u0137iju un T\u012bras pils\u0113tu sagrauj piln\u012bgi.<\/p>\n

146. g. pr.m.\u0113. p\u0113c 120 gadus ilgu\u0161iem p\u016bnie\u0161u kariem romie\u0161i iekaro un noposta Kart\u0101gu.<\/p>\n

106. m\u016bsu \u0113ras gad\u0101 imperators Traj\u0101ns iekaro Dakiju un papla\u0161ina robe\u017eas uz Donavas kreis\u0101 krasta zem\u0113m. Daku valsts past\u0101v\u0113ja apm\u0113ram 1000 gadus.<\/p>\n

455. m.\u0113. gad\u0101 vanda\u013ci feni\u0137ie\u0161u sen\u010du venetu v\u0101rd\u0101 atriebjas Romai par Kart\u0101gas izpost\u012b\u0161anu. Vi\u0146i caur Sp\u0101niju non\u0101k Zieme\u013c\u0101frik\u0101, atjauno Kart\u0101gas valsti un tie\u0161i no Kart\u0101gas uzbr\u016bk Romai, to iekaro un briesm\u012bgi izposta, turkl\u0101t izn\u012bcina ar\u012b romie\u0161u un bizantie\u0161u apvienoto floti.<\/p>\n

476. m.\u0113. gad\u0101 kur\u0161u karavadonis Odoakrs ar baltu karasp\u0113ku v\u0113lreiz iekaro Romu un atce\u013c t\u0101s p\u0113d\u0113jo imperatoru Romulu Augustulu. P\u0113c tam imp\u0113risk\u0101 vara noturas vien\u012bgi Austrumrom\u0101 \u2013 Bizantij\u0101 ar galvaspils\u0113tu Konstantinopoli.<\/p>\n

Romove k\u0101 baltu tautu p\u0113d\u0113jais teokr\u0101tiskais centrs ir uzvar\u0113jusi Romu m.\u0113. 5. gs., bet to pa\u0161u sagrauj Romas imp\u0113rijas atl\u016bzas \u2013 s\u012bk\u0101s un neapr\u0113\u0137in\u0101m\u0101s firstu feod\u0101l\u0101s valsti\u0146as.<\/p>\n

1015. gad\u0101 topo\u0161\u0101s po\u013cu tautas k\u0146azs Bo\u013ceslavs iebr\u016bk Pr\u016bsij\u0101 un izn\u012bcina Romovi, kas tolaik ietilpa Nadravas provinc\u0113. V\u0113l\u0101k pr\u016b\u0161i atjauno Romovi sambu zem\u0113, bet to p\u0113c 240 gadiem 1256. gad\u0101 izn\u012bcina Boh\u0113mijas firsts Otokars. P\u0113c tam senbaltu teokr\u0101tisko centru neviens un nekur vairs neatjauno.<\/p>\n

Tic\u012bbas un varas darbu
\nnesavienojam\u012bba<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cilv\u0113ces v\u0113stures tra\u0123ika daudzk\u0101rt sl\u0113pjas tan\u012b apst\u0101kl\u012b, ka \u013caunas varas prot sl\u0113pties aiz c\u0113l\u0101m idej\u0101m. Krist\u012bg\u0101s tic\u012bbas izplat\u012b\u0161ana un komunisma celtniec\u012bba ir tikai divi vispla\u0161\u0101k paz\u012bstamie piem\u0113ri, kas r\u0101da varm\u0101c\u012bbas un c\u0113lu ide\u0101lu nesavienojam\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

Atskatoties v\u0113stur\u0113, ir skaidri redzams, ka pati cilv\u0113c\u012bg\u0101k\u0101 no pasaules reli\u0123ij\u0101m \u2013 krist\u012bg\u0101 tic\u012bba \u2013 tika izplat\u012bta gal\u0113ji necilv\u0113c\u012bg\u0101 veid\u0101 ar\u012b pie baltu taut\u0101m, kuru sen\u0101 reli\u0123ija p\u0113c sava iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 satura da\u017e\u0101 zi\u0146\u0101 bija bag\u0101t\u0101ka par j\u016bdaismu, uz kura pamata izauga kristiet\u012bba.<\/p>\n

Nav saglab\u0101ju\u0161\u0101s baltu reli\u0123isko likumu t\u0113zes. T\u0101s var\u0113tu b\u016bt biju\u0161as \u013coti l\u012bdz\u012bgas hatu likumam. Toties ir aprakst\u012btas baltu reli\u0123ijas \u0101r\u0113j\u0101s izpausmes praktiskaj\u0101 dz\u012bv\u0113. V\u0113sturnieks R\u016btenbergs raksta: \u201cJa reli\u0123ijas augst\u0101kais m\u0113r\u0137is b\u016btu \u2013 mirstam\u0101 stund\u0101 dot mieru un prieku, tad seno latvie\u0161u tic\u012bba var\u0113tu m\u0113roties ar jebkuras citas tautas tic\u012bbu.\u201d Senlatvie\u0161i un citas baltu tautas stipri tic\u0113ja m\u016b\u017e\u012bgai dz\u012bvei, t\u0101p\u0113c nebaid\u012bj\u0101s mirt un bija bezbail\u012bgi kauju laukos. Ja v\u012bri krita kar\u0101, tad vi\u0146u sievas bie\u017ei vien izdar\u012bja pa\u0161n\u0101v\u012bbu tic\u012bb\u0101, ka atkal b\u016bs kop\u0101 ar saviem m\u012b\u013cajiem vi\u0146\u0101 saul\u0113. T\u0101 nu krist\u012bg\u0101 tic\u012bba ar m\u016b\u017e\u012bg\u0101s dz\u012bvo\u0161anas v\u0113sti baltiem nenesa neko jaunu, jo vi\u0146i tic\u0113ja nebeidzamas m\u012blas varai.<\/p>\n

Balti ar\u012b tic\u0113ja, ka m\u016b\u017e\u012bg\u0101 dz\u012bve ir tikai god\u012bgas un neapg\u0101n\u012btas \u0161\u012bs pasaules dz\u012bves turpin\u0101jums. T\u0101p\u0113c nereti, redzot sevi aplenkum\u0101 un bezizej\u0101, vi\u0146i izn\u012bcin\u0101ja iesp\u0113jamo ienaidnieka laup\u012bjumu, tad pa\u0161i cits citu un p\u0113d\u0113jais nod\u016br\u0101s, lai sadegtu uz kop\u012bg\u0101 ugunskura, \u2013 tik \u013coti vi\u0146i v\u0113rt\u0113ja m\u016b\u017e\u012bbu, ka sp\u0113ja atteikties no it visa \u0161in\u012b dz\u012bv\u0113.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Slinko\u0161ana bija visliel\u0101kais kauns, ubago\u0161ana un zag\u0161ana \u2013 stingri sod\u0101mas lietas, bet veci vientu\u013cnieki var\u0113ja staig\u0101t no m\u0101jas uz m\u0101ju un visur tika uz\u0146emti ar laipn\u012bbu un godu. Slepkav\u012bbas bija atriebjamas bez \u012bpa\u0161as tiesas. Viesm\u012bl\u012bba bija visp\u0101r izplat\u012bts tikums. Gr\u0113kus atzina priesteriem un izpirka ar upuriem, sevi\u0161\u0137i smagos gad\u012bjumos \u2013 ar zirgu un pat b\u0113rnu upuriem.<\/p>\n

Tan\u012b zi\u0146\u0101 seno baltu tic\u012bba atrad\u0101s j\u016bdaisma l\u012bmen\u012b un fakts, ka ar Kristus upuri tika atcelti visi citi upuri un pati upur\u0113\u0161anas vajadz\u012bba, ar\u012b baltu tic\u012bgajiem bija liels ieguvums. Ta\u010du ar da\u017e\u0101diem liekiem teolo\u0123iskiem murgiem bru\u0146otie mision\u0101ri neprata izskaidrot baltu tic\u012bgajiem re\u0101lo ieguvumu, k\u0101du tiem deva Kristus upura atz\u012b\u0161ana.<\/p>\n

Baltu reli\u0123ijai bija rakstur\u012bga tieksme ieskat\u012bties n\u0101kotn\u0113. T\u0101, piem\u0113ram, etrusku z\u012blnieki \u2013 zileteraji izp\u0113t\u012bja, ka vi\u0146i k\u0101 tauta beigs past\u0101v\u0113t uz m\u016bsu \u0113ras s\u0101kumu, kas ar\u012b notika. Etruski izkusa It\u0101lijas tautu kokteil\u012b gadus simts p\u0113c p\u016bnie\u0161u kariem.<\/p>\n

Ar\u012b Lielv\u0101rdes vaidelo\u0161a jost\u0101 ierakst\u012bts pravietojums, ka visi baltu temp\u013ci non\u0101ks zem krusta z\u012bmes. Var\u0113tu ap\u0161aub\u012bt \u0161o Rasmas Roz\u012btes tulkojumu, ja to neapstiprin\u0101tu pa\u0161u baltu priesteru r\u012bc\u012bba. Latvie\u0161u Indri\u0137is sav\u0101 hronik\u0101 min, ka Imeras latvie\u0161u priesteri ar loz\u0113\u0161anu izpras\u012bja saviem dieviem, kuru tic\u012bbu pie\u0146emt \u2013 grie\u0137u vai lat\u012b\u0146u, un loze r\u0101d\u012bja par labu lat\u012b\u0146iem.<\/p>\n

To pa\u0161u liecina ar\u012b kur\u0161u \u0137\u0113ni\u0146a Lamekina l\u012bgums ar leg\u0101tu Baldu\u012bnu, T\u0101lavas valdnieka T\u0101lival\u017ea un d\u0113lu krist\u012bg\u0101s tic\u012bbas pie\u0146em\u0161ana un fakts, ka Zemgales karalis Viesturs labpr\u0101t at\u013c\u0101va mision\u0101ru darb\u012bbu sav\u0101 valst\u012b. Ta\u010du visu to, kas var\u0113ja mier\u012bgi iet savu dabisko gaitu, sapost\u012bja un izjauca sak\u0161u firstu ekspansijas tieksmes un ne tikai bezdiev\u012bg\u0101, bet bie\u017ei vien klaji s\u0101tanisk\u0101 r\u012bc\u012bba.<\/p>\n

Vien\u012bg\u0101 zin\u0101m\u0101 nesaska\u0146a starp tic\u012bbu norm\u0101m ir pr\u016b\u0161u daudzsiev\u012bba, kuru nepazina ne latvie\u0161i, ne lietuvie\u0161i. Ta\u010du ar\u012b t\u0101 nebija preti\u0161\u0137\u012bba, kuru nesp\u0113tu atrisin\u0101t krist\u012bg\u0101 misija bez jebk\u0101das bru\u0146inieku vardarb\u012bg\u0101s pal\u012bdz\u012bbas, kur vi\u0146i sevi pier\u0101d\u012bja v\u0113l daudzk\u0101rt pag\u0101nisk\u0101kus par pr\u016b\u0161iem.<\/p>\n

Tikai viena lieta ir skaidra: ja krist\u012bg\u0101 tic\u012bba b\u016btu izplat\u012bta misijas ce\u013c\u0101, bez uguns un zobena pal\u012bdz\u012bbas, tad Eirop\u0101 v\u0113l \u0161odien past\u0101v\u0113tu vair\u0101kas baltu lielvalstis, bet t\u0101m blakus visai pietic\u012bgas v\u0101cu un krievu valsti\u0146as. Tautas, kuras var uzskat\u012bt par seno baltu \u0101rlaul\u012bbas b\u0113rniem, ir biju\u0161as \u013coti nepateic\u012bgas un joproj\u0101m ir baltu \u201csarmata\u201d.<\/p>\n

V<\/p>\n

P I E L I K U M S<\/strong><\/p>\n

Baltu teokratija un
\nmilit\u0101r\u0101 demokr\u0101tija<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nav attaisnojuma faktam, ka v\u0113sturnieki l\u012bdz \u0161im nav centu\u0161ies iez\u012bm\u0113t kaut cik p\u0101rskat\u0101mu baltu tautu senv\u0113sturi, bet par visvec\u0101kaj\u0101m Eiropas taut\u0101m run\u0101 un raksta itin k\u0101 par \u201cvakar dzimu\u0161\u0101m cilt\u012bm\u201d. P\u0101rskat\u0101m\u0101s rakst\u012bt\u0101s v\u0113stures liec\u012bbu kl\u0101st\u0101 varam atrast pietiekami daudz v\u0113r\u0101 \u0146emamu faktu, kuri l\u012bdz \u0161im ir noklus\u0113ti vai sagroz\u012bti.<\/p>\n

Nav noliedzams fakts, ka pirmbalti dzi\u013c\u0101 aizv\u0113stur\u0113 ir apdz\u012bvoju\u0161i pla\u0161as teritorijas Eir\u0101zijas kontinent\u0101 no Klus\u0101 oke\u0101na l\u012bdz Atlantijas oke\u0101nam un no gal\u0113jiem zieme\u013ciem l\u012bdz \u0100frikas piekrastei Vidusj\u016br\u0101. Ku\u0123os tie \u0161\u0137\u0113rsoja Atlantijas oke\u0101nu un sasniedza tagad\u0113j\u0101s Braz\u012blijas, Ekvadoras un Viskonsinas \u0161tata piekrasti. Pie pirmbaltu etnosa pieder\u0113ja hetu, sembu, etrusku, umbru, feni\u0137ie\u0161u, kana\u0101nie\u0161u, fr\u012b\u0123ie\u0161u, tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161u, daku un pelasgu tautas dienvidos, k\u0101 ar\u012b pr\u016b\u0161u, venedu, zamu, \u017eemai\u0161u, zemga\u013cu, kur\u0161u, ukru, obru, latga\u013cu un galindu tautas zieme\u013cos. \u0160ie tautu nosaukumi var dubl\u0113ties ar da\u017e\u0101du v\u0113sturnieku pie\u0161\u0137irtajiem v\u0101rdiem, bet tie nosedz liel\u0101ko da\u013cu baltu apdz\u012bvoto teritoriju.<\/p>\n

Baltu tautas nekad nav veidoju\u0161as agres\u012bvas milit\u0101ras imp\u0113rijas, bet to starp\u0101 ir past\u0101v\u0113jusi kop\u012bgas r\u012bc\u012bbas koordin\u0101cija, savstarp\u0113ja pal\u012bdz\u012bba un atbalsts. T\u0101, piem\u0113ram, feni\u0137ie\u0161u un etrusku sadarb\u012bba p\u016bnie\u0161u karos vai heru\u013cu do\u0161an\u0101s uz dienvidiem, lai atbalst\u012btu tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161us un dakus. Tie, protams, nav stihiski notikumi, bet ir br\u0101\u013cu tautu sadarb\u012bba.<\/p>\n

Par augsto priesteru \u2013 kr\u012bvu varu v\u0113sturnieku vid\u016b valda glu\u017ei pret\u0113ji uzskati. Vieni vi\u0146u ietekmi baltu taut\u0101s piel\u012bdzina Romas p\u0101vesta ietekmei krist\u012bgaj\u0101 pasaul\u0113. Otri to t\u0101pat bez argument\u0101cijas noliedz. Tom\u0113r, sa\u0146emot kop\u0101 noz\u012bm\u012bgas v\u0113stis, kuras sniedz rakst\u012btie avoti pirms un p\u0113c Romoves izpost\u012b\u0161anas, ko izdar\u012bja \u201cjaundzimu\u0161\u0101s\u201d po\u013cu tautas k\u0146azs Bo\u013ceslavs I D\u016b\u0161\u012bgais, m\u0113s varam konstat\u0113t, ka baltu tautu gar\u012bg\u0101 vad\u012bt\u0101ja \u2013 kr\u012bva ietekme bija \u013coti noz\u012bm\u012bga<\/strong>. L\u016bk, da\u017eas ainas no baltu tautu v\u0113stures. P\u0113c tam, kad Romas imp\u0113rija ir iekarojusi Fr\u012b\u0123iju un Tr\u0101\u0137iju, imperators Traj\u0101ns s\u0101k uzbrukumu Dakijai un p\u0113c se\u0161us gadus ilg\u0101m c\u012b\u0146\u0101m iekaro to. Dienvidos baltu sp\u0113ki ir izs\u012bku\u0161i, bet no zieme\u013cbaltu vidus ce\u013cas lepna tauta \u2013 heru\u013ci un no Baltijas piekrastes \u2013 D\u0101nijas sal\u0101m un Zviedrijas dienvidiem \u2013 dodas pal\u012bg\u0101 sav\u0101m br\u0101\u013cu taut\u0101m uz dienvidiem, kur kop\u0161 2. gs. s\u0101kuma l\u012bdz 6. gs. s\u0101kumam, balstot nom\u0101ktos br\u0101\u013cus, liek dreb\u0113t Romas lielvarai. Jaut\u0101jums: kas ierosin\u0101ja zieme\u013cbaltu-aug\u0161tai\u0161u-heru\u013cu karag\u0101jienu pret Romu? Atbilde: visticam\u0101k, ka to ierosin\u0101ja Romoves kr\u012bvs.<\/p>\n

Cita v\u0113stures epizode: baltu kr\u012bviem bija skaidrs, ka ar saviem sp\u0113kiem vien vi\u0146i nesp\u0113s salauzt Romas agresivit\u0101ti un vajag apvienot br\u012bvo tautu sp\u0113kus. 2. gs. beig\u0101s \u0123eogr\u0101fs Ptolemajs konstat\u0113, ka Vislas baseina vidien\u0113 blakus venediem un galindiem apmetusies k\u0101da somu cilts. Pie tam \u0161\u012bs tautas nekaro sav\u0101 starp\u0101, bet 3. gs. vid\u016b galindi, venedi, somi, vanda\u013ci un sarmati iebr\u016bk Romas imp\u0113rij\u0101, kur 253. gad\u0101 romie\u0161u karavadonis Voluzi\u0101ns tos uzvar. Vai \u0161\u012b v\u0113stures epizode neliecina par br\u012bvo tautu kop\u012bgu strat\u0113\u0123isko pl\u0101no\u0161anu? Visticam\u0101k, ka \u0161o pl\u0101nu rosin\u0101ja Romoves baltu kr\u012bvi. Iev\u0113rosim, ka n\u0101kamaj\u0101 uzbrukum\u0101 Romai somi vairs nepiedal\u012bj\u0101s, bet 269. gad\u0101 pret to karoja pr\u016b\u0161i, goti, vikingi u.c. T\u0101 k\u0101 uzbrukumi Romas imp\u0113rijai tika organiz\u0113ti no baltu zem\u0113m, tad Romoves virskr\u012bva dal\u012bba strat\u0113\u0123iskaj\u0101 pl\u0101no\u0161an\u0101 nav ap\u0161aub\u0101ma<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Pavisam cita aina atkl\u0101jas p\u0113c Romoves izpost\u012b\u0161anas. Br\u012bvo tautu kop\u012bgie karag\u0101jieni pret lielvaru tiek aizst\u0101ti ar atsevi\u0161\u0137u karavado\u0146u vad\u012btiem uzbrukumiem un k\u0101das tautas domin\u0113jo\u0161o lomu tajos. Pasliktin\u0101s sadarb\u012bba pat starp baltu taut\u0101m. Glu\u017ei k\u0101 Vulfstana aprakst\u0101: baltu zem\u0113s ir daudz pi\u013cu un \u0137\u0113ni\u0146u, bet starp tiem daudz str\u012bdu\u2026 t\u0101tad nav reli\u0123isk\u0101s kop\u012bbas izj\u016btas un vienpr\u0101t\u012bbas. Romove gan p\u0113c pirm\u0101s izpost\u012b\u0161anas tika atjaunota, bet ne uz ilgu laiku. Un gar\u012bgo ietekmi t\u0101 pa \u012bstam vairs neatguva.<\/p>\n

Gr\u016bti atbildams ir jaut\u0101jums par to, vai baltu taut\u0101m jebkad vis\u0101 to apdz\u012bvotaj\u0101 teritorij\u0101 bija viena kop\u012bga gar\u012bg\u0101 vad\u012bba. Vien\u012bgi P\u0113rkons k\u0101 diev\u012bba vieno zieme\u013cu un dienvidu baltus. Citas diev\u012bbas ir pat \u013coti at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgas. Tas vedina dom\u0101t, ka ar\u012b gar\u012bg\u0101s vad\u012bbas centri bija vair\u0101ki, turkl\u0101t pietiekami neatkar\u012bgi cits no cita.<\/p>\n

Kop\u012bgais baltu reli\u0123ij\u0101 ir dabisk\u0101 dievatzi\u0146a \u2013 Dieva redz\u0113\u0161ana rad\u012bb\u0101 un tieksme to piel\u016bgt uz katra kalna un pakalna un zem katra kupla koka. T\u0101 par to zi\u0146o B\u012bbele, pieminot baltisko kana\u0101nie\u0161u dievatzi\u0146u. Balti nav izjutu\u0161i vajadz\u012bbu p\u0113c akmens temp\u013ciem. Ta\u010du baltisko hetu un etrusku diev\u012bbas pietiekami at\u0161\u0137iras no zieme\u013cbaltu diev\u012bb\u0101m. T\u0101tad baltu reli\u0123ijas \u0101r\u0113j\u0101s form\u0101s ir liela at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bba, bet pamatatzi\u0146a par p\u0113cn\u0101ves dz\u012bvi un t\u0101s sasnieg\u0161anu ar mor\u0101li pilnv\u0113rt\u012bgu darb\u012bbu ir visiem baltiem kop\u012bga. Uz t\u0101 saukt\u0101 Videvuta karoga las\u0101m: \u201cDievs, sargi zamus un \u017eemai\u0161us no pak\u013cau\u0161an\u0101s s\u0101tanam.\u201d<\/strong> Bet uz etrusku m\u016bra z\u0101rka las\u0101m: \u201cDz\u012bvojam sv\u0113t\u0101 m\u016b\u017e\u012bb\u0101.\u201d<\/strong> Ne velti v\u0101cu v\u0113sturnieks Oto fon R\u016btenbergs raksta, ka seno baltu reli\u0123ija sp\u0113ja dot saviem sekot\u0101jiem visu to pa\u0161u, ko sp\u0113j dot jebkura no lielaj\u0101m reli\u0123ij\u0101m. It \u012bpa\u0161ii, ja dom\u0101jam par cilv\u0113ka sagatavo\u0161anu n\u0101vei. \u0160o reli\u0123iju nevar restaur\u0113t uz visprimit\u012bv\u0101k\u0101s ma\u0123ijas vai folkloras b\u0101zes. Tas ir tikpat bezcer\u012bgi, k\u0101 no zvirbu\u013ca per\u0113kl\u012b\u0161a izveidot st\u0101r\u0137a ligzdu.<\/p>\n

J\u0101atz\u012bm\u0113, ka baltu reli\u0123ijai bija rakstur\u012bgi iel\u016bkoties n\u0101kotn\u0113. T\u0101 etrusku zileteraji pare\u0123oja, ka vi\u0146u tauta k\u0101 atsevi\u0161\u0137a vien\u012bba beigs past\u0101v\u0113t l\u012bdz ar m\u016bsu v\u0113sturisk\u0101s \u0113ras s\u0101kumu, un t\u0101 notika. Etruski izkusa It\u0101lijas tautu kokteil\u012b. Baltu vaidelo\u0161a Lielv\u0101rdes jost\u0101 bija ieprogramm\u0113ta visu m\u016bsu temp\u013cu non\u0101k\u0161ana zem krusta z\u012bmes, un t\u0101 notika. M\u016bsu senie priesteri pie Straupes izjaut\u0101ja senos dievus, kuru tic\u012bbu lab\u0101k pie\u0146emt \u2013 kato\u013cu vai pareiztic\u012bbu. Krist\u012bgo tic\u012bbu labpr\u0101t pie\u0146\u0113ma latga\u013cu valdnieks T\u0101livaldis, kur\u0161u \u0137\u0113ni\u0146\u0161 Lamekins, ar\u012b zemga\u013cu \u0137\u0113ni\u0146\u0161 Viesturs labpr\u0101t veda l\u012bdzi krist\u012bgo mision\u0101ru, bet nevar\u0113ja pie\u013caut v\u0101cu bru\u0146inieku kl\u0101tb\u016btni sav\u0101 valst\u012b. \u0122erm\u0101\u0146u ekspansija l\u012bdz nej\u0113dz\u012bbai sakrop\u013coja krist\u012bgo misiju,<\/strong> kas var\u0113ja b\u016bt visai hum\u0101na m\u016bsu sen\u0101s gar\u012bdzniec\u012bbas attieksmes d\u0113\u013c, jo vec\u0101s un jaun\u0101s reli\u0123ijas v\u0113rt\u012bbu izpratne bija \u013coti tuva un var\u0113ja b\u016bt viegli savienojama. Vien\u012bgi pr\u016b\u0161i bija non\u0101ku\u0161i l\u012bdz daudzsiev\u012bbai, kuru p\u0101r\u0113jie balti neatzina, un \u0161\u012b norma nebija savienojama ar kristie\u0161u uzskatiem.<\/p>\n

T\u0101 no v\u0113stures skatuves aizg\u0101ja k\u0101dreiz tik \u013coti pozit\u012bv\u0101 seno baItu reli\u0123ija l\u012bdz ar virspriestera \u2013 kr\u012bva gar\u012bgo autorit\u0101ti un varu.<\/p>\n

Cik varam jaust no v\u0113stures avotu liec\u012bb\u0101m, seno baltu priesteri darboj\u0101s sav\u0101 sadz\u012bvisko un gar\u012bgo lietu jom\u0101, bet virspriesteri \u2013 starptautu attiec\u012bb\u0101s, kur vi\u0146u ietekme bija noteico\u0161a. Dzimtu :vietval\u017ei un vecaji l\u012bdz ar sav\u0101m dzimt\u0101m bija br\u012bvi \u013caudis, kas savu br\u012bv\u012bbu \u013c\u0101va ierobe\u017eot tikai \u0101rk\u0101rt\u0113jas nepiecie\u0161am\u012bbas gad\u012bjum\u0101. Ja tuvoj\u0101s kara briesmas, vecajie tautas sapulc\u0113 iev\u0113l\u0113ja sava novada karavadoni un l\u0113ma par karadraudzes izveido\u0161anas pamatnoteikumiem. Karavado\u0146a vara kara apst\u0101k\u013cos bija gandr\u012bz absol\u016bta, bet, kol\u012bdz karast\u0101voklis beidz\u0101s un karadraudze tika atlaista m\u0101j\u0101s, karavadonis k\u013cuva atkal par savas dzimtas vec\u0101ko un vi\u0146a vara \u0101rpus dzimtas robe\u017e\u0101m beidz\u0101s. T\u0101d\u0101 milit\u0101r\u0101 demokr\u0101tijas l\u012bdzties\u012bb\u0101 un br\u012bv\u012bb\u0101 baltu tautas dz\u012bvoja no visdzi\u013c\u0101k\u0101s aizv\u0113stures l\u012bdz pat 13. gs.<\/p>\n

S\u0101kot ar 10. gs., milit\u0101r\u0101s demokr\u0101tijas iek\u0101rta jau bija zin\u0101m\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 trauc\u0113jo\u0161a. T\u0101 katram indiv\u012bdam \u013c\u0101va baud\u012bt visliel\u0101ko br\u012bv\u012bbu, bet nevar\u0113ja sacensties mobilit\u0101t\u0113 ar agr\u0101 feod\u0101lisma firstu un k\u0146azu valsti\u0146\u0101m, kur ar\u012b miera apst\u0101k\u013cos valdnieka rok\u0101s palika iev\u0113rojama vara un vi\u0146\u0161 p\u0113c labpatikas var\u0113ja pl\u0101not kara d\u0113kas un uzbrukumus. Firstiem vairs nevajadz\u0113ja sasaukt tautas sapulces, lai pie\u0146emtu svar\u012bgus l\u0113mumus. Rad\u0101s slepen\u012bbas un p\u0113k\u0161\u0146uma priek\u0161roc\u012bbas s\u0101ncens\u012bb\u0101 ar br\u012bvaj\u0101m milit\u0101r\u0101s demokr\u0101tijas taut\u0101m.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jau visai dr\u012bz p\u0113c Romas imp\u0113rijas sabrukuma t\u0101s rietumu teritorij\u0101s s\u0101ka akt\u012bvi ros\u012bties biju\u0161ie augstma\u0146i un karavado\u0146i. Tie veidoja savas minivalsti\u0146as un k\u0101ri skat\u012bj\u0101s, k\u0101 vairot savu mantu un varu. Baltu milit\u0101r\u0101s demokr\u0101tijas Eiropas vidien\u0113 k\u013cuva par vieglu laup\u012bjumu jauno pl\u0113so\u0146u k\u0101rtai. Bija zudusi baltu koordin\u0101cijas iesp\u0113ja caur Romovi, un jau Romas varen\u012bbas laikos baltu tautas bija krietni sapost\u012btas, nov\u0101jin\u0101tas, da\u017eas piln\u012bgi, citas da\u013c\u0113ji pak\u013cautas. Post\u012b\u0161anas process turpin\u0101j\u0101s. Baltu tautas non\u0101ca zem \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u firstu varas. S\u0101kotn\u0113ji tikai maz\u0101ko da\u013cu no firstu valsti\u0146\u0101m apdz\u012bvoja \u0123erm\u0101\u0146i. Pak\u0101peniski balti tika atspiesti uz mazv\u0113rt\u012bg\u0101k\u0101m zem\u0113m, iesp\u0113ju robe\u017e\u0101s asimil\u0113ti, izmantoti karadraudzes vai p\u0101rvietoti uz cit\u0101m baltu zem\u0113m.<\/p>\n

Dr. Bernhards Zeiferts ir krietni pakalpojis v\u0113sturiskajai paties\u012bbai, uz kartes att\u0113lojot V\u0101cijas austrumu teritoriju koloniz\u0101ciju 12. un 13. gs. Izr\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s, ka laik\u0101, kad v\u0101cu firsti krusta aizseg\u0101 lauz\u0101s Pr\u016bsij\u0101 un Baltij\u0101, pa\u0161as \u201cV\u0101cijas\u201d zieme\u013caustrumu teritorijas v\u0113l liel\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 apdz\u012bvoja baltu tautas, kuras gan Zeiferts m\u0113\u0123in\u0101ja sajaukt ar sl\u0101viem, kas tolaik v\u0113l nebija piepild\u012bju\u0161i pat Poliju. V\u0101cijas zieme\u013caustrumu teritoriju koloniz\u0101cija iet kopsol\u012b ar klosteru celtniec\u012bbu un kristianiz\u0101ciju. T\u0101tad ar\u012b mums krist\u012bgo tic\u012bbu nesa tie, kuri v\u0113l pa\u0161i nebija \u012bsti krist\u012bgi.<\/p>\n

Izr\u0101d\u0101s, ka tan\u012b laik\u0101 krietnu teritoriju starp Labu (Elbu), Ilmenavu un Ori apdz\u012bvo drav\u0113nu tauta, kuras baltisk\u0101 pirmdzimtene bija Donavas liel\u0101s pietekas Dravas baseins. Ukeres un Randovas upju baseinus apdz\u012bvo baltisk\u0101 ukru tauta. Tollenz\u0113 baseinu apdz\u012bvo tollensi un redari, R\u012bgenes salu \u2013 ruj\u0101ni. Varnovas baseinu apdz\u012bvo Varnovas obri un verli, kas ir da\u013ca no tur atn\u0101ku\u0161ajiem heru\u013ciem, bet D\u0101nijai tuvo re\u0123ionu \u2013 vendi. No Braun\u0161veigas uz zieme\u013caustrumiem ir v\u0113l viena Verla, kur\u0101 dz\u012bvo heru\u013cu grupa, bet Vartas pietekas Obras baseins ir zieme\u013cbaltu patriotu \u2013 obru dzimtene, kur ar\u012b koloniz\u0101cijas nol\u016bk\u0101 v\u0113l tikai tiek b\u016bv\u0113ts cicerstie\u0161u klosteris.<\/p>\n

L\u016bk, tik \u201cnegatava\u201d 12.-13. gs. v\u0113l bija V\u0101cija, bet no t\u0101s rietumu un centra apgabaliem tika strat\u0113\u0123iski pl\u0101nota koloniz\u0101cija. Tagad\u0113j\u0101s V\u0101cijas zieme\u013caustrumu un Polijas teritoriju koloniz\u0101cijas strat\u0113\u0123isk\u0101 pl\u0101no\u0161ana notika Altenkampas un Altenbergas klosteros pie T\u012bras (Reinas), bet Pr\u016bsijas un Baltijas koloniz\u0101cijas pl\u0101no\u0161ana \u2013 Pfortas kloster\u012b T\u012bringij\u0101. Tur l\u012bdz pat 20. gs. darboj\u0101s ar\u012b speci\u0101l\u0101 koled\u017ea v\u0101cbaltu aristokr\u0101tiem. Taj\u0101 m\u0101c\u012bjies ar\u012b Dr. Augusts B\u012blen\u0161teins.<\/p>\n

T\u0101 uz baltu milit\u0101ro demokr\u0101tiju drup\u0101m \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u aristokr\u0101ti uzb\u016bv\u0113ja V\u0101cijas imp\u0113riju, v\u0113l\u0101ko Lielv\u0101ciju.<\/p>\n

Jaut\u0101jums ir: vai baltu taut\u0101m savu aristokr\u0101tu nemaz nebija? Bija. Bija ar mazu nob\u012bdi laik\u0101 \u2013 mazliet v\u0113l\u0101k. Bija ne tikai lietuvie\u0161u Mindaugs, \u0122edimins, Jagailo, bet ar\u012b zemga\u013cu Viesturs un l\u012bbie\u0161u Kaupo.<\/p>\n

No Indri\u0137a hronikas var konstat\u0113t, ka Kaupo bija ne tikai l\u012bbie\u0161u virsaitis, bet karalis ar zin\u0101mu varu p\u0101r p\u0101r\u0113jiem virsai\u0161iem un ar\u012b bag\u0101t\u0101ks par tiem. Vi\u0146a augstais st\u0101voklis, protams, p\u0101r\u0113jiem augstma\u0146iem nepatika, un tie izmantoja krist\u012bbas gad\u012bjumu, lai saceltos pret Kaupo. P\u0101rsteidzo\u0161i ir tas, ka zemga\u013ci, kas nebija nek\u0101d\u0101 draudz\u012bb\u0101 ar l\u012bbie\u0161iem, noteikti un stingri atbalst\u012bja Kaupo. Viesturs nodeva Kaupo r\u012bc\u012bb\u0101 1500 zemga\u013cu karav\u012bru. Un Zemgal\u0113 neviens neiedom\u0101j\u0101s kaut ko iebilst Viesturam. Tas pier\u0101da vi\u0146a karalisko varu. Hronists gan neatkl\u0101j, vai \u0161ie zemga\u013cu karav\u012bri v\u0113l\u0101k atgriez\u0101s Zemgal\u0113 vai palika pie Kaupo un varb\u016bt deva savu ieguld\u012bjumu l\u012bbie\u0161u asimil\u0101cij\u0101. Katr\u0101 zi\u0146\u0101 biju\u0161aj\u0101s l\u012bbie\u0161u zem\u0113s zemga\u013cu valodas iespaids ir krietni j\u016btams. Varas koncentr\u0101cija valdnieka rok\u0101s liel\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 pal\u012bdz\u0113ja risin\u0101t milit\u0101rus jaut\u0101jumus, bet neaizmirst\u0101 milit\u0101r\u0101s demokr\u0101tijas va\u013c\u012bba rosin\u0101ja uz separ\u0101tismu. Ar\u012b Viesturam n\u0101c\u0101s piedz\u012bvot Me\u017eotnes virsai\u0161u nodev\u012bbu un ar sp\u0113ku padz\u012bt vi\u0146u vilt\u012bgos sabiedrotos \u2013 v\u0101cie\u0161us.<\/p>\n

T\u0101pat, v\u0113rojot notikumus Lietuvas v\u0113stur\u0113, n\u0101kas sajust dzi\u013ci iesak\u0146oju\u0161\u0101s milit\u0101r\u0101s demokr\u0101tijas sekas, kas izpau\u017eas k\u0101 separ\u0101tisma m\u0113\u0123in\u0101jumi un nacion\u0101l\u0101s apzi\u0146as tr\u016bkums. Laikmets jau ir cits. Vairs nav laika debat\u0113t un balsot, bet ir j\u0101b\u016bt gataviem r\u012bkoties \u0101tri un operat\u012bvi. To baltu tautas saprata mazliet par v\u0113lu.<\/p>\n

Nobeigum\u0101 atcer\u0113simies pa\u0161u pr\u016b\u0161u liec\u012bbu par kr\u012bva teokr\u0101tisko varu p\u0101r baltu taut\u0101m: \u201cM\u016bs un visu \u0161o valsti, pie kuras ieejas m\u0113s dz\u012bvojam, p\u0101rvalda tikai viens likums un viena dz\u012bves k\u0101rt\u012bba. Bet tu esi padots citam, mums sve\u0161am likumam, r\u012bt atrad\u012bsi n\u0101vi, ja \u0161odien neaizb\u0113gsi.\u201d \u0160\u0101dus pr\u016b\u0161u zemessargu v\u0101rdus saglab\u0101ju\u0161i sv. Adalberta pavado\u0146i. Tie apliecina baltu tautu vienot\u012bbu zem kr\u012bva teokr\u0101tisk\u0101s varas m\u016bsu \u0113ras 997. gad\u0101. \u0160o 1. Romovi Nadravas provinc\u0113 1015. gad\u0101 izpost\u012bja jaun\u0101 polu tauta k\u0146aza Boleslava D\u016b\u0161\u012bg\u0101 vad\u012bb\u0101. V\u0113l\u0101k zamu zem\u0113 tika izveidota 2. Romove, kas pirm\u0101s autorit\u0101ti vairs neatguva, l\u012bdz to 1255. gad\u0101 izpost\u012bja Boh\u0113mas karalis Otokars. P\u0113c tam baltu milit\u0101r\u0101 demokr\u0101tija darboj\u0101s tikai atsevi\u0161\u0137u provin\u010du robe\u017e\u0101s.<\/p>\n

Vai senajiem baltiem bija sava rakst\u012bba?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Jaut\u0101jums par rakst\u012bbu ir k\u0101 \u0161\u0137irtne, ar kuru v\u0113sturnieki no\u0161\u0137ir primit\u012bv\u0101s tautas no kult\u016bras taut\u0101m. Reiz\u0113 ar to tas ir noz\u012bm\u012bgs katras tautas pa\u0161cie\u0146as un goda jaut\u0101jums. Ir no\u017e\u0113lojami un ar\u012b noziedz\u012bgi, ka v\u0113stures gr\u0101mat\u0101, kas dom\u0101ta nepilso\u0146u sagatavo\u0161anai Latvijas pilson\u012bbas ieg\u016b\u0161anai, tiek uzsv\u0113rts, ka senajiem latvie\u0161iem nebija savas rakst\u012bbas. Tas ir rupj\u0161 apvainojums m\u016bsu sen\u010du piemi\u0146ai un m\u0113\u0123in\u0101jums pazemot latvie\u0161u tautu k\u0101 nepilnv\u0113rt\u012bgu partneri lielajiem kaimi\u0146iem.<\/p>\n

M\u016bsu senaj\u0101 v\u0113stur\u0113 ir daudz neskaidr\u012bbu, un t\u0101s joproj\u0101m paliek p\u0113t\u012bjumu un mekl\u0113jumu lauks. Ta\u010du nav ar\u012b t\u0101, ka seno v\u0113sturnieku un ce\u013cot\u0101ju aprakstos neb\u016btu inform\u0101cijas par m\u016bsu sen\u010du dz\u012bvesveidu. Gr\u016bt\u012bbas rada apst\u0101klis, ka \u0161ajos materi\u0101los baltu are\u0101lu apdz\u012bvojo\u0161\u0101s tautas tiek sauktas neprec\u012bzos, bet, \u0161\u0137iet, pa\u0161u rakst\u012bt\u0101ju izdom\u0101tos v\u0101rdos, un ar\u012b tas, ka m\u016bsu sen\u010di ar v\u0113stures rakst\u012b\u0161anu ac\u012bmredzot nav nodarboju\u0161ies.<\/p>\n

Bet atgriez\u012bsimies pie \u0161\u012bsdienas t\u0113mas \u2013 pie rakst\u012bbas jaut\u0101juma. Tas, ka baltu taut\u0101m bija sava rakst\u012bba, rakst\u012bt\u0101ji un las\u012bt\u0101ji, ir neapstr\u012bdams fakts. Ir saglab\u0101ju\u0161ies seno pr\u016b\u0161u rakstu paraugi<\/strong> un ar\u012b seno latga\u013cu rakstu z\u012bmes<\/strong>, kam ir daudz l\u012bdz\u012bbas un ar\u012b zin\u0101ma at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bba. Senpr\u016b\u0161u rakst\u012bbas paraugi dat\u0113jami ar 12.-13. gs. vidu. V\u0113l vair\u0101k \u2013 ja atz\u012bst ar\u012b t\u0101 saukto gar\u012bgo rakstu<\/strong>, kas var\u0113tu b\u016bt bijis vaidelo\u0161u \u012bpa\u0161ums, mezglu rakstu<\/strong>, kas bija burtnieku \u012bpa\u0161ums, un burtu rakstu, kas var\u0113tu b\u016bt zintnieku \u012bpa\u0161ums, tad mums ir dar\u012b\u0161ana ar trim da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m rakst\u012bbas sist\u0113m\u0101m, kuras ir lietoju\u0161i m\u016bsu sen\u010di. J\u0101dom\u0101 gan, ka tautas vair\u0101kums pie senajiem latvie\u0161iem, t\u0101pat k\u0101 pie vis\u0101m taut\u0101m senatn\u0113, bija las\u012bt un rakst\u012bt neprat\u0113ji un savas gar\u012bg\u0101s atzi\u0146as ieguva ar teic\u0113ju starpniec\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Tom\u0113r rakst\u012btprasme bija pietiekami izplat\u012bta<\/strong>. Rakstu prat\u0113ji bija ne tikai priesteri, burtnieki, zintnieki, bet ar\u012b labie\u0161i, tirgot\u0101ji un citi. Tie\u0161i t\u0101p\u0113c ne tikai buramie v\u0101rdi, bet ar\u012b \u0101rstniec\u012bbas receptes bie\u017ei tika pierakst\u012btas \u0161ifr\u0113t\u0101 veid\u0101. Pazina ar\u012b slepenrakstu<\/strong>. Tam izmantoja vaska t\u0101fel\u012btes. Slepeno tekstu uzrakst\u012bja uz t\u0101fel\u012btes vaska pamatsl\u0101\u0146a. Tam virs\u016b uzl\u0113ja izkaus\u0113ta vaska sl\u0101n\u012bti, uz kura uzrakst\u012bja kaut k\u0101du maldino\u0161u v\u0113st\u012bjumu, \u012bstais adres\u0101ts toties zin\u0101ja, ka ir j\u0101no\u0146em vaska virs\u0113j\u0101 k\u0101rti\u0146a un atkl\u0101sies vajadz\u012bgais teksts.<\/p>\n

\u0160obr\u012bd atst\u0101sim mal\u0101 gar\u012bgo rakstu las\u0101mo ornamentiku, mezglu rakstu burvest\u012bbu glab\u0101t\u0101ju un ar\u012b \u0137\u012b\u013cu rakstu, kura izgudrot\u0101ji varb\u016bt ir biju\u0161i dienvidbaltiskie heti, nevis \u0161umeri vai babilonie\u0161i.<\/p>\n

Interesanti ir sal\u012bdzin\u0101t senpr\u016b\u0161u, kur\u0161u un latga\u013cu-obru burtus ar seno kr\u0113tie\u0161u, etrusku, meroie\u0161u, feni\u0137ie\u0161u burtiem<\/strong>. Da\u013ca no tiem ir prec\u012bzi vien\u0101di, citi \u2013 l\u012bdz\u012bgi. Tiem ir daudz kop\u012bga ar Francij\u0101 pie Glozelas atrast\u0101 un ap 17 000 gadus vec\u0101 aprakst\u012bt\u0101 akmens burtiem. Tas ir rakstu piemineklis, kuru var attiecin\u0101t vien\u012bgi uz pirmbaltu-sorotaptu kult\u016bru. Vecuma zi\u0146\u0101 ar to nevar sacensties neviens no zin\u0101majiem rakstu pieminek\u013ciem. Toties Atlantijas oke\u0101na otr\u0101 krast\u0101 Braz\u012blij\u0101, Ekvador\u0101 un ASV Viskonsinas \u0161tat\u0101 ir atrasti gan pirmbaltu, gan senpr\u016b\u0161u un feni\u0137ie\u0161u rakstu pieminek\u013ci. Ofici\u0101l\u0101 zin\u0101tne<\/strong> l\u012bdz \u0161im no tiem izvair\u0101s, jo negrib p\u0101rskat\u012bt, nedz labot pamat\u012bgi iemeloto senv\u0113sturi<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Senv\u0113stur\u0113 liela loma pie\u0161\u0137irta Grie\u0137ijai. Ta\u010du grie\u0137u v\u0113stures s\u0101kumi nav j\u0101mekl\u0113 nep\u0101rskat\u0101m\u0101 aizv\u0113stur\u0113. Vi\u0146u s\u0101kumi j\u0101mekl\u0113 \u0112\u0123iptes faraonu har\u0113mos un necilaj\u0101 j\u016bras tautas st\u0101vokl\u012b. Z\u012bm\u012bgi, ka, run\u0101jot par senatni un aizv\u0113sturiskajiem atlantiem, \u0113\u0123iptie\u0161u priesteris no Saisas Solonam saka, ka grie\u0137i ir k\u0101 b\u0113rni, kam nav nek\u0101du atmi\u0146u, ne ar\u012b zin\u0101\u0161anu par senatni. Ar\u012b pa\u0161u grie\u0137u v\u0113sturnieki atz\u012bst, ka rakst\u012bbu aizguvu\u0161i no feni\u0137ie\u0161a Kadma<\/strong>, kur\u0161 tiem devis element\u0101ri vienk\u0101r\u0161otu alfab\u0113tu. Tas gan v\u0113l\u0101k ir pilnveidots, bet gods grie\u0137iem, kas paties\u012bbu nav sl\u0113pu\u0161i. Vi\u0146iem pieder rakst\u012bt\u0101s v\u0113stures aizs\u0101k\u0161ana, ko pirms tam praktiz\u0113ja tikai \u0112\u0123ipt\u0113, bet citur vien epizodiski.<\/p>\n

Etrusku alfab\u0113ts nepamatoti ir nosaukts par rietumgrie\u0137u alfab\u0113tu. Ta\u010du etruski nav grie\u0137i. Vi\u0146i, visticam\u0101k, ir dienvidbaltisk\u0101s hetu tautas zars, kas juta tuvu radniec\u012bbu ar zieme\u013cbaltiskajiem tir\u0113niem-feni\u0137ie\u0161iem. T\u0101p\u0113c kop\u012bgi ar tiem etruski karoja gan pret grie\u0137iem, gan pret romie\u0161iem. Galu gal\u0101 grie\u0137i m\u0101c\u012bj\u0101s rakst\u012bt no baltiskajiem \u201cpurpur\u0101 t\u0113rptajiem\u201d feni\u0137ie\u0161iem, un etruskiem nevajadz\u0113ja aiz\u0146emties rakst\u012bbu no grie\u0137iem, ja to var\u0113ja lietot jau sen pirms vi\u0146iem<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Grie\u0137u kult\u016bras fenomens ir izskaidrojams tikai ar to, ka vi\u0146iem p\u0113c Santorinas katastrofas rad\u0101s iesp\u0113ja ie\u0146emt pelasgu teritorijas un uz baltisk\u0101s pelasgu kult\u016bras b\u0101zes veidot grie\u0137isko. P\u0113c Pelapon\u0113sas pussalas iekaro\u0161anas grie\u0137u valoda sakusa ar baltisko pelasgu valodu tik labi, ka v\u0113sturniekam H\u0113rodotam v\u0113l\u0101k lik\u0101s, ka ar\u012b citas baltu tautas run\u0101 \u201csaboj\u0101t\u0101 grie\u0137u valod\u0101\u201d. Paties\u012bb\u0101 baltiskoj\u0101s<\/strong> jeb, k\u0101 me\u013ciem pat\u012bk teikt, \u201cindoeiropeiz\u0113j\u0101s\u201d pati grie\u0137u valoda.<\/p>\n

Bet neaizmirs\u012bsim, ka Kr\u0113tas-Mik\u0113nu kult\u016bra pieder laikmetam pirms Santorinas katastrofas un tie\u0161i kr\u0113tie\u0161u burti diezgan prec\u012bzi sakr\u012bt ar senpr\u016b\u0161u burtiem<\/strong>, kas redzami uz t\u0101 saukt\u0101 Videvuta karoga. Paties\u012bb\u0101 tur las\u0101mais raksts pieder zamiem un \u017eemai\u0161iem \u2013 t\u0101tad lietuvie\u0161iem. Tur teikts: \u201cDievs, sargi zamus un \u017eemai\u0161us no pak\u013cau\u0161an\u0101s s\u0101tanam.\u201d Tad nu redziet \u2013 S\u0101tans ar\u012b senajiem baltiem nebija draugs.<\/p>\n

T\u0101pat ar\u012b Amerikas kontinent\u0101 atrastie rakstu pieminekli uzr\u0101da baltisku izcelsmi<\/strong>. Atradums no Ekvadoras horizont\u0101l\u0101 rakst\u0101 v\u0113st\u012b: \u201cUzman\u012bbu! Tra\u0123iski nobeidza l\u0101cis ce\u013ciniekus!\u201d Bet vertik\u0101li raksts v\u0113st\u012b: \u201cAtl\u0113ts Hercls pavad\u012bja jaunavu Uldisoci.\u201d Divu pr\u016b\u0161u b\u0113d\u012bg\u0101 gala v\u0113st\u012bjums, kas iekalts akmens t\u0101fel\u0113 Ekvador\u0101, apliecina, ka senpr\u016b\u0161i sp\u0113ja sasniegt Ameriku. Atradums Viskonsinas \u0161tat\u0101 liecina, ka to sp\u0113ja ar\u012b feni\u0137ie\u0161i, bet atradums Braz\u012blij\u0101 liek dom\u0101t, ka to sp\u0113ju\u0161i ar\u012b kur\u0161i, jo tur redzamas rakstu z\u012bmes, k\u0101das var atrast v\u0113l vien\u012bgi uz kur\u0161u kokles, kur atbilsto\u0161\u0101s z\u012bmes iegrieztas varb\u016bt 1000 gadus v\u0113l\u0101k.<\/p>\n

T\u0101tad seno baltu kult\u016bra ir izejas b\u0101ze Eiropas kult\u016bru da\u017e\u0101d\u012bbai<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Baltu rakstu pieminek\u013cu nav daudz. Toties iemesli tam ir daudzi un da\u017e\u0101di<\/strong>. Pirmk\u0101rt, akmen\u012b baltu tautas rakstus iegreba tikai \u0101rk\u0101rtas gad\u012bjumos. Parasti, lai atst\u0101tu inform\u0101ciju par sevi jebkuram adres\u0101tam. Ar\u012b kok\u0101 rakst\u012btas v\u0113stis atst\u0101ja reti. Turkl\u0101t koks satr\u016bd un inform\u0101ciju var saglab\u0101t, tikai ilgsto\u0161i un past\u0101v\u012bgi atrodoties zem \u016bdens vai zem bl\u012bva m\u0101la sl\u0101\u0146a. T\u0101 Pr\u016bsij\u0101 atrasti divi P\u0113rkona t\u0113li, kas darin\u0101ti no koka ar iegrieztiem uzrakstiem: \u201cP\u0113rkon\u012bt, ner\u016bc tik neapmierin\u0101ti!\u201d Bet uz otr\u0101 t\u0113la: \u201cP\u0113rkon\u012bt, ier\u016bcies!\u201d Ac\u012bmredzot p\u0113c P\u0113rkona bardz\u012bbas un r\u016bciena vaidelo\u0161i secin\u0101ja Dieva domas par attiec\u012bg\u0101 apvidus \u013caud\u012bm. Kvalitat\u012bvu rakstu kok\u0101 var ierakst\u012bt tikai ar labu griez\u0113jinstrumentu, kas ne vienm\u0113r un kuram katram bija pieejams. T\u0101p\u0113c ar\u012b t\u0101du atradumu nav daudz. Tre\u0161k\u0101rt, satr\u016bd\u0113ju\u0161a vai tikai ietr\u016bd\u0113ju\u0161a koka gabaliem arheologi piev\u0113r\u0161 maz uzman\u012bbas, jo visbie\u017e\u0101k izrok vai nu pamat\u012bgi apog\u013cotu ba\u013c\u0137u atliekas, vai p\u0101\u013cu galus, uz kuriem, glu\u017ei dabiski, nek\u0101du uzrakstu vairs nav vai ar\u012b nekad nav bijis.<\/p>\n

Popul\u0101r\u0101kais rakst\u0101mmateri\u0101ls baltiem ir bijusi b\u0113rza t\u0101ss<\/strong>. Uz t\u0101ss iek\u0161puses ar irbul\u012bti rakst\u012bja da\u017e\u0101du inform\u0101ciju, ko, glab\u0101jot tikai atmi\u0146\u0101, baid\u012bj\u0101s aizmirst un pazaud\u0113t. Ta\u010du ar\u012b t\u0101ss satr\u016bd un ilgsto\u0161i saglab\u0101ties var tikai \u012bpa\u0161os apst\u0101k\u013cos. Turkl\u0101t ieraksti t\u0101s\u012b bija bezkr\u0101saini un t\u0101p\u0113c gr\u016bti paman\u0101mi<\/strong>. Tom\u0113r ar to nevar attaisnot da\u017eu \u201cv\u0113sturnieku\u201d apgalvojumu, ka latvie\u0161u sen\u010diem neesot bijis savas rakst\u012bbas! Nevar izsl\u0113gt, ka kaut kur zemes dz\u012bl\u0113s v\u0113l glab\u0101jas b\u0113rza t\u0101ss t\u012bstokl\u012b\u0161u bibliot\u0113ka. M\u0101la pl\u0101ksn\u012btes k\u0101 rakst\u0101mmateri\u0101lu zieme\u013cbalti laikam neb\u016bs izmantoju\u0161i. Par dienvidbaltiem to dro\u0161i nevar teikt. Etruski darin\u0101ja lielus m\u0101la sarkof\u0101gus \u2013 m\u016bra kastes<\/em>, ko sauca par mur\u0161<\/em>. Uz \u0161iem m\u016bra veidojumiem gandr\u012bz oblig\u0101ti bija uzrakst\u012bti miru\u0161o v\u0101rdi un k\u0101ds vi\u0146u nov\u0113l\u0113jums vai apliecin\u0101jums palic\u0113jiem. Sprie\u017eot p\u0113c uzrakstiem, mur\u0161us pas\u016bt\u012bja vai pagatavoja tie, kas tajos guld\u012bti. T\u0101 uz k\u0101da mur\u0161a p\u0113c tur guld\u012bt\u0101 v\u012bra un sievas v\u0101rdiem seko apliecin\u0101jums: \u201cVivime san seciauni.\u201d Latviski var\u0113tu b\u016bt: \u201cDz\u012bvojam sv\u0113t\u0101 n\u0101kam\u012bb\u0101.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

Burtnieku lietotie mezglu raksti tika sieti no linu diegiem uz koka kl\u016bdzi\u0146\u0101m. T\u0101 bija sevi\u0161\u0137i slepena inform\u0101cija, kas ar\u012b tika \u012bpa\u0161i sl\u0113pta. Materi\u0101ls \u2013 gan tr\u016bdo\u0161s, gan dego\u0161s \u2013 pa\u0161iem glab\u0101t\u0101jiem bija b\u012bstams, jo sevi\u0161\u0137i viduslaikos<\/strong>, kad burvest\u012bbu d\u0113\u013c var\u0113ja non\u0101kt uz s\u0101rta<\/strong>. Tom\u0113r ar\u012b \u0161\u012b rakst\u012bba saglab\u0101j\u0101s l\u012bdz pat 20. gs. vidum un varb\u016bt \u0161ai dienai. Ar mezglu rakstu pierakst\u012bja ar\u012b tautas dziesmas. T\u0101dus pierakstus nes\u0113ja uz kl\u016bdzi\u0146\u0101m, bet tina kamol\u0101 glu\u017ei k\u0101 magnetofona lent\u0113!\u2026<\/p>\n

Atskatoties v\u0113stur\u0113 un dom\u0101jot par m\u016bsu sen\u010du prasm\u0113m, ir j\u0101apbr\u012bno vi\u0146u izdomas bag\u0101t\u012bba un jaunrad\u012b\u0161anas sp\u0113jas. Rakst\u012b\u0161ana gan no lab\u0101s, gan kreis\u0101s puses vai no aug\u0161as uz leju un no lejas uz aug\u0161u. Un pat v\u0113st\u012bjuma sast\u0101d\u012b\u0161ana, rakstot p\u0101rmai\u0146us no lab\u0101s uz kreiso pusi un vienlaikus no aug\u0161as uz leju. T\u0101ds inform\u0101cijas \u0161edevrs ir jau piemin\u0113t\u0101 akmens pl\u0101ksne no Ekvadoras, no \u0101rpuses \u0161\u0137ietami primit\u012bva, bet teksts las\u0101ms gan horizont\u0101li, gan vertik\u0101li. Ar kaunu j\u0101atz\u012bstas: p\u0113c daudziem gadu t\u016bksto\u0161iem m\u0113s \u0161odien neesam t\u0101di rakst\u012btprat\u0113ji, k\u0101di bija m\u016bsu sen\u010di. Konkr\u0113taj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 \u2013 senie pr\u016b\u0161i<\/strong>. Divdesmit pirmais gadsimts var ierakst\u012bties v\u0113stur\u0113 k\u0101 cilv\u0113ces progresa gals, k\u0101 liel\u012bbas, mu\u013c\u0137\u012bbas, melu, izvirt\u012bbas un de\u0123ener\u0101cijas gadsimts, gadsimts, kas uzpras\u0101s p\u0113c Dieva r\u012bkstes\u2026<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Seno baltu valodas \u012bpatn\u012bbas<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0113c baltisko hidron\u012bmu un topon\u012bmu liec\u012bb\u0101m redzams, ka protobaltu valod\u0101s ir vald\u012bjusi liela gramatisk\u0101 br\u012bv\u012bba. Gr\u016bti b\u016btu neiev\u0113rot da\u017e\u0101du saknes patska\u0146u lieto\u0161anu tiem pa\u0161iem un t\u0101s pa\u0161as noz\u012bmes v\u0101rdiem. Turkl\u0101t \u0161\u0101du da\u017e\u0101d\u012bbu var iev\u0113rot niec\u012bgos att\u0101lumos un visda\u017e\u0101d\u0101kajos re\u0123ionos. \u0160\u0101da aina v\u0113rojama no T\u0101lajiem Austrumiem l\u012bdz Atlantijai. Tas ir att\u0101lums, ko p\u0113c arheologu un antropologu apl\u0113s\u0113m seno baltu tautas veiku\u0161as apm\u0113ram 30 000 gados. L\u016bk, tik pla\u0161\u0101 telp\u0101 un tik ilg\u0101 laik\u0101 baltu tautu valod\u0101s ir redzama \u0161\u012b saknes patska\u0146u da\u017e\u0101d\u012bba. Apl\u016bkosim praktiskus un re\u0101lus piem\u0113rus.<\/p>\n

Apl\u016bkosim v\u0101rdu \u201csens\u201d, kas noz\u012bm\u0113 \u013coti vecs, ar\u012b lietuvie\u0161u valod\u0101 \u201csenas\u201d noz\u012bm\u0113 to pa\u0161u. Ta\u010du protobaltu valod\u0101s un tagad\u0113jos baltu dialektos par \u0161\u012b v\u0101rda saknes patska\u0146iem var kalpot gan e, gan a, gan o.<\/p>\n

Kampu\u010dij\u0101 tek upe Sena, un ar\u012b Francij\u0101 tek S\u0113na, bet Senna tek Be\u013c\u0123ij\u0101. Par Senno saucas pils\u0113ti\u0146a Baltkrievij\u0101, un ar\u012b Mozambik\u0101 ir pils\u0113ta Sena. Bet Kampu\u010dij\u0101 tek ar\u012b Sanas upe. Ir v\u0113l Sanas upe Bosnij\u0101 un Sana Polij\u0101, t\u0101s krast\u0101 st\u0101v pils\u0113ta Sanoka, bet Sanagas upe pl\u016bst Kamer\u016bn\u0101, \u0100frik\u0101. Jemenas galvaspils\u0113ta ir Sana, bet S\u012brij\u0101 \u2013 pils\u0113ti\u0146a Sa\u0101na. Indo\u0137\u012bn\u0101, Mjanm\u0101 ir pils\u0113ta Sona, bet net\u0101lu Indij\u0101 \u2013 upe Sona, kam ir v\u0101rdam\u0101sa Sona Francij\u0101. L\u016bk, t\u0101 v\u0101rdi \u201csens, sans, sons\u201d ir izplat\u012bju\u0161ies laik\u0101 un telp\u0101.<\/p>\n

\u0145emsim pieder\u012bbas vietniekv\u0101rdu \u201cmans\u201d, kas, t\u0101pat k\u0101 \u201csavs\u201d vai \u201ckonga\u201d \u2013 kunga ir hidron\u012bmu izv\u0113les motiv\u0101cijas pamats. Te main\u0101s saknes patska\u0146i u, o un a.<\/p>\n

Taizem\u0113 tek upe Muna. Par Munu sauc ar\u012b \u013benas kreis\u0101 krasta pieteku Sib\u012brij\u0101. Mona ir pils\u0113ta Jemen\u0101, bet Mono upe pl\u016bst Togo, \u0100frik\u0101. Lib\u0113rij\u0101 atrodam Mono upi, un Mana ir ar\u012b Je\u0146isejas lab\u0101 krasta pieteka Sib\u012brij\u0101. \u0100frik\u0101, Kotdivu\u0101r\u0101, ir pils\u0113ta Mana, bet par Manasu sauc gan upi, gan ezeru Tjan\u0161ana priek\u0161kaln\u0113 \u0100zijas centr\u0101. Visi \u0161ie \u201cmuns\u201d, \u201cmons\u201d, \u201cmans\u201d ir tas pats \u201cmans\u201d.<\/p>\n

Apl\u016bkosim v\u0101rdu \u201cn\u0101ra\u201d, lietuviski \u2013 \u201cnerove\u201d. Kop\u0161 senatnes \u0161im v\u0101rdam par saknes patska\u0146iem lietoti gan o, gan a, gan e.<\/p>\n

T\u0101lajos Austrumos, s\u0113\u013cu dzimten\u0113, atrodam Selemd\u017eas pieteku Noru, kam \u012bstu v\u0101rdam\u0101su atrodam \u012arij\u0101, t\u0101tad Eir\u0101zijas kontinenta pret\u0113j\u0101 mal\u0101 ar\u012b ir upe Nora. Nare no Volgas baseina sasaucas ar Narevu Vislas basein\u0101, ar Naru Pakist\u0101n\u0101, Narvu Igaunij\u0101 un Narinu Tjan\u0161an\u0101. Nemunas pieteka Nere sasaucas ar Neretu Latgal\u0113, Neretas pils\u0113ti\u0146u Zemgal\u0113, Neretvas upi Bosnij\u0101, ar Neri Rum\u0101nij\u0101 un Neri Polij\u0101. L\u016bk, cik daudz piem\u0113ru par o, a un e patska\u0146u lieto\u0161anu v\u0101rda \u201cn\u0101ra\u201d sakn\u0113.<\/p>\n

Apzinoties \u0161o saknes patska\u0146u lieto\u0161anas faktu, k\u013c\u016bst viegl\u0101k atkl\u0101t protobaltu atst\u0101tos hidron\u012bmus un topon\u012bmus, kas nomask\u0113ti aiz modern\u0101s, gramatiski \u201cfriz\u0113t\u0101s\u201d valodas. Lai gan hidron\u012bmi parasti ir prec\u012bzi motiv\u0113ti un nekad nav bezj\u0113dz\u012bgi, da\u017ereiz ar\u012b m\u016bsu sen\u010di k\u0101du upi t\u0101 ar\u012b nosauca par Upi. T\u0101 k\u0101du no Okas pietek\u0101m Volgas basein\u0101 nosauca vienk\u0101r\u0161i par Upi (tagad raksta \u201cUpa\u201d). Net\u0101lu Bolupes (tagad Belajas) pieteka saucas Ufa, kas ar\u012b ir tikai izkrop\u013cots baltu Upas nosaukums. Priek\u0161kauk\u0101z\u0101 atrodam Urupu, bet caur Zambiju \u0100frik\u0101 tek Lufupa. Botsv\u0101n\u0101 tek Molopa, kas gandr\u012bz sakr\u012bt ar mal\u0113nie\u0161u Molupi, bet m\u016bsu Vaidavi\u0146a senatn\u0113 ar\u012b nez k\u0101p\u0113c bijusi apdal\u012bta un saukta tikai par Opi. Seno v\u0101rdu saglab\u0101jusi pils\u0113ti\u0146a t\u0101s krast\u0101, kas bez pamata no Opes p\u0101rd\u0113v\u0113ta par Api. Te nu jaunajos laikos ir turpin\u0101jusies protobaltu sp\u0113l\u012bte ar saknes patska\u0146iem. Vien\u012bgi D\u0100R varen\u0101 robe\u017eupe Limpopo bez sagroz\u012bjumiem glab\u0101 varb\u016bt seno umbru doto v\u0101rdu.<\/p>\n

Omas upe Sib\u012brij\u0101, Omo upe Etiopij\u0101, Omas pils\u0113ta Zieme\u013c\u012brij\u0101, Ommes upe D\u0101nij\u0101 un \u016ames upe Zviedrij\u0101 saucas vienas un t\u0101s pa\u0161as saknes baltu v\u0101rdos. Dangmes upe But\u0101n\u0101, Dongves upe Zambij\u0101 un Dongas upe Kamer\u016bn\u0101 \u2013 visas ir seno baltu debesu upes. Uz debesu pils\u0113tas godu var pretend\u0113t Dangla Etiopij\u0101, bet Nedongai Tibet\u0101 \u0161is gods ir liegts.<\/p>\n

J\u0101dom\u0101, ka par \u0161e rakst\u012bto zv\u0113rin\u0101ti gramatikas likumu sargi var\u0113tu likties pat sa\u0161utu\u0161i, bet tad j\u0101saka: \u0161austiet nu pa\u0161i sevi. Kas jums lika iet sen\u010du gramatisk\u0101s br\u012bv\u012bbas ce\u013cu pret\u0113j\u0101 virzien\u0101? K\u0101 tad nu m\u016bsu latvie\u0161u valod\u0101 Ope k\u013cuva par Api, Ol\u016bksne par Al\u016bksni, Volka par Valku, Obrene par Abreni, L\u012bpna par Liepnu, Baja par Beju, Strodi par Stradiem (nez k\u0101p\u0113c ne par Strazdiem) un \u017deiguri par \u017d\u012bguriem? \u0160is a\u010dg\u0101rnais g\u0101jiens un nev\u0113r\u012bba m\u016bsdien\u0101s pal\u012bdz saprast pag\u0101tn\u0113 notiku\u0161o.<\/p>\n

J\u0101atz\u012bm\u0113, ka, skatoties caur modern\u0101s, gramatiski disciplin\u0113t\u0101s latvie\u0161u valodas prizmu, protobaltu hidron\u012bmi un topon\u012bmi ir gr\u016bt\u0101k paman\u0101mi un atkl\u0101jas tikai to maz\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca. Toties caur mal\u0113nie\u0161u izloksni, kas ir vari\u0146u un obru valodas sakaus\u0113jums, uztveres lauks papla\u0161in\u0101s. Piem\u0113ram: \u016asti nad Labem<\/em> \u2013 \u016bsta-osta mal\u0113niski ir pa\u0161saprotams, bet liter\u0101raj\u0101 valod\u0101 \u0161ifr\u0113jams j\u0113dziens. T\u0101pat Sanas upe ar pils\u0113tu Sanoku t\u0101s krast\u0101 ir t\u012bri mal\u0113niskas, bet caur liter\u0101ro valodu \u0161o nosaukumu baltiskumu ir gr\u016bt\u0101k ieraudz\u012bt. Tas t\u0101 nav vien\u012bgi \u010cehij\u0101 un Polij\u0101. Osumu upe Alb\u0101nij\u0101 un Osamas upe Bulg\u0101rij\u0101, Okas un Volgas upes Krievij\u0101, \u016ames upe Zviedrij\u0101, Mojas un Noras upes \u012arij\u0101, Munas upe Taizem\u0113 un Muna Sib\u012brij\u0101, Tolas upe Mongolij\u0101 un Tolo pils\u0113ta Zair\u0101, Lobo upe Kotdiuv\u0101r\u0101, Loba\u0146a Krievij\u0101 un Lobaje \u2013 Kongo pieteka \u0100frik\u0101 daudz viegl\u0101k atkl\u0101j savu baltisko izcelsmi caur mal\u0113nie\u0161u izloksni. Bet Laba, T\u012bra, Sena un Dana savu baltisko izcelsmi atkl\u0101j tie\u0161i caur liter\u0101ro latvie\u0161u valodu.<\/p>\n

L\u012bdzska\u0146u da\u017e\u0101d\u012bba protobaltu valodu v\u0101rdu sakn\u0113s ir sal\u012bdzino\u0161i maz\u0101ka par patska\u0146u da\u017e\u0101d\u012bbu. L\u012bdzska\u0146us \u201ch\u201d un \u201cf\u201d balti faktiski nelietoja, l\u012bdz \u0137\u012bnie\u0161u iespaid\u0101 un da\u013c\u0113ji sajaucoties ar tiem, \u0161ie l\u012bdzska\u0146i atrada pielietojumu hetu dialektos. T\u0101p\u0113c ap 100. meridi\u0101nu atrodam pils\u0113tas Hotu, Hetkai un Hatjai Kambod\u017e\u0101, k\u0101 ar\u012b Hetas, Ketas un Kotujas upes Sib\u012brij\u0101, Katas pils\u0113tu Mjanm\u0101, kur t\u012bri baltiskie keti ir dz\u012bvoju\u0161i l\u012bdz\u0101s hetiem, kas kaut k\u0101d\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 iespaidoju\u0161ies no dzelten\u0101s rases.<\/p>\n

V\u0113l varam konstat\u0113t da\u017e\u0101du bals\u012bgo un nebals\u012bgo l\u012bdzska\u0146u pielietojumu protobaltu v\u0101rdu sakn\u0113s. M\u0113s atrodam Donas upi Skitij\u0101 un Donu Skotij\u0101, Danas upi Portug\u0101l\u0113, Tanas upi Somij\u0101 un Kenij\u0101, Tanas ezeru Etiopij\u0101, Tano upi Gan\u0101. Var pie\u0146emt, ka nebals\u012bgie l\u012bdzska\u0146i pieder sen\u0101kiem laikiem, tom\u0113r to izplat\u012bba sniedzas no \u0100frikas l\u012bdz Somijai. Varam sal\u012bdzin\u0101t Donas pieteku Skitij\u0101, Tersu un v\u0101rdam\u0101su Tersu Sard\u012bnij\u0101, It\u0101lij\u0101, ar radinieci Tirzu Latvij\u0101. Te atrodam gan da\u017e\u0101du saknes patska\u0146u pielietojumu, gan nebals\u012bga l\u012bdzska\u0146a p\u0101rtap\u0161anu bals\u012bgaj\u0101. Tom\u0113r nav \u0161aubu, ka \u0161ie ir vienas saknes baltu v\u0101rdi, no kuriem \u201cTirza\u201d ir jaun\u0101k\u0101 un p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101 v\u0101rda forma.<\/p>\n

Esam guvu\u0161i \u012bsu un visp\u0101rin\u0101tu ieskatu par da\u017e\u0101d\u012bb\u0101m senaj\u0101s baltu valod\u0101s, kas ir saglab\u0101ju\u0161\u0101s l\u012bdz pat m\u016bsu dien\u0101m. V\u0113l neapskat\u012bta paliek divska\u0146u lieto\u0161anas da\u017e\u0101d\u012bba, kas var izr\u0101d\u012bties daudz sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101ks jaut\u0101jums par tiem, ko apskat\u012bj\u0101m. Tom\u0113r divska\u0146u lieto\u0161anas da\u017e\u0101d\u012bba baltu valod\u0101s \u2013 to senajos pieminek\u013cos, hidron\u012bmos un topon\u012bmos \u2013 nemaz tik krasi neat\u0161\u0137iras. T\u0101 ir sal\u012bdzino\u0161i daudz jaun\u0101ku laiku probl\u0113ma.<\/p>\n

Varam konstat\u0113t, ka da\u017e\u0101di run\u0101jo\u0161\u0101s baltu tautas dz\u012bvoja blakus un bez gr\u016bt\u012bb\u0101m var\u0113ja savstarp\u0113ji saprasties. Saknes patska\u0146u da\u017e\u0101d\u012bba neb\u016bt nenoz\u012bm\u0113, ka t\u0101 radusies att\u0101lin\u0101tos re\u0123ionos vai lielas laika distances rezult\u0101t\u0101. \u0160\u012bs at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas dr\u012bz\u0101k attiecas uz runas stilu, kur\u0101 ieklausoties valodas sapra\u0161ana nerada nek\u0101das gr\u016bt\u012bbas. Tas bija glu\u017ei t\u0101pat k\u0101 m\u016bsdien\u0101s, kad dienvidlatgalietis vai mal\u0113nietis \u201cp\u0101rsl\u0113dzas\u201d uz liter\u0101ro valodu. Bet vissvar\u012bg\u0101k\u0101 ir konstat\u0101cija, ka ir saglab\u0101jies liels protobaltu dotu topon\u012bmu un hidron\u012bmu daudzums, kuru motiv\u0101cija un j\u0113ga ir uzskat\u0101ma un saprotama v\u0113l \u0161odien dz\u012bvajos baltu dialektos. T\u0101p\u0113c bie\u017ei vien \u0161o v\u0101rdu izcelsmes skaidrojumi ir glu\u017ei lieki un pat kait\u012bgi, jo nevajadz\u012bgi samud\u017eina pa\u0161saprotamas lietas.<\/p>\n

Viduseiropas un Baltijas hidron\u012bmi<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Baltu valod\u0101s saprotam\u012bbu un lo\u0123isku j\u0113gu glab\u0101 senie hidron\u012bmi, un taj\u0101s \u013coti organiski iek\u013caujas modern\u0101 terminolo\u0123ija. \u0160o faktu kopums pier\u0101da, ka baltu valod\u0101m nav nek\u0101 sve\u0161a un viss m\u016bsdienu lingvistiskais materi\u0101ls ir b\u016bv\u0113ts uz baltu valodu b\u0101zes<\/strong>. \u0160oreiz gribu mazliet koment\u0113t Viduseiropas hidron\u012bmu baltisko dabu.<\/p>\n

Ja m\u0113s paraudz\u012btos uz Fihtela kalnu mezgla punktu (Piktu kalni), m\u0113s iev\u0113rotu, ka no t\u0101 uz dienvidiem tek Nabas upe, uz rietumiem tek Maina, uz zieme\u013ciem \u2013 Z\u0101le, bet uz austrumiem \u2013 Egera. \u0160ie tum\u0161za\u013c\u0101m fiht\u0101m (pikt\u0101m) apaugu\u0161ie kalni tie\u0161\u0101m \u0161\u0137iet k\u0101 Eiropas \u201cnaba\u201d, kas sadala un no\u0161\u0137ir Donavas, Labas (Elbas) un T\u012bras (Reinas) baseinus. Naba ietek Donav\u0101, Maina \u2013 T\u012br\u0101, bet Z\u0101le un Egera \u2013 Lab\u0101. Nabas nosaukums ir pa\u0161saprotams, jo t\u0101 iztek no \u016bdens\u0161\u0137irt\u0146u \u201cnabas\u201d. Maina toties ir Eirop\u0101 vien\u012bg\u0101 upe, kura vairakk\u0101rt \u201cmaina\u201d tec\u0113juma virzienu no zieme\u013ciem uz dienvidiem un otr\u0101di, pie tam ne pa jokam, bet ik reizi notekot apm\u0113ram 50 km pret\u0113j\u0101 virzien\u0101. Z\u0101le vis\u0101tr\u0101k izk\u013c\u016bst no klint\u012bm l\u012bdzenum\u0101 un l\u0113n\u0101 tec\u0113jum\u0101 \u0161\u016bpo \u016bdens \u201cz\u0101les\u201d. Egera \u0161\u0137iet dienvidbaltiska, atvasin\u0101ta no \u201cgerai\u201d \u2013 labi un t\u0101p\u0113c ar\u012b ietek zieme\u013cbaltiskaj\u0101 Lab\u0101. Tagad\u0113j\u0101s Reinas pirm\u0101 liel\u0101 pieteka T\u012bra savas \u016bdens bag\u0101t\u012bbas sav\u0101c t\u012brajos Alpu strautos. Reina ir tikai T\u012bras v\u0101rda tulkojums v\u0101ciski. Visas \u0161\u012bs upes pietekas ir izteikti baltiskas. Nekera ar sav\u0101m pietek\u0101m no gaisa izskat\u0101s k\u0101 sacerojis kr\u016bms, bet baltiem paticis uzsv\u0113rt, ka t\u0101 nav kr\u016bms, bet Nekera \u2013 \u201cne kr\u016bms\u201d, bet upe. Tad seko Maina, aiz t\u0101s \u2013 L\u0101na, kas ies\u0101kas l\u012bdzenum\u0101 un izce\u013cas ar l\u0113nu tec\u0113jumu. T\u0101p\u0113c t\u0101 glu\u017ei mal\u0113niski ir \u201cl\u0101na\u201d. Caur r\u016bdu ieguves apvidu lau\u017eas \u201cr\u016bdupe\u201d \u2013 R\u016bra. T\u0101l\u0101k uz zieme\u013ciem T\u012br\u0101 ietek \u201cLiepupe\u201d, kas p\u0101rtapusi par Lippi. No rietumu puses T\u012br\u0101 ietek s\u012bki l\u012bkumota upe ar \u012bstiem mazules vaibstiem, ko balti glu\u017ei pamatoti ir nosauku\u0161i par \u201cMozuli\u201d, tagad \u2013 Mozele. T\u012brai rietumu krast\u0101 ir sava \u201cm\u0101sa\u201d, k\u0101das, \u0161\u0137iet, nav nevienai upei pasaul\u0113<\/strong>. Sav\u0101 lejtec\u0113 p\u0113d\u0113jos 100 km t\u0101 tek tuvu blakus T\u012brai, ta\u010du neietek taj\u0101, bet kop\u0101 ar T\u012bras atteku V\u0101lu M\u0101sa ietek Zieme\u013cj\u016bras l\u012bc\u012b. Romie\u0161u kart\u0113s M\u0101sa v\u0113l ir zieme\u013cbaltu \u201cM\u014dsa\u201d \u2013 mal\u0113n\u012bte.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Uz zieme\u013caustrumiem no T\u012bras ir baltu \u201cV\u0113\u017eupes\u201d \u2013 Vezeras baseins. Vezera barojas ar \u201cslaid\u0101s\u201d Leines un Okeres \u016bde\u0146iem. Leines slaido l\u012bkumu laiskais tec\u0113jums un okera ieguves vietas Okeres basein\u0101 ir pamats \u0161o upju baltiskajiem nosaukumiem. No V\u0113\u017eupes uz zieme\u013ciem D\u0101nij\u0101 atrodam Vardi \u2013 var\u017eup\u012b\u0161u v\u0101rdam\u0101su, Ommi, G\u016bdenu un Storu, kuras neprasa \u012bpa\u0161us radniec\u012bbas pier\u0101d\u012bjumus. V\u0113l pirms Laba tapa par Elbi, romie\u0161i to p\u0101rd\u0113v\u0113ja par Albi, un tikai v\u0113l\u0101k n\u0101ca \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u Elbe. Ta\u010du aug\u0161tec\u0113 Laba saglab\u0101ja baltisko nosaukumu un t\u0101s pieteka Viltava t\u0101pat. Skaidrojo\u0161s ir fakts, ka Laba vis\u0101 garum\u0101 saglab\u0101 stabilu tec\u0113jumu un nem\u0113dz rad\u012bt pl\u016bdu briesmas, turpretim Viltavas tec\u0113jums ir nevienm\u0113r\u012bgs un draud ar negaid\u012btu pl\u016bdu briesm\u0101m. M\u016bsu sen\u010di ir pratu\u0161i atrast vispiem\u0113rot\u0101kos un rakstur\u012bg\u0101kos v\u0101rdus upju nosaukumiem.<\/p>\n

V\u0113l Lab\u0101 ietek baltiskas pietekas Muldava, Z\u0101le, Egera un Elde, kura s\u0101kas no kop\u012bga avota ar Pieni, kas pati atradusi tie\u0161o ce\u013cu uz j\u016bru. T\u0101l\u0101k uz austrumiem \u2013 Oderas jeb odru upes baseins. Odru up\u0113 ietek bebru upe \u2013 Bobere un V\u0101rta \u2013 v\u0113rt\u012bg\u0101k\u0101 pieteka ar pla\u0161u baseinu. V\u0101rt\u0101 ietek ar\u012b Obra, kuras basein\u0101 seno baltu valodu sarg\u0101ja obru tauta, kas, padota \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u spiedienam no rietumiem un v\u0113l\u0101k ar\u012b sl\u0101vu spiedienam no austrumiem, l\u012bdz pat 13. gs. saglab\u0101ja savu baltiskumu Obras basein\u0101, pal\u012bdz\u0113ja T\u0101lavas latga\u013ciem atkarot Atzeles teritoriju un izt\u012br\u012bja no sl\u0101viem Piet\u0101lavas novadu, kas k\u013cuva par Obreni, k\u0101 ar\u012b kop\u0101 ar baltiskajiem verliem Meklenburgas pus\u0113 k\u0101 Varnovas obri apdz\u012bvoja Varnovas baseinu un l\u012bdz pat 16. gs. nepadev\u0101s asimil\u0101cijai.<\/p>\n

Visla ir upe ar sam\u0113r\u0101 zemiem krastiem un pla\u0161iem, saul\u0113 vizu\u013cojo\u0161iem \u016bdens klajumiem. Vislas baseins ir caurcaur\u0113m baltu teritorija. \u0122erm\u0101\u0146u kl\u0101tb\u016btne Baltijas j\u016bras dienvidu piekrast\u0113 no Vislas gr\u012bvas l\u012bdz Emsai rietumos v\u0113laj\u0101 bronzas laikmet\u0101 ir \u013coti ap\u0161aub\u0101ma, ja \u0146emam v\u0113r\u0101 to, ka v\u0113l m\u016bsu \u0113ras 12. un 13. gs. \u0123erm\u0101\u0146i \u0161os rajonus bija vien da\u013c\u0113ji koloniz\u0113ju\u0161i un t\u0101 pa \u012bstam nostiprin\u0101j\u0101s tur tikai p\u0113c 16. gs. Toties sak\u0101vi piedz\u012bvoju\u0161ie baltu heru\u013ci atrada patv\u0113rumu pie radnieciskajiem Varnovas obriem, kur upes krast\u0101 uzc\u0113la Verles pils\u0113ti\u0146u, bet, kad hu\u0146\u0146i sagr\u0101va gotu imp\u0113riju, tie izkl\u012bda, nemekl\u0113jot patv\u0113rumu it k\u0101 senaj\u0101s \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u zem\u0113s.<\/p>\n

Ar\u012b Donavas baseins ir bag\u0101ts ar baltisku pieteku nosaukumiem. Piem\u0113ram: Inna, Zilla, Drava, Sava, Kupa, Sana, L\u0101vante, M\u016bra, Pulkava, Mor\u0101va, Izara, Vaga, Za\u013c\u0101, T\u012bsa, Same\u0161a, Mure\u0161a, Timi\u0161a, Birzava, Nera, Motra, Olta, Pruta, Loma, Putna. No Donavas baseina uz dienvidiem: Neretva, Vardara, Struma. Baltisk\u0101s upes sasniedz Adrijas un Egejas j\u016bru, bet Maz\u0101zijas baltisk\u0101 Simava ietek Marmora j\u016br\u0101. Vairums V\u0101cijas, D\u0101nijas, Anglijas, Polijas un \u010cehijas hidron\u012bmu ir zieme\u013cbaltiski, bet Donavas baseina un t\u0101l\u0101ku dienvidu apvid\u016b \u2013 dienvidbaltiski<\/strong>. Piem\u0113ram, Varnovas obru V\u0101rnene sasaucas ar v\u0101rdam\u0101su Balvu rajon\u0101. Labas pieteka Sude sasaucas ar no Sudas purva izteko\u0161o Sudu Vidzem\u0113, Leines pieteka More ar apdz\u012bvotu vietu, kur\u0101 risin\u0101j\u0101s latvie\u0161u le\u0123ion\u0101ru kaujas pret komunistu iebruc\u0113jiem. Labas pieteka Ilmenava sasaucas ar Ilme\u0146a ezeru zieme\u013caustrumos no Latgales. Ukeres upes un ukru tautas v\u0101rdu no V\u0101cijas glab\u0101 Dobeles rajona ciemats Ukri un Ukrinas Ma\u017eei\u0137u rajon\u0101. Ta\u010du hidron\u012bmi un vietv\u0101rdi sasaucas ar\u012b zieme\u013cu-dienvidu virzien\u0101. Piem\u0113ram: Temza Anglij\u0101 sasaucas ar Donavas pieteku Timi\u0161u un Tum\u0161upi, kas tek gar Ropa\u017eiem, Dravas pieteka Lovante sveicina Lovati Ilme\u0146a telp\u0101, bet Neretva, kas ietek Adrijas j\u016br\u0101, sasaucas ar Neretu Zemgal\u0113 un Neri, kas tek caur Vi\u013c\u0146u. Donavas pieteka Motra no Rum\u0101nijas sveicina M\u0113tru pie T\u0113rbatas Igaunij\u0101, bet Bugas pieteka Nareva sveic Narvu pie Somu j\u016bras l\u012b\u010da. Ezerus bija viegl\u0101k iek\u013caut klejot\u0101ju tautu teritorij\u0101, t\u0101p\u0113c to nosaukumi saglab\u0101ju\u0161ies daudz ret\u0101k. Tom\u0113r: Oderas lab\u0101 krasta pieteka Plone tek vispirms caur Plonazaru un tad caur Madusazaru, bet Labas pieteka Elde tek caur Plau\u017eazaru. \u0160o ezeru v\u0101ciskotie nosaukumi: Madu See<\/em>, Plone See<\/em> un Plauer See<\/em> nesp\u0113j nosl\u0113pt \u0161o hidron\u012bmu baltisko izcelsmi, kas ir izteikti zieme\u013cbaltiska. Topon\u012bmi ir v\u0113l maz\u0101k notur\u012bgi par ezeru nosaukumiem, tom\u0113r atsevi\u0161\u0137os re\u0123ionos ar\u012b tie ir saglab\u0101ju\u0161ies liel\u0101 skait\u0101. T\u0101 tas ir Turcij\u0101, no kurienes \u0161oreiz piemin\u0113sim tikai B\u0101rti\u0146u, kas sasaucas ar B\u0101rtas novadu Pr\u016bsij\u0101 un B\u0101rtu Liep\u0101jas rajon\u0101 net\u0101lu no B\u0101rtas up\u012btes. Daudzi baltiskas izcelsmes vietv\u0101rdi ir da\u013c\u0113ji saglab\u0101ju\u0161ies. Piem\u0113ram, V\u012bne romie\u0161u kart\u0113s v\u0113l tiek saukta baltiskaj\u0101 v\u0101rd\u0101 \u2013 Vindabona. T\u0101 ir v\u0113l viena liec\u012bba, ka baltu kl\u0101tb\u016btne Centr\u0101leirop\u0101 un Rietumeirop\u0101 ar\u012b p\u0113c gallu demogr\u0101fisk\u0101 spr\u0101dziena un ekspansijas vi\u013c\u0146iem ir bijusi un palikusi noz\u012bm\u012bga un iespaid\u012bga daudz\u0101s jom\u0101s. Skumji, ka m\u016bsdienu latvie\u0161u sen\u0101s v\u0113stures p\u0113tnieki ir tik atkar\u012bgi no aplam\u0101m hipot\u0113z\u0113m, ka at\u013caujas apmelot savus sen\u010dus par atpaliku\u0161\u0101m un tum\u0161\u0101m cilt\u012bm bez savas rakst\u012bbas un kult\u016bras.<\/p>\n

Eiropas pirmtauta \u2013 balti, no kuriem un caur kuriem ir izaugusi Eiropas kult\u016bra un kuri ir vecvec\u0101ki vis\u0101m \u201cindoeiropie\u0161u\u201d taut\u0101m, ir padar\u012bti par b\u0113rniem, kuri nezina savu v\u0113sturi un no kuriem var veidot, ko tik vien grib! Un tas notiek ar m\u016bsu \u201cv\u0113stures zin\u0101tnieku\u201d atbalstu. S\u0101p un kauns!<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Vien\u0101do un sakne l\u012bdz\u012bgo
\nbaltu hidron\u012bmu izplat\u012bba<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Starp hidron\u012bmiem vislab\u0101k saglab\u0101jusies upju nosaukumi. M\u0113\u0123in\u0101sim g\u016bt kaut vai visp\u0101rin\u0101tu ieskatu par baltisko upju \u2013 v\u0101rdam\u0101su izvietojumu pasaul\u0113.<\/p>\n

B\u0113rze un B\u0113rzupe Latvij\u0101 sasaucas ar Berztuli Lietuv\u0101, Birzava Rum\u0101nij\u0101 sasaucas ar Berezinu Baltkrievij\u0101. Dona Anglij\u0101 sasaucas ar Donu Krievij\u0101, Donavu Eiropas vidien\u0113, Danu Portug\u0101l\u0113 un Onu Breta\u0146\u0101. Drava Austrij\u0101 sasaucas ar Dravu Polij\u0101, bet Ina Polij\u0101 sasaucas ar Innu Austrij\u0101. Ila Francij\u0101 sasaucas ar Ilmenavu V\u0101cij\u0101 un Ilme\u0146a ezeru Krievij\u0101. Jara Anglij\u0101 sveicina J\u0101rup\u012bti Latvij\u0101. Kama no Pieur\u0101liem sasaucas ar Kamu Taizem\u0113, bet L\u0101vante Austrij\u0101 sveicina Lovati Krievij\u0101. Laba no Priek\u0161kauk\u0101za sveic Labu \u010cehij\u0101 un V\u0101cij\u0101. M\u016bra Austrij\u0101 un M\u016bra Jemen\u0101 sveic Murenu \u0136\u012bn\u0101, Mure\u0161u Rum\u0101nij\u0101, Muro Pakist\u0101n\u0101 un Muratu Turcij\u0101. Taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 \u201em\u016bru grauz\u0113ju\u201d grup\u0101 ietilpst ar\u012b Am\u016bra. M\u0113tra no Igaunijas sasaucas ar Motru Rum\u0101nij\u0101. Nere no Lietuvas sauc v\u0101rdam\u0101sas Narvu no Igaunijas, Narevu no Polijas, Naru no Pakist\u0101nas, Narinu no Kirg\u012bzijas, Noru no \u012arijas un Nartas ezeru no Alb\u0101nijas. Nere ir v\u0113l Rum\u0101nij\u0101. Liel\u0101 Sib\u012brijas Oba sasaucas ar Obu Francij\u0101 k\u0101 ar v\u0101rdam\u0101su, kam vien\u0101di motiv\u0113ts baltu v\u0101rds.<\/p>\n

Seda no Latvijas un Lietuvas sasaucas ar Sadu Potug\u0101l\u0113 un Sudu Latvij\u0101, bet Stora Anglij\u0101 sveicina Storo D\u0101nij\u0101. Paprada no Slov\u0101kijas sasaucas ar Papardi Latvij\u0101, bet Tisa no Karpatiem sveicina v\u0101rdam\u0101su Anglij\u0101, neaizmirstot ar\u012b Irti\u0161u Sib\u012brij\u0101. Bet T\u012bra (Reina) ar T\u012bru (D\u0146estru) tikai piemin tos laikus, kad v\u0113l bija v\u0101rdam\u0101sas. Varde D\u0101nij\u0101 sasaucas ar Vardu Indij\u0101 un Varduvu Lietuv\u0101, neaizmirstot ar\u012b Latvijas var\u017eup\u012btes. Bet no Austrumsib\u012brijas Viluja sveic Vilenu Francij\u0101 un Viltavu \u010cehij\u0101. M\u016bsu Tum\u0161upe sasaucas ar Tiamisu Grie\u0137ij\u0101 un Temzu Anglij\u0101. Beidzot no t\u0101l\u0101s Sard\u012bnijas Tirso up\u012bte sveic Tirzu Latvij\u0101.<\/p>\n

Vai tas ir viss? Ne tuvu. Piemirsu\u0161\u0101s ir pat visai senu v\u0101rdu m\u0101sas. Sena un Sana no Kambod\u017eas sveic S\u0113nu Francij\u0101, Sennu Be\u013c\u0123ij\u0101, Sanu Polij\u0101 un v\u0113l vienu Sanu Bosnij\u0101. Ar\u012b tas ir mazums, ko zin\u0101m, un mazums, ko minam\u2026<\/p>\n

Ta\u010du vien\u0101die vai \u013coti l\u012bdz\u012bgie baltiskie hidron\u012bmi veido tikai maz\u0101ko da\u013cu no nep\u0101rprotami baltiskajiem hidron\u012bmiem, kas v\u0113l ir aprit\u0113 pla\u0161aj\u0101 pasaul\u0113. Tom\u0113r tiem ir \u012bpa\u0161a v\u0113rt\u012bba. To izcelsmi no vienas valodas nav iesp\u0113jams apstr\u012bd\u0113t, tie glu\u017ei k\u0101 ar z\u012bmogu apz\u012bmogo baltu apdz\u012bvot\u0101s teritorijas t\u0101l\u0101 senatn\u0113.<\/p>\n

Tuksne\u0161u zon\u0101, sevi\u0161\u0137i ar\u0101bu apdz\u012bvotaj\u0101s teritorij\u0101s, kur upju ir \u013coti maz, toties varam atrast daudzus topon\u012bmus, kuri apliecina k\u0101dreiz\u0113jo baltu kl\u0101tb\u016btni \u0161ajos re\u0123ionos, k\u0101 ar\u012b to, ka ar\u0101bu valoda veidojusies no hatu valodas caur as\u012brie\u0161u un aramie\u0161u valod\u0101m uz m\u016bsdienu ar\u0101bu valodu. Baltu pirmvalodas un kult\u016bras noliedz\u0113ji cen\u0161as iest\u0101st\u012bt, ka tie\u0161i ar\u0101bu valoda esot izejas b\u0101ze t\u0101 sauktajai indoeiropie\u0161u valodu saimei. Atkal tiek m\u0113\u0123in\u0101ts vienu valodu koka zaru p\u0101rv\u0113rst par sakni\u2026<\/p>\n

T\u0101tad, pamatojoties tikai uz vien\u0101do un sakn\u0113 tuvo baltu hidron\u012bmu izplat\u012bbu, var secin\u0101t, ka p\u0113c p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101 leduslaikmeta baltu tautas ir apdz\u012bvoju\u0161as visu Eir\u0101zijas kontinentu, iz\u0146emot \u0136\u012bnas teritoriju. Toties Indo\u0137\u012bn\u0101 baltu ietekme bijusi visai j\u016btama. J\u0101dom\u0101, ka p\u0113c p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101 leduslaikmeta baltu tautas apdz\u012bvoja Zieme\u013c\u0101friku un pat Kamer\u016bnas un Ugandas teritoriju, kur p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101 v\u0113l \u0161odien tek upes Asva, Pagera un Okera. \u0160aj\u0101s valst\u012bs mums nav dar\u012b\u0161ana ar k\u0101du nejau\u0161u baltisku hidron\u012bmu, bet ar baltisku hidron\u012bmu s\u0113rij\u0101m, kas liek atmest katras \u0161aubas par nejau\u0161as sakrit\u012bbas iesp\u0113j\u0101m. Var\u0113tu tiepties, ka Okeras v\u0101rds aizce\u013cojis no V\u0101cijas koloniz\u0101cijas gadsimtos. Bet tad j\u0101jaut\u0101: no kurienes tad Ugand\u0101 \u0146\u0113m\u0101s Asva un Pagera? Lietuvie\u0161i ta\u010du \u0100frikas koloniz\u0101cij\u0101 nav piedal\u012bju\u0161ies\u2026 T\u0101tad \u0161ie hidron\u012bmi liecina par daudz dzi\u013c\u0101kas senatnes notikumiem.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Saglab\u0101ju\u0161ies baltu
\nhidron\u012bmi un topon\u012bmi<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Alb\u0101nij\u0101 upes: Osumi, Devoli, Mati, k\u0101 ar\u012b Nartas un Karavastas ezers.<\/p>\n

Austrij\u0101 upes: Ille, Inna, Zilla, Drava, Gaila, M\u016bra, L\u0101vante, Pulkava, Mor\u0101va, Donava un Leita, k\u0101 ari pils\u0113ta Vindabona-V\u012bne<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Be\u013c\u0123ij\u0101 upes: T\u012bra (Reina), M\u0101sa, Sambra, Senna un Iz\u0113ra. Pils\u0113tas: Tilta, Mola, Beverveika<\/em> u.c.<\/p>\n

Bulg\u0101rij\u0101 upes: Struma, Loma, Skata, Osama, Arda, Kalnica, Kulaka, Donava, Vita. Pils\u0113tas: Vidina, Malna, Loma, Galata, Love\u010da, Ardina.<\/p>\n

\u010cehij\u0101 un Slov\u0101kij\u0101 upes: Laba<\/em>, Viltava, Mor\u0101va, Odra, Poprada, Cidli\u0146a, Otava. Pils\u0113tas: Kolina, Letovice<\/em>, V\u012bra, \u010cala, Poprada, Litomi\u0161la<\/em>.<\/p>\n

D\u0101nij\u0101 upes: Omme, G\u016bdena, Varde, Storo. Pils\u0113tas: Varde, Ribe, Ringe.<\/p>\n

Dienvidsl\u0101vij\u0101 upes: Sava, Drava, Donava, M\u016bra, Kaupa, Sana, Neretva, Vardara, Timi\u0161a, Mor\u0101va, Labina<\/em>. Pils\u0113tas: Ravne, Cele, Velene, Senta, Palanka.<\/p>\n

Francij\u0101 upes: Garonna, Vjenna, Kr\u0113za, Maj\u0113na, Vil\u0113na, S\u0113na, Somma, M\u0101sa, Oba, Mozele, Izera, Oda, Sona, Ila. Grie\u0137ij\u0101 upes: Tiamisa, Strimona, Aliakmona. Pils\u0113tas: Kozani, Mola, T\u012bra, Sape, Sami, Volime, Sere, Mik\u0113nas.<\/p>\n

\u012arij\u0101 upes: Nora, Moja, Sleine, \u0160enona. Pils\u0113tas: Dublina, Kilkeni, Talova<\/em>, Golvela, M\u0101ma, Sp\u012bdala<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Island\u0113 provinces: M\u012bra, D\u0101la un Sidirm\u016bla. Pils\u0113tas: V\u012bka<\/em> un Reikjav\u012bka.<\/p>\n

It\u0101lij\u0101 upes: Adid\u017ee, Pjave, Dora Baltea, Brad\u0101no, Salso, Tirso; Gardas ezers. Topon\u012bmi: Umbrija, Lig\u016brija, Ven\u0113cija, Sp\u0113cija, Ostija, Paduja.<\/p>\n

Lielbrit\u0101nij\u0101 upes: Temza, Stora, Jara, J\u016bra, Vaja, Tisa, Speja, \u016aza, \u012adena, Dona. Salas: Kolla, Rama, Malla, Solasa, Rata rags. Pils\u0113tas: V\u012bka<\/em>, P\u016bla.<\/p>\n

Luksemburg\u0101 upes: Mozele un S\u012bra. Pils\u0113ta: Vilca<\/em>.<\/p>\n

N\u012bderland\u0113 upes: T\u012bra-Reina, M\u0101sa, V\u0101la, Aude. Pils\u0113tas: Grova, B\u0113rta, Asena, Osa, Emmena, Ommena, Ermelo, Gauda, Vordena, Udena.<\/p>\n

Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101 upes: Glomma un Logena. Pils\u0113tas: Mosa, Br\u012bn\u0113, Kangere, St\u0113rene.<\/p>\n

Polij\u0101 upes: Odra, V\u0101rta, Obra, Visla, N\u012bda, Ina, Drava, Nera, Noteca, Velena, Slupja, Paslenka, Lina, Pisa, Obu\u013cava, Elka, Bed\u017ea, Vep\u0161a un Sana. Pils\u0113tas: Suvalki, Be\u013cava<\/em>, Novgarda, Cedi\u0146a, Svece, Bogati\u0146a, Sanoka u.c.<\/p>\n

Portug\u0101l\u0113 upes: Dana, Alva, Zezeri, Sadu. Pils\u0113tas: Mora, Leitija<\/em>, Braga, Savi\u0161a un Nica.<\/p>\n

Rum\u0101nij\u0101 upes: Donava, Mure\u0161a, Timi\u0161a, Motru, Olta, Vedja, Putna, Pruta, Nera, Birzava un Tisa. Pils\u0113tas: Baja<\/em>, Deleni, Vulkani, Galaca; Letjas<\/em> sala.<\/p>\n

Somij\u0101 upes: Tana, Torne, Ounasjoki. Pils\u0113tas: \u012alo, Ivalo, V\u0101sa, Popi, Kerava, Verkausa, J\u016bka un K\u016bmu.<\/p>\n

Sp\u0101nij\u0101 upes: Sila, Sinka un Turija. Pils\u0113tas: Vika<\/em>, T\u016bja, Masa, Olota un Lugo.<\/p>\n

\u0160veic\u0113 upes: Emme, Inna, Jauna, T\u012bra, Tesa, \u0100re, Zilere un Nekere. Pils\u0113tas: B\u012ble, Valsa, V\u0101zene un divas K\u016bras.<\/p>\n

Ung\u0101rij\u0101 upes: Donava, Zala, M\u016bra, Drava, Tisa, K\u0101po\u0161a, Takta un \u0160\u0113da. Pils\u0113tas: Toro\u0146a, Berzence, Baka, Baja<\/em>, Veiti, Tata, Mora<\/em>, Papa, Pak\u0161a, V\u0101ca<\/em> un Vill\u0101\u0146a.<\/p>\n

V\u0101cijas upes: T\u012bra-Reina, Laba<\/em>-Elba, Nek\u0101ra, Mozele, L\u0101na, Maina, L\u012bpa, Okere, Leine, Vezera, Iz\u0101ra, Varnova, Tollenz\u0113, Mulda, C\u0113ra, Ore, Ilme, Ilze, Z\u0101le, N\u016bte, \u0100lande un Piene. Pils\u0113tas: Trlra, Halle, L\u0113ne, Pr\u0113ca, Ilcene, Barte, V\u0101rene, Citava u.c.<\/p>\n

Zviedrij\u0101 upes: Torne, \u016ame, Kl\u0101ra un L\u016ble; St\u016br\u0161ena ezers. Toponlmi: Upsala, J\u016bsd\u0101le, Serna un M\u016btala u.c.<\/p>\n

Turcij\u0101 upes: Pors\u016bka, Simava, Marica, L\u0113nid\u017ee, Murata, K\u016bra, Tigra, Karasu u.c. Pils\u0113tas: Iznika, Geive, Gemlika, Troja, Simava, \u010cala, Izmira, Mil\u0113ta, Migla, Isparta, Ilgina, Saiteli, Bartina, Eregli, Z\u012ble, Sirmene, Rize, Ezine, \u010cankiri un Babeski.<\/p>\n

Krievij\u0101 upes: Jana, Omolona, Vijatka, Heta<\/em>, Bureja, Am\u016bra, Oba<\/em>, Irti\u0161a, Vi\u013cuja, Aldana, Vitima, Je\u0146iseja, Volga, Kama, Oka<\/em> (2), Daugava, Me\u017ea, Lovate<\/em>, Dona, Seima, Pe\u010dora, Laba<\/em>, Urupa<\/em>, Kuma. Toponlmi: Valdajs, Altajs u.c.<\/p>\n

Pirmbaltu valoda –
\nindoeiropie\u0161u valodu saimes pamats<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Pla\u0161\u0101s Eiropas teritorij\u0101s arheologi ir atkl\u0101ju\u0161i t\u0101 saukt\u0101s sorotaptu kult\u016bras p\u0113das. \u0160o kult\u016bru p\u0113c daudzu paz\u012bmju kopuma atz\u012bst par tuvu baltiskajai. Kop\u012bga ir ne tikai miru\u0161o krem\u0113\u0161ana un pelnu apglab\u0101\u0161ana urn\u0101s, bet pat rakstu z\u012bmes. Francij\u0101 pie Glozelas atrastais, bet \u201czin\u0101tnieku\u201d nob\u0113dzin\u0101tais akmens, kura vecumu l\u0113\u0161 uz 15 000-17 000 gadu un uz kuru redzamas daudzas baltu rakstu z\u012bmes, ir attiecin\u0101ms vien\u012bgi uz sorotaptu kult\u016bru. Vienlaikus rakstu z\u012bmes uz t\u0101 dod papildu liec\u012bbu par sorotaptu baltiskumu. T\u0101tad, cikt\u0101l zin\u0101tne ir sp\u0113jusi ieskat\u012bties pag\u0101tn\u0113, tik ir k\u013cuvis redzams, ka Eiropas sen\u0101ko kult\u016bras sl\u0101ni veidoju\u0161i pirmbalti.<\/p>\n

Rakstu z\u012bmju l\u012bdz\u012bba un izplat\u012bba dod ieskatu pirmbaltu tautu apdz\u012bvotajos re\u0123ionos un tautu migr\u0101cij\u0101. Hetu-pelasgu kult\u016bras uzplaukuma laiks var\u0113tu aptuveni sakrist ar pirmbaltu dal\u012b\u0161anos zieme\u013cu un dienvidu baltos. Baltu rakstu z\u012bmes ir lietotas Kr\u0113tas sal\u0101 varb\u016bt pat 3000. g. pr.m.\u0113. Piln\u012bg\u0101ks un lab\u0101k saglab\u0101jies ir tir\u0113nu alfab\u0113ts. Tir\u0113ni p\u0113c izcelsmes b\u016btu pieskait\u0101mi zieme\u013cbaltiem, kas no Piekarpatiem pa Tiras (D\u0146estras) baseinu virz\u012bj\u0101s uz dienvidiem, kur T\u012bras gr\u012bv\u0101 uzb\u016bv\u0113ja pils\u0113tu T\u012bru, apguva ku\u0123u b\u016bves un ku\u0123o\u0161anas m\u0101ku. Akt\u012bvas ekonomisk\u0101s darb\u012bbas un vairo\u0161an\u0101s rezult\u0101t\u0101 T\u012bras baseins k\u013cuva p\u0101rapdz\u012bvots, un tir\u0113ni dev\u0101s j\u016br\u0101, lai veidotu kolonijas. Pirmo Vidusj\u016bras austrumu krast\u0101 nodibin\u0101ja T\u012bras koloniju, ko ar\u012b nosauca par T\u012bru. T\u0101l\u0101k uz zieme\u013ciem nodibin\u0101ja S\u012bdonas koloniju. Pa\u0161us kolonistus vi\u0146u sarkan\u012bg\u0101 zieme\u013cniecisk\u0101 iedeguma d\u0113\u013c grie\u0137i nosauca par \u201cpurpur\u0101 \u0123\u0113rbtajiem\u201d \u2013 feni\u0137ie\u0161iem. \u0160ie feni\u0137ie\u0161i, nostiprin\u0101ju\u0161ies l\u012bdz\u0101s tolaik v\u0113l baltiskajiem kana\u0101nie\u0161iem, dr\u012bz vien dibin\u0101ja jaunu koloniju \u0100frikas zieme\u013cos \u2013 Kart\u0101gu. Baltiskie tir\u0113ni caur Gibralt\u0101ru dev\u0101s pat p\u0101ri Atlantijas oke\u0101nam. ASV Viskonsinas \u0161tat\u0101 ir atrasts akmens, kur\u0101 iekalta seno tir\u0113nu (vienalga, feni\u0137ie\u0161u vai etrusku) burtiem rakst\u012bta inform\u0101cija.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

V\u0113sture apstiprina faktu, ka baltiskie tir\u0113ni apzin\u0101j\u0101s savu radniec\u012bbu. Kart\u0101gas un Etr\u016brijas balti prata ar apvienotiem sp\u0113kiem pretoties k\u0101 grie\u0137u, t\u0101 lat\u012b\u0146u agresijai. Tas turpin\u0101j\u0101s l\u012bdz pat p\u016bnie\u0161u karu beig\u0101m, kad romie\u0161i beidzot guva uzvaru p\u0101r Kart\u0101gu un etruskiem, bet Ma\u0137edonijas Aleksandrs jau daudz agr\u0101k bija sagr\u0101vis un izpost\u012bjis Tiru Vidusj\u016bras austrumu krast\u0101. Tikai Meln\u0101s j\u016bras Tira palika baltu-tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161u rok\u0101s ar p\u0101rtraukumiem l\u012bdz pat m.\u0113. 6. gs.<\/p>\n

Ja sal\u012bdzin\u0101m grie\u0137u un it\u0101\u013cu valodu, n\u0101kas konstat\u0113t, ka baltu valodas ietekme grie\u0137u valod\u0101 nav tik liela k\u0101 it\u0101\u013cu valod\u0101. Tas ar\u012b saprotams, jo ahajie\u0161i Pelopon\u0113sas un Tes\u0101lijas pussalas iekaroja p\u0113c Teras vulk\u0101na eksplozijas un Santorinas salas nogrim\u0161anas 1275. g. pr.m.\u0113. P\u0113c katastrofas un sekojo\u0161\u0101m epid\u0113mij\u0101m viet\u0113jo iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju skaits bija tikt\u0101l samazin\u0101jies, ka iebruku\u0161o grie\u0137u skaits 2-3 reizes p\u0101rsniedza izdz\u012bvoju\u0161o pelasgu skaitu. Toties Apen\u012bnu pussalas etruski un umbri veidoja vair\u0101k nek\u0101 pusi no pussalas iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju skaita, un vi\u0146u rindas epizodiski papildin\u0101ja no zieme\u013ciem iebr\u016bko\u0161ie balti. T\u0101p\u0113c it\u0101\u013cu valod\u0101 baltu iespaids ir tik liels, ka pa\u0161\u0101 romaniz\u0101cijas metropol\u0113 valoda ir baltisk\u0101ka nek\u0101 provinc\u0113s Francij\u0101 vai Rum\u0101nij\u0101, kur baltu valodas tie\u0161o iespaidu at\u0161\u0137aid\u012bja galli un \u0123erm\u0101\u0146i.<\/p>\n

Gallu karu v\u0113stur\u0113 ir epizodes, kur\u0101s galli sadarbojas ar etruskiem un umbriem. Tas izskaidrojams ar to, ka gallu karasp\u0113k\u0101 bija iev\u0113rojama da\u013ca Rietumeiropas baltu \u2013 tuvu etrusku un umbru radinieku. Bet milit\u0101r\u0101 komanda \u201c\u0160\u0137elt!\u201d, no kuras pretinieki dzird\u0113ja tikai \u201c\u0136elt!\u201d k\u013cuva par gallu-baltu apvienoto sp\u0113ku otro v\u0101rdu \u201c\u0137elti\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u0136eltu un \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u taut\u012bbu veido\u0161an\u0101s nav glu\u017ei vienlaic\u012bga, bet paral\u0113la. Tagad\u0113j\u0101 Francij\u0101 pie Al\u0113zijas senie balti saskarsm\u0113 ar k\u0101du tautu, varb\u016bt baskiem, p\u0101rk\u0101pa nacion\u0101l\u0101s t\u012br\u012bbas principu, un ap 9. gs. pr.m.\u0113. s\u0101ka veidoties gallu tauta ar jaunu valodu un jauktas kult\u016bras paz\u012bm\u0113m. P\u0113c p\u0101ris gadsimtiem jaun\u0101 tauta jau piepilda Mozeles, T\u012bras-Reinas un Donavas aug\u0161teces baseinus, no s\u0101kuma mierm\u012bl\u012bgi izvietojoties maz\u0101k apdz\u012bvot\u0101s viet\u0101s. V\u0113l\u0101k, pieaugot skait\u0101 un sp\u0113k\u0101, galli k\u013c\u016bst agres\u012bvi, tiecas p\u0113c hegemonijas p\u0101r kaimi\u0146iem un k\u013c\u016bst par \u013coti noz\u012bm\u012bgiem indoeiropie\u0161u tautu koktei\u013ca mais\u012bt\u0101jiem. 600. g. pr.m.\u0113. galli iebr\u016bk Apen\u012bnu pussal\u0101, 500. g. pr.m.\u0113. vi\u0146i ir jau Skotij\u0101, tad \u012arij\u0101, bet 3. gs., grie\u0137u atsisti, tie caur Tr\u0101\u0137iju dodas uz Maz\u0101ziju un, s\u012brie\u0161u Antioha sakauti, atvelkas uz Lielfr\u012b\u0123iju, ko p\u0101rv\u0113r\u0161 par Galatiju. Rietumos vi\u0146u ce\u013c\u0161 ved uz Ib\u0113rijas pussalu. Gallu d\u0113\u013c Rietumeiropas baltu atliekas atk\u0101pjas uz Alpiem, Karpatiem vai uz Pr\u016bsiju. Da\u013c\u0113ji asimil\u0113tie balti \u0123ermaniz\u0113j\u0101s. Guto\u0146i jeb goti valodas zi\u0146\u0101 v\u0113l ir diezgan tuvi baltiem. Gallu d\u0113\u013c vi\u0146i s\u0101kotn\u0113ji ar\u012b apmet\u0101s blakus pr\u016b\u0161iem. Baltu rakst\u012bbu vi\u0146i ir zaud\u0113ju\u0161i un p\u0101rmantoju\u0161i gallu burtus, kurus v\u0113l\u0101k sav\u0101 gotu alfab\u0113t\u0101 att\u012bst\u012bja l\u012bdz piln\u012bbai. Tom\u0113r ar\u012b vi\u0146i, t\u0101pat k\u0101 citas \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u taut\u012bbas, ir \u012bslaic\u012bga par\u0101d\u012bba t.s. indoeiropie\u0161u tautu kop\u012bb\u0101. K\u0101 taut\u012bba goti izz\u016bd, bet no galliem mantotais vi\u0146u alfab\u0113ts k\u013c\u016bst par v\u0101cu tautas \u012bpa\u0161umu.<\/p>\n

Z\u012bm\u012bgi, ka vec\u0101s \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u valodas ir tuv\u0101kas baltu valod\u0101m nek\u0101 jauno tautu valodas. Baltu valoda ir izejas b\u0101ze indoeiropie\u0161u valodu saim\u0113.<\/p>\n

Cit\u0101di veidoju\u0161\u0101s baltu un sl\u0101vu valodu attiec\u012bbas. V\u0113sturnieki da\u017ereiz p\u013c\u0101p\u0101 par sl\u0101vu valodu un pat krievu valodu v\u0113sturiski nep\u0101rskat\u0101mos laikos. Bet krievu senv\u0113stures p\u0113tnieki prof. Toporovs un Ivanovs godpr\u0101t\u012bgi atz\u012bst paties\u012bbu, ka krievu valoda ir radusies no baltu valodas noma\u013ciem dialektiem. T\u0101 ir viena no visjaun\u0101kaj\u0101m valod\u0101m t.s. indoeiropie\u0161u valodu saim\u0113. Vienlaikus t\u0101 ir bag\u0101ta ne tikai ar baltisko v\u0101rdu fondu un gramatisko uzb\u016bvi, bet ar\u012b ar aizguvumiem no skitu-ir\u0101\u0146u un grie\u0137u valod\u0101m. Valodas pielieto\u0161anas apjoms un teritori\u0101l\u0101 izplat\u012bba nav t\u0101s vecuma r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101ji, jo jaunas tautas sav\u0101 s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101 att\u012bst\u012bb\u0101 piedz\u012bvo \u201cdemogr\u0101fiskos spr\u0101dzienus\u201d, kas laika gait\u0101 noplok un atgrie\u017eas norm\u0101las atra\u017eo\u0161anas ritm\u0101. Var sac\u012bt, ka ang\u013cu valoda v\u0113l joproj\u0101m izplat\u0101s uz \u201cdemogr\u0101fisk\u0101 spr\u0101dziena\u201d triecienvi\u013c\u0146a, jo sevi\u0161\u0137i Austr\u0101lij\u0101, ASV un Kan\u0101d\u0101, kur nep\u0101rtraukti turpin\u0101s tautu migr\u0101cija un sajauk\u0161an\u0101s. T\u0101 ir k\u013cuvusi par baltu esperanto valodu. Sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101s v\u0101rdu formas un komplic\u0113t\u0101 gramatisk\u0101 uzb\u016bve taj\u0101 ir vienk\u0101r\u0161ota l\u012bdz iesp\u0113ju robe\u017eai, bet v\u0101rdu saknes liel\u0101 vairum\u0101 joproj\u0101m baltiskas<\/strong>. Baltisko valodas pamatu izn\u012bcin\u0101t nav izdevies ne gallu, ne lat\u012b\u0146u, ne sak\u0161u iekarot\u0101jiem, kuru veikumu da\u017ek\u0101rt var\u0113tu pat uzskat\u012bt par iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju sast\u0101va nomai\u0146u.<\/p>\n

\u012apa\u0161a un \u013coti komplic\u0113ta v\u0113sture ir dienvidbaltiem. Vist\u0101l\u0101k uz dienvidiem dz\u012bvoju\u0161i ir kana\u0101nie\u0161i \u2013 tauta, kura apdz\u012bvoja Palest\u012bnu v\u0113l pirms tir\u0113nu iera\u0161an\u0101s. P\u0113c 5. Mozus gr\u0101matas liec\u012bbas, \u201ctie Dievu piel\u016bdza uz augstiem kalniem un pakalniem un zem katra za\u013ca koka\u201d<\/strong>, bet ar\u012b pla\u0161i nodarboj\u0101s ar ma\u0123iju, k\u0101lab iebr\u016bko\u0161ajiem izra\u0113lie\u0161iem tiek dota at\u013cauja \u012bstenot cilv\u0113ces v\u0113stur\u0113 pirmoreiz fiks\u0113to genoc\u012bdu (5. Moz., 7, 1-5; 12, 2-3; 20, 11-15; 20, 16-18). T\u0101d\u0101 k\u0101rt\u0101 tika izn\u012bcin\u0101ta un semitiz\u0113ta kana\u0101nie\u0161u tauta, bet feni\u0137ie\u0161us, kas varb\u016bt bija da\u013c\u0113ji semitiz\u0113ti, l\u012bdz ar T\u012bras pils\u0113tu izn\u012bcin\u0101ja Ma\u0137edonijas Aleksandrs. Sem\u012btu genoc\u012bda dzirnav\u0101s pak\u0101peniski samala ar\u012b hetu tautu, kas da\u013c\u0113ji gl\u0101b\u0101s fr\u012b\u0123ie\u0161u un tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161u vid\u016b. Lai saglab\u0101tu savu p\u0101r\u0101kumu uz j\u016bras, grie\u0137i ap fr\u012b\u0123ie\u0161u un tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161u zem\u0113m iesp\u0113jam\u0101s ostu viet\u0101s dibin\u0101ja savas kolonijas. No sauszemes hetu, fr\u012b\u0123ie\u0161u un tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161u tautu dz\u012bvo sp\u0113ku cent\u012bgi drupin\u0101ja \u0161umeri, as\u012brie\u0161i, babilonie\u0161i, persie\u0161i, grie\u0137i, galli, romie\u0161i un, visbeidzot, turki. Tik dr\u016bma ir Maz\u0101zijas baltu tautu v\u0113sture.<\/p>\n

Otrpus Dardane\u013ciem tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161u un daku tautas sp\u0113ja notur\u0113ties ilg\u0101k. Tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161i laiku pa laikam lika nodreb\u0113t Grie\u0137ijai un Romai. Ta\u010du no gad\u012bjuma uz gad\u012bjumu, kam\u0113r romie\u0161i neatlaid\u012bgi pl\u0101noja imp\u0113rijas papla\u0161in\u0101\u0161anu. Traj\u0101ns sav\u0101 otraj\u0101 m\u0113\u0123in\u0101jum\u0101 iekaroja Dakiju, kuru no otras puses nemit\u012bgi apdraud\u0113ja \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u tautas. Uzs\u0101kto Dakijas romaniz\u0101ciju p\u0101rtrauca \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u iebrukums, kas tom\u0113r neaptur\u0113ja pa\u0161u romaniz\u0101cijas procesu. Dakiem par labu nen\u0101ca ar\u012b hu\u0146\u0146u iebrukums, un visa rezult\u0101t\u0101 Dakijas viet\u0101 tapa Rum\u0101nija \u2013 lepn\u0101kais romaniz\u0101cijas piemineklis Eirop\u0101.<\/p>\n

Daku un tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161u p\u0101rpalikums sevi apliecin\u0101ja baltisk\u0101s heru\u013cu tautas vad\u012bb\u0101, t\u0101 sp\u0113ja iztur\u0113t daudzus karus uz nemier\u012bg\u0101s Romas imp\u0113rijas robe\u017eas un pat piedal\u012bj\u0101s \u0161\u012bs imp\u0113rijas sagrau\u0161an\u0101.<\/p>\n

P\u0113c v\u0101cu v\u0113sturnieka fon R\u016btenberga inform\u0101cijas, p\u0113c neveiksm\u012bgas sadursmes ar langobardiem heru\u013ci pameta Meln\u0101s j\u016bras piekrasti un Donavas lejteces baseinu un dev\u0101s uz zieme\u013ciem. Dom\u0101jams, ka Lietuvas auk\u0161tai\u0161i ir tie pa\u0161i heru\u013ci. K\u0101da maz\u0101ka grupa no vi\u0146iem devusies Meklenburgas virzien\u0101 un ar ver\u013cu v\u0101rdu past\u0101v\u0113ju\u0161i l\u012bdz pat m.\u0113. 16. gs., kad gal\u012bgi asimil\u0113ju\u0161ies v\u0101cu taut\u0101. V\u0113l 16. gs. pie Dancigas past\u0101v\u0113ja pr\u0101va kur\u0161u kolonija. J\u0101dom\u0101, ka obri ar\u012b bija paliku\u0161i sav\u0101 senaj\u0101 m\u012btnes zem\u0113, jo 1237. gad\u0101 koloniz\u0101cijas nol\u016bk\u0101 Obr\u0101 tiek uzb\u016bv\u0113ts cicerstie\u0161u klosteris. 13. gs. topo\u0161\u0101s V\u0101cijas zieme\u013caustrumu apgabalos v\u0113l ir desmitiem venedu ciemu un da\u017ei poliski novadi. Redzams, ka da\u013ca baltisko venedu nav grib\u0113ju\u0161i iek\u013cauties venedu-sarmatu kokteil\u012b un k\u013c\u016bt par sl\u0101viem, t\u0101p\u0113c devu\u0161ies uz br\u012bv\u0101m viet\u0101m rietumos. Ac\u012bmredzot t\u0101d\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 nol\u016bk\u0101 venedi ierad\u0101s Kurzem\u0113, kur nav atst\u0101ju\u0161i nek\u0101das liec\u012bbas par pieder\u012bbu pie sl\u0101vu tautas, un ar\u012b pie C\u0113s\u012bm, kur tie p\u0101rc\u0113l\u0101s v\u0113l\u0101k, nek\u0101ds sl\u0101vu iespaids nav j\u016btams<\/strong>. Diezgan liela venedu kopa p\u0101r Alpiem non\u0101ca Venetijas (v\u0113l\u0101k \u2013 Ven\u0113cijas) apgabal\u0101, kur k\u0101 zieme\u013cbaltu piedeva izkusa it\u0101\u013cu tautu kokteil\u012b. V\u0113l k\u0101da da\u013ca non\u0101ca Breta\u0146as pussal\u0101.<\/p>\n

Piekarpatos un Vislas basein\u0101 no Karpatu venediem un ien\u0101ku\u0161ajiem dienvidbaltu, skitu-ir\u0101\u0146u un grie\u0137u jaukte\u0146iem \u2013 sarmatiem izveidoj\u0101s strauji augo\u0161a rietumsl\u0101vu tauta, kas, izmantojot gotu lielvalsts sabrukumu un apst\u0101kli, ka l\u012bdz ar gotiem uz rietumiem aizg\u0101ja krietna da\u013ca baltu-galindu, 5.m.\u0113. gs. caur baltu zem\u0113m iebruka Ilme\u0146a telp\u0101, bet no Donas baseina, b\u0113got no hu\u0146\u0146iem, baltu zieme\u013caustrumu teritorij\u0101s iebruka ar venediem nesajauktie sarmati, kas jau t\u0101 bija tr\u012bsk\u0101r\u0161i jaukte\u0146i. \u201cSarmata\u201d lietuvie\u0161u valod\u0101 noz\u012bm\u0113 \u2013 kauns. Sl\u0101vi un sarmati kop\u012bgi ar\u012b paveica savu t\u012bri baltisko sen\u010du izn\u012bcin\u0101\u0161anas kauna darbu.<\/p>\n

L\u012bdz pat \u0161im laikam galven\u0101s at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas sl\u0101vu tautu valod\u0101s ir atkar\u012bgas no rietumsl\u0101vu un sarmatu valodu proporcij\u0101m taj\u0101s. Dienvidsl\u0101vu un ung\u0101ru valod\u0101 var konstat\u0113t ar\u012b daku iespaidu.<\/p>\n

Krievu valoda netapa uzreiz. Rietumsl\u0101vu koloniz\u0113taj\u0101 Ilme\u0146a telp\u0101 izveidoj\u0101s Novgorodas k\u0146aziste ar zin\u0101mu iek\u0161\u0113jo demokr\u0101tiju un plauksto\u0161u ekonomiku. Darboj\u0101s labie\u0161u vec\u0101ko padome \u2013 ve\u010de, kur\u0101 vec\u0101kie jeb ve\u010di izl\u0113ma aktu\u0101los k\u0146azistes dz\u012bves jaut\u0101jumus. K\u0146aza vara k\u013cuva noz\u012bm\u012bga tikai karadarb\u012bbas laik\u0101, glu\u017ei k\u0101 baltu milit\u0101raj\u0101s demokr\u0101tij\u0101s. Ar nenov\u012bd\u012bbu uz Novgorodas pan\u0101kumiem raudz\u012bj\u0101s Maskavas k\u0146azs Ivans III, kur\u0161 uzbruka Novgorodai un sar\u012bkoja t\u0101s iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju masveida izkau\u0161anu. \u0160\u0101ds genoc\u012bds var\u0113ja notikt tikai uz etniska pamata<\/strong>. Maskavie\u0161iem Novgorodas iedz\u012bvot\u0101ji \u0161\u0137ita p\u0101r\u0101k baltiski rietumsl\u0101vi, bet austrumos atliku\u0161ie galindu v\u012brie\u0161i bija izn\u012bcin\u0101ti, vi\u0146u sievas un b\u0113rnus padarot par vergiem. Tam pa\u0161am vajadz\u0113ja notikt ar\u012b rietumos. No t\u0101 laika vis\u0101 Eirop\u0101 maskavie\u0161i iemantoja \u201cmoska\u013cu\u201d v\u0101rdu, kas ir sinon\u012bms band\u012btismam un lopiskumam. Un l\u012bdz pat \u0161ai dienai Maskava nav sp\u0113jusi pied\u0101v\u0101t pasaulei neko citu k\u0101 vien politisko band\u012btismu.<\/p>\n

Sal\u012bdzino\u0161i neliels ir somu valodas iespaids uz t.s. indoeiropie\u0161u valod\u0101m. T\u0101s iespaids kaut cik j\u016btams Skandin\u0101vij\u0101, kam\u0113r no baltu valodas somi ir vair\u0101k aizguvu\u0161i, nek\u0101 tai devu\u0161i. Jau 1. gs. beig\u0101s Pl\u012bnijs Vec\u0101kais Vislas labaj\u0101 krast\u0101 konstat\u0113 sarmatus un venedus dz\u012bvojam blakus. Bet Ptolemajs 2. gs. beig\u0101s tur blakus konstat\u0113 pr\u0101vu somu apmetni. Un 253. gad\u0101 Voluzi\u0101ns sakauj vanda\u013cu, somu, galindu un venedu apvienoto karasp\u0113ku. T\u0101tad, apzinoties Romas sp\u0113ku, m\u016bsu sen\u010di strat\u0113\u0123iski pl\u0101noja c\u012b\u0146u pret to. Tika veidota tautu apvien\u012bba, un no Romas vist\u0101l\u0101k dz\u012bvojo\u0161ajiem somiem jau savlaic\u012bgi tika at\u013cauts izveidot atbalsta b\u0101zes sabiedroto teritorij\u0101. \u0160is karag\u0101jiens beidz\u0101s neveiksm\u012bgi, un n\u0101kamaj\u0101, kas notika 269. gad\u0101, piedal\u0101s gan da\u017eas baltu un \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u tautas, bet ne vairs somi. T\u0101tad somu ilgsto\u0161a uztur\u0113\u0161an\u0101s Eiropas vidien\u0113 ir v\u0113sturnieku maldi<\/strong>. Un vi\u0146u valodas iespaids indoeiropie\u0161u valodu kokteil\u012b ir pavisam nenoz\u012bm\u012bgs.<\/p>\n

Sanskritu var\u0113tu uzskat\u012bt par persie\u0161u ietekm\u0113tu dienvidbaltu valodu, un t\u0101 ietekmi uz Eiropas t\u0101 saukto indoeiropie\u0161u valodu veido\u0161anos neapstiprina nek\u0101di v\u0113sturiski fakti. Vai ir lingvistiski fakti? Piem\u0113ram, sanskrita un grie\u0137u valodas atbilsmes? Te tikai j\u0101izsl\u0113dz grie\u0137u aizguvumi no baltu valodas!<\/strong> Kas tad izn\u0101ks?<\/p>\n

T\u0101tad non\u0101ksim pie rezult\u0101ta, ka visas \u201cEiropas indoeiropie\u0161u\u201d valodas ir radu\u0161\u0101s uz baltu valodas b\u0101zes daudzsl\u0101\u0146ain\u0101 mijiedarb\u012bb\u0101 ar ir\u0101\u0146u, grie\u0137u un citu j\u016bras tautu valod\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Ja pie\u0146emsim, ka grie\u0137u valoda n\u0101k no indoeiropie\u0161u pirmvalodas kodola, tad n\u0101ksies atbild\u0113t uz jaut\u0101jumu; k\u0101 gan pa\u0161\u0101 valodas kodol\u0101 var\u0113ja izveidoties tik liela valodas at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bba? <\/strong>Vai nav daudz ticam\u0101k, ka t\u0101 vair\u0101k aizguvusi no baltu valodas un tom\u0113r saglab\u0101jusi savas valodas \u012bpa\u0161o fondu, kas no s\u0101kumiem nav \u201cindoeiropeisks\u201d? Uzdevums nav viegls. Lai to pier\u0101d\u012btu, grie\u0137u valoda j\u0101att\u012bra no baltiskaj\u0101m ietekm\u0113m, no tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161u-fr\u012b\u0123ie\u0161u un, visbeidzot, no pelasgu valodas ietekm\u0113m, jo \u0161\u012bs ietekmes pie\u0161\u0137ir grie\u0137u valodai t\u0101s \u201cindoeiropeisko\u201d raksturu.<\/p>\n

P. S. Kas attiecas uz etrusku izcelsmi, tad vi\u0146i var b\u016bt ar\u012b hetu tautas atzars, kas Etr\u016brij\u0101 ierad\u0101s v\u0113l pirms tir\u0113niem. Tir\u0113nu j\u016bra savu nosaukumu var\u0113ja mantot no feni\u0137ie\u0161iem tir\u0113nu kolonij\u0101 Sard\u012bnij\u0101 un Korsik\u0101. Tom\u0113r no visai tr\u016bc\u012bg\u0101 etrusku v\u0101rdu materi\u0101la var atrast specifiski zieme\u013cbaltiskus v\u0101rdus, kas attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz tik dzi\u013cu senatni ne nu ko \u012bsti pier\u0101da, ne apg\u0101\u017e.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Eiropas valodu aizmet\u0146i baltu pirmvalod\u0101<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Starp baltu valod\u0101m par sen\u0101ko uzskata senpr\u016b\u0161u valodu. Da\u013c\u0113ji tas t\u0101 ir, kaut gan ar\u012b lietuvie\u0161u un latvie\u0161u valod\u0101 ir saglab\u0101jies liels vienl\u012bdz senu v\u0101rdu fonds. Saglab\u0101to senpr\u016b\u0161u v\u0101rdu fonds ir visai tr\u016bc\u012bgs un da\u017ereiz var b\u016bt ar\u012b neprec\u012bzs. \u0160oreiz gribu apskat\u012bt da\u013cu no tiem, apm\u0113ram 150 senpr\u016b\u0161u v\u0101rdus, kuri min\u0113ti P.U.Dini gr\u0101mat\u0101 \u201cBaltu valodas\u201d un kuri Eiropas valodniekiem ir \u0161\u0137itu\u0161i gana labi saglab\u0101ti, ticami un lietojami.<\/p>\n

Senpr\u016b\u0161u valod\u0101 var saskat\u012bt gan rom\u0101\u0146u, gan \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u, gan sl\u0101vu valodu aizmet\u0146us. Seno baltu lieto\u0161an\u0101 ir bijis \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi bag\u0101t\u012bgs v\u0101rdu fonds, daudz da\u017e\u0101du provinci\u0101lismu, daudz homon\u012bmu, kas rad\u0101s, taut\u0101m att\u0101linoties pla\u0161\u0101 apdz\u012bvotaj\u0101 re\u0123ion\u0101. Vienas un t\u0101s pa\u0161as saknes v\u0101rdi da\u017e\u0101dos re\u0123ionos ieguva at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgu pielietojumu. Kalnu rajonos un j\u016bras sal\u0101s veidoj\u0101s savrupi dialekti, kuru radniec\u012bbu joproj\u0101m apstiprin\u0101ja liels vien\u0101do un \u013coti l\u012bdz\u012bgo v\u0101rdu daudzums.<\/p>\n

Gramatisko formu zi\u0146\u0101, \u0161\u0137iet, ir vald\u012bjusi liela br\u012bv\u012bba. V\u0101rdu konstrukcijas bie\u017ei ir garas un smagn\u0113jas. Piem\u0113ram: lietuviski \u2013 \u201capsistoti\u201d, mal\u0113niski \u2013 \u201capsastot\u012bs\u201d, latviski \u2013 \u201capst\u0101ties\u201d. Vai lietuviski \u2013 \u201cnusi\u0161auti\u201d, mal\u0113niski \u2013 \u201cn\u016bza\u0161aut\u012bs\u201d, latviski \u2013 \u201cno\u0161auties\u201d. V\u0113l lietuviski \u2013 \u201crytryt\u201d, mal\u0113niski \u2013 \u201creitureit\u0101\u201d, latviski \u2013 \u201cr\u012bt no r\u012bta\u201d. Cits piem\u0113rs: pr\u016b\u0161i m\u016bli nosauku\u0161i par \u201cveloblundi\u201d. Nav glu\u017ei skaidrs, vai \u0161is sugu jauktenis nosaukts par spalvaino vai velna jaukteni \u2013 blando\u0146u-vaza\u0146\u0137i. Skaidrs ir tikai tas, ka pr\u016b\u0161i sugu sajauk\u0161anu v\u0113rt\u0113ju\u0161i negat\u012bvi. V\u0113l piem\u0113rs: lai rad\u012btu v\u0101rda \u201cdangus\u201d \u2013 debesis \u0123enit\u012bva formu, v\u0101rda saknei tiek pievienota par to krietni gar\u0101ka izska\u0146a; \u201cdangnenissis\u201d \u2013 debesu. Sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101s v\u0101rdu formas jau pa\u0161as par sevi provoc\u0113ja uz vienk\u0101r\u0161ojumu rad\u012b\u0161anu un zin\u0101mos \u0101r\u0113jos apst\u0101k\u013cos veicin\u0101ja jaunu valodu veido\u0161anos.<\/p>\n

Iepriek\u0161 teikto apstiprina \u0161\u0101di v\u0113rojumi: no pr\u016b\u0161u v\u0101rda \u201cangurgis\u201d \u2013 \u201czutis\u201d nav \u0161\u0137\u012bru\u0161ies it\u0101\u013ci. Vi\u0146iem \u201cangue\u201d noz\u012bm\u0113 \u201c\u010d\u016bska\u201d, bet \u201canguilla\u201d \u2013 \u201czutis\u201d. Ar\u012b krievu \u201cugorj\u201d c\u0113lies no t\u0101 pa\u0161a pr\u016b\u0161u zu\u0161a. Pr\u016b\u0161u \u201casilis\u201d un it\u0101\u013cu \u201casino\u201d savstarp\u0113ji uzr\u0101da liel\u0101ku radniec\u012bbu nek\u0101 jebkur\u0161 no \u0161iem v\u0101rdiem ar latvie\u0161u \u201c\u0113zeli\u201d. Pr\u016b\u0161u \u201cdantis\u201d \u2013 zobs un lat\u012b\u0146u \u201cdentas\u201d, t\u0101pat pr\u016b\u0161u \u201cdeivs\u201d un lat\u012b\u0146u \u201cdeus\u201d ar\u012b \u0161\u0137iet tuv\u0101ki nek\u0101 pr\u016b\u0161u un p\u0101r\u0113jo baltu attiec\u012bgie v\u0101rdi. Bet pr\u016b\u0161u v\u0101rds \u201cdukti\u201d \u2013 \u201cmeita\u201d ir k\u013cuvis par izejmateri\u0101lu sl\u0101vu v\u0101rdam \u201cdo\u010d\u201d. Ja pr\u016b\u0161i saka: \u201cebsign\u0101si\u201d \u2013 \u201clai sv\u0113t\u012bts\u201d, tad redzams, ka no \u0161\u012b pr\u016b\u0161u \u201csign\u0101si\u201d ir rad\u012bts v\u0101cu \u201csegnen\u201d \u2013 sv\u0113t\u012bt. P\u0101r\u0113jie balti \u0161o v\u0101rdu aizmirsu\u0161i. Pr\u016b\u0161u \u201cgarbis\u201d \u2013 \u201ckalns\u201d sl\u0101viem k\u013cuvis par kupri \u2013 \u201cgorb\u201d un kalnu \u2013 \u201cgora\u201d. Pr\u016b\u0161u \u201cgenno\u201d \u2013 \u201csieviete\u201d it\u0101\u013ciem k\u013cuvusi par \u201cil sesso gentile\u201d \u2013 par dai\u013co dzimumu. Senpr\u016b\u0161u sveiciens \u201ckaile\u201d \u2013 \u201cvesels!\u201d vispla\u0161\u0101ko pielietojumu guva v\u0101cu valod\u0101 \u201cheil!\u201d\u2026 Ta\u010du, ja pr\u016bsis saka \u201ckoite\u201d \u2013 \u201cgribi\u201d, tad sl\u0101vu \u201cho\u0137e\u0137\u201d tam ir tuv\u0101ks nek\u0101 attiec\u012bgie citu baltu v\u0101rdi. Ar\u012b pr\u016b\u0161u \u201c\u012blo\u201d \u2013 \u201c\u012blens\u201d ir jau gandr\u012bz gatavs krievu \u201c\u0161ilo\u201d. Toties pr\u016b\u0161u \u201clabbings\u201d ir izaukl\u0113jis \u0123erm\u0101nisku izska\u0146u, kam\u0113r \u201clabonahe\u201d \u2013 t\u0101ds pats labul\u012btis izskan gandr\u012bz somiski. Pr\u016b\u0161u gulta \u201clasto\u201d ir gandr\u012bz t\u0101da pati k\u0101 toh\u0101ru \u201clesto\u201d. Bet no pr\u016b\u0161u \u201climtvei\u201d \u2013 lauzt sl\u0101vi ir izveidoju\u0161i savu \u201cloma\u0137\u201d. Pr\u016b\u0161u \u201cmedhios\u201d \u2013 \u201cvidus\u201d sasaucas ar it\u0101\u013cu \u201cmedio\u201d \u2013 \u201cvidus\u201d, bet pr\u016b\u0161u v\u0101rds \u201cmen\u0161on\u201d \u2013 \u201cmiesas\u201d p\u0113c v\u0101cu izpratnes ir pats cilv\u0113ks \u2013 \u201cder Men\u0161\u201d. Te \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u un Ur\u0101los dz\u012bvojo\u0161o mansu viedok\u013ci sakr\u012bt. Ar\u012b vi\u0146iem \u201cmansi\u201d ir \u201ccilv\u0113ks\u201d. Pr\u016b\u0161u sv\u0113tdiena \u201cnadele\u201d k\u013cuva par sl\u0101vu \u201cned\u0113\u013ca\u201d. Pr\u016b\u0161u \u201cnage\u201d \u2013 \u201ck\u0101ja\u201d sl\u0101viem k\u013cuvusi \u201cnoga\u201d, bet baltiem \u0161is v\u0101rds noz\u012bm\u0113 tikai nagu. Pr\u016b\u0161u \u201cnaute\u201d \u2013 \u201cvajadz\u012bba\u201d \u0123erm\u0101\u0146iem k\u013cuvusi par \u201cnoti\u201d, bet obriem par \u201cn\u016bti\u201d. Pr\u016b\u0161u \u201cnoz\u012b\u201d \u2013 \u201cdeguns\u201d pat\u012bk it\u0101\u013ciem \u201cnaso\u201d un sl\u0101viem \u201cnos\u201d, kam\u0113r cit\u0101s baltu valod\u0101s \u201cnoz\u012b\u201d noz\u012bm\u0113 tikai n\u0101si. No pr\u016b\u0161u \u201cn\u012bkoite\u201d \u2013 \u201cnegribi\u201d izveidots sl\u0101vu \u201c\u0146e ho\u010de\u0161\u201d. Kuil\u0113nu pr\u016b\u0161i sauc par \u201cparstian\u201d, bet c\u016bci\u0146u par \u201csvintian\u201d, un no p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101s sl\u0101vi izaudzin\u0101ju\u0161i \u201csavu\u201d c\u016bku \u2013 \u201csvi\u0146ja\u201d. No pr\u016b\u0161u v\u0101rdiem \u201cnossen\u201d un \u201cnause\u201d \u2013 m\u016bsu ir rad\u012bts sl\u0101vu \u201cna\u0161\u201d. Pr\u016b\u0161u \u201cpost\u0101sei\u201d \u2013 \u201ck\u013c\u016bsi\u201d ir pamat\u0101 sl\u0101vu \u201cposta\u0146e\u0161\u201d. Bet pr\u016b\u0161u \u201creten\u012bkan\u201d \u2013 \u201cpest\u012bt\u0101js\u201d ir pamat\u0101 v\u0101cu \u201cder Retter\u201d un \u201cgr\u012bkas\u201d \u2013 \u201cgr\u0113ks\u201d, abi kop\u0101 liecina, ka gar\u012bgo terminolo\u0123iju baltiem nevajadz\u0113ja ne no viena aiz\u0146emties\u2026 No pr\u016b\u0161u \u201cr\u012bhhi\u201d \u2013 \u201cvarens\u201d ir c\u0113lies v\u0101cu \u201cReich\u201d. Pr\u016b\u0161u v\u0101rds \u201csall\u012bban\u201d \u2013 \u201csadz\u012bve\u201d atkl\u0101j, ka v\u0101cu dz\u012bve \u2013\u201ddas leben\u201d ir c\u0113lusies no pr\u016b\u0161u dz\u012bves \u201cl\u012bban\u201d. No pr\u016b\u0161u zoss \u2013 \u201csans\u012b\u201d ir radusies v\u0101cu zoss \u201cdie Gans\u201d. Bet pr\u016b\u0161u s\u0113klu \u2013 \u201csemen\u201d lieto vienl\u012bdz rom\u0101\u0146i un sl\u0101vi. Pr\u016b\u0161u \u201csirnis\u201d \u2013 \u201cstirna\u201d pie po\u013ciem k\u013cuvusi \u201csarna\u201d, bet pr\u016b\u0161u \u201csiunos\u201d \u2013 \u201cd\u0113ls\u201d p\u0101rtapis par \u201csin\u201d \u2013 \u201cd\u0113ls\u201d visu sl\u0101vu izpratn\u0113. Ja pr\u016bsis ir \u201cskell\u0101nts\u201d \u2013 \u201cvain\u012bgs\u201d, tad it\u0101lis \u201cscellerato\u201d \u2013 \u201cnoziedz\u012bgs\u201d. Ja pr\u016b\u0161u priek\u0161karam\u0101 atsl\u0113ga ir \u201csomukis\u201d, tad krieviem t\u0101 ir \u201czamok\u201d.<\/p>\n

Bet aud\u0113ju pr\u016b\u0161i sauc par \u201ctuckori\u201d, jo vi\u0146\u0161 iet\u016bca \u2013 iepres\u0113 audu diegus velku kor\u0113. T\u0101 k\u0101 pirmie aud\u0113ji dz\u012bvoja Priek\u0161kauk\u0101z\u0101, tad pr\u016b\u0161i vi\u0146us nosauca par tuckoriem \u2013 toh\u0101riem. Pirmatn\u0113j\u0101m stell\u0113m nebija \u0137emml\u0101des, t\u0101p\u0113c audu diegus burtiski iet\u016bc\u012bja velku kor\u0113 ar rok\u0101 tur\u0113tu \u0137emm\u012bti. T\u0101p\u0113c ar\u012b pie sl\u0101viem aust noz\u012bm\u0113 tika\u0137-tka\u0137.<\/p>\n

\u201cVaissei\u201d \u2013 \u201czin\u0101t\u201d, \u0161is pr\u016b\u0161u v\u0101rds ir pamat\u0101 t\u0101das pa\u0161as noz\u012bmes v\u0101cu v\u0101rdam \u201cwissen\u201d. T\u0101pat pr\u016b\u0161u \u201cvirst\u201d \u2013 \u201ck\u013c\u016bst\u201d ir k\u013cuvis par pamatu v\u0101cu v\u0101rdam \u201cwerden\u201d, bet obru \u201cvords\u201d ir pamat\u0101 v\u0101cu \u201cdas Wort\u201d. V\u0113l var\u0113tu min\u0113t pr\u016b\u0161u \u201cvijrs\u201d \u2013 v\u012brs, kas ir tas pats it\u0101\u013cu \u201cvir\u201d, kur\u0161 palaikam esot v\u012bri\u0161\u0137\u012bgs \u2013 \u201cvirile\u201d, ko p\u0101r\u0113jie balti uzskat\u012btu tikai par \u201cv\u012breli\u201d. Bet pr\u016b\u0161u \u201cvangan\u201d \u2013 \u201cbeigas\u201d ir palicis beig\u0101s. It\u0101\u013ci t\u0101 sauc \u201cl\u0101pstu\u201d, bet balti, ja k\u0101dam pien\u0101k beigas, saka: \u201cTam ar \u201cl\u0101pstu\u201d pa dibenu!\u201d<\/p>\n

Ja \u0161\u0101du valodu sal\u012bdzin\u0101\u0161anu izdar\u012btu, izejot no lietuvie\u0161u valodas vai mal\u0113nie\u0161u dialekta, iespaids par baltu valodu k\u0101 Eiropas valodu pirmpamatu tikai nostiprin\u0101tos, bet daudz\u0101m Eiropas \u201ckult\u016bras valod\u0101m\u201d pietr\u016bktu sava ori\u0123in\u0101lv\u0101rdu fonda. Baltiem nav \u017e\u0113l, ka Eiropas tautas lieto m\u016bsu sen\u010du v\u0101rdu bag\u0101t\u012bbas. Lietotie v\u0101rdi jau tiek uzspodrin\u0101ti un nav lemti pazu\u0161anai. Daudz \u013caun\u0101k ir tas, ka baltu tautas no to valodas mantinieku puses tiek apdraud\u0113tas un tiek pat pl\u0101nota baltu tautu izn\u012bcin\u0101\u0161ana, t\u0101s izkl\u012bdinot un t\u0113vzem\u0113 paliku\u0161os asimil\u0113jot. Baltu post\u012b\u0161anas process jau ir sp\u0113k\u0101. Tas ir labi un vispus\u012bgi izpl\u0101nots. Tas tiek sl\u0113pts aiz globaliz\u0101cijas lozungiem, bet visu laiku ir j\u016btama \u201ckomis\u0101ru\u201d modr\u012bba un p\u016bles nepie\u013caut \u0161\u012b noziedz\u012bg\u0101 procesa aptur\u0113\u0161anu. Dz\u012bvosim \u2013 redz\u0113sim.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Eiropas valodu aizmet\u0146i zieme\u013cbaltu valod\u0101<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Baltu (sorotaptu) pirmvalodas v\u0101rdus iesp\u0113jams restaur\u0113t, apvienojot senpr\u016b\u0161u, lietuvie\u0161u, kur\u0161u un mal\u0113nie\u0161u seno v\u0101rdu fondus. Latvie\u0161u rakstu valod\u0101 to palicis sal\u012bdzino\u0161i maz, ta\u010du tie rakstu valodas v\u0101rdi, kas sakr\u012bt ar rom\u0101\u0146u, \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u vai sl\u0101vu aizguvumiem, noteikti pieskait\u0101mi baltu pirmvalodas fondam. Protams, tur nevar ieskait\u012bt moderno terminolo\u0123iju.<\/p>\n

\u0160obr\u012bd par izejas materi\u0101lu \u0146emsim zieme\u013cbaltu v\u0101rdus, kurus saglab\u0101ju\u0161i mal\u0113nie\u0161i. Ja latvie\u0161i saka \u201cbet\u201d, ang\u013ci \u201cbat\u201d, tad mal\u0113nie\u0161i saka \u201cabet\u201d, un v\u0101cie\u0161i \u2013 \u201caber\u201d. K\u0101 ang\u013cu t\u0101 v\u0101cu aizguvumiem pamat\u0101 st\u0101v baltu v\u0101rds. Mal\u0113nie\u0161i tirgo\u0161anos sauc par \u201candeli\u201d, bet v\u0101cie\u0161i saka \u201chandeln\u201d \u2013 \u201dtirgoties\u201d. P\u0113c veciem standartiem \u201candele\u201d b\u016btu v\u0101cu barbarisms latvie\u0161u valod\u0101. Tom\u0113r zieme\u013cbalti venedi un obri \u201candel\u0113ja\u201d jau tad, kad v\u0101cu valodas nemaz nebija, un \u201candel\u0113\u0161ana\u201d mal\u0113nie\u0161u valod\u0101 iek\u013caujas tikpat organiski k\u0101 \u201cd\u012bdel\u0113\u0161ana\u201d, \u201cbeidel\u0113\u0161ana\u201d vai \u201cgavil\u0113\u0161ana\u201d. No mal\u0113nie\u0161u \u201cbordas\u201d izaugusi po\u013cu \u201cbroda\u201d, krievu \u201cboroda\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cder Bart\u201d. Bet no \u201cbosa\u201d mal\u0113nie\u0161a radies \u201cbosij\u201d sl\u0101vs. No mal\u0113nie\u0161u \u201cbrouv\u0113t\u201d radies v\u0101cu \u201cbrauen\u201d, bet no \u201cbrou\u017ea\u201d \u2013 die \u201cBrauerai\u201d. Toties no mal\u0113nie\u0161u \u201cbuteles\u201d sl\u0101viem izn\u0101kusi \u201cbutilka\u201d, no mal\u0113nie\u0161u \u201cbe\u0146\u0137a\u201d v\u0101cie\u0161iem izn\u0101cis die \u201cbank\u201d \u2013 \u201dsols\u201d, bet mal\u0113nie\u0161u \u201cb\u016bda\u201d ar\u012b vi\u0146iem palikusi die \u201cBude\u201d. No mal\u0113nie\u0161u \u201cbroutes\u201d v\u0101cie\u0161iem izn\u0101kusi die \u201cBraut\u201d, bet vi\u0146as \u201cbl\u016bze\u201d t\u0101 ar\u012b palikusi die \u201cBluse\u201d, ar\u012b it\u0101\u013ciem \u201cblusa\u201d un sl\u0101viem \u201cbluza\u201d.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

No mal\u0113nie\u0161u \u201ccilvaka\u201d sl\u0101vi izmoc\u012bju\u0161i \u201c\u010deloveku\u201d, bet no mal\u0113nie\u0161u \u201cdiel\u201d \u2013 d\u0113\u013c sl\u0101vi rad\u012bju\u0161i \u201cd\u013ca\u201d \u2013 \u201dpriek\u0161\u201d. Kas mal\u0113nie\u0161iem ir \u201cdurs\u201d, to ang\u013ci sauc \u201cdor\u201d, bet, ja mal\u0113nietim vajag \u201cd\u016bmot\u201d, tad krievam \u201cduma\u0137\u201d. Mal\u0113nie\u0161i stiepli sauc par \u201cdroti\u201d, bet v\u0101cie\u0161i \u2013 der \u201cDraht\u201d, segu mal\u0113nie\u0161i sauc par \u201cde\u0137i\u201d, no k\u0101 radies v\u0101cu die \u201cDecke\u201d. Nedom\u0101sim, ka mal\u0113nie\u0161i neprata segties, pirms rad\u0101s v\u0101cu valoda un tauta. Mal\u0113nie\u0161i saka gan \u201clobok\u201d, gan \u201celet\u201d. P\u0113d\u0113jo saglab\u0101ju\u0161i it\u0101\u013ci \u2013 \u201celetto\u201d \u2013 lab\u0101kais. Kas mal\u0113nietim \u201cgolva\u201d, tas krievam \u201cgolova\u201d, bet kas mal\u0113nie\u0161im \u201cspice\u201d, tas it\u0101lim \u201capice\u201d. Kas mal\u0113nietim \u201cgotavs\u201d, tas krievam \u201cgotov\u201d. Kas mal\u0113nietim \u201citis\u201d, tas etruskam \u201cita\u201d, bet kas mal\u0113nietim \u201cd\u012bna\u201d, tas etruskam \u201ctin\u201d.<\/p>\n

Mal\u0113nie\u0161u neb\u0113dnis \u2013 \u201cprokvasts\u201d pie sl\u0101viem k\u013cuvis par \u201cprahvostu\u201d. Mal\u0113nie\u0161i jau aizv\u0113stur\u0113 m\u0101c\u0113ja \u201cpriesti\u201d \u2013 v\u0113rpt, bet sl\u0101vi iem\u0101c\u012bj\u0101s \u201cprjas\u0137i\u201d. Mal\u0113nie\u0161i visu cent\u0101s rikt\u0113t un dar\u012bt \u201crikt\u012bgi\u201d, un v\u0101cie\u0161i aizguva \u201crichtig\u201d. Mal\u0113nie\u0161i riteni sauca par \u201crotu\u201d, it\u0101\u013ci \u2013 \u201cruota\u201d, bet mazu riten\u012bti \u2013 \u201crotella\u201d. Bet mal\u0113nie\u0161u \u201crosa\u201d t\u012br\u0101 veid\u0101 iepatikusies krieviem \u2013 \u201crosa\u201d. Kas mal\u0113nie\u0161iem \u201crouda\u201d, tas sl\u0101viem \u2013 \u201cruda\u201d, bet mal\u0113niskie \u201crogi\u201d \u2013 \u201dragi\u201d sl\u0101viskoti k\u013cuva \u201croga\u201d. Bet no mal\u0113nie\u0161u \u201croumes\u201d \u2013 \u201dtelpas\u201d v\u0101cie\u0161i ieguva labu da\u013cu savas dz\u012bves telpas \u2013 der Lebens -\u201draum\u201d. No mal\u0113nie\u0161u \u201cr\u016bkas\u201d rad\u0101s sl\u0101vu \u201cruka\u201d, bet no \u201crupu\u010da\u201d \u2013 krupja po\u013ci izveidoja savu \u201cropuhu\u201d. Mal\u0113nie\u0161u \u201csirps\u201d \u2013 \u201cserp\u201d, \u201cs\u012brs\u201d \u2013 \u201csir\u201d sl\u0101viskoti gandr\u012bz bez izmai\u0146\u0101m. Mal\u0113nisk\u0101 \u201cskode\u201d \u2013 \u201dzaud\u0113jums\u201d v\u0101ciskota \u2013 der \u201cSchaden\u201d \u2013 \u201dzaud\u0113jums\u201d, bet it\u0101liski \u201cscadere\u201d \u2013 pasliktin\u0101ties. Kas mal\u0113nietim \u201csme\u0137\u012bgs\u201d, ar\u012b v\u0101cietim \u201cschmeckig\u201d, bet kas mal\u0113nietim \u201csm\u0101rs\u201d, tas polim \u201csmar\u201d, mal\u0113nie\u0161u \u201csmiere\u201d v\u0101ciskota k\u013cuvusi die \u201cSchmiere\u201d. Mal\u0113nie\u0161u \u201csols\u201d, it\u0101\u013cu \u201csole\u201d un sl\u0101vu \u201cso\u013c\u201d koment\u0101rus neprasa. Kas mal\u0113nietim \u201csprauns\u201d \u2013 \u201dvesel\u012bgs\u201d, tas krievam \u201cispravnij\u201d \u2013 k\u0101rt\u012bb\u0101. Mal\u0113nie\u0161i rakstvedi sauc par \u201cskreiveli\u201d, bet it\u0101\u013ci saka \u201cscrivere\u201d \u2013 rakst\u012bt. Mal\u0113nie\u0161i koka zaru dak\u0161as sauc \u2013 \u201csekumi\u201d, bet it\u0101\u013ciem \u201csecume\u201d noz\u012bm\u0113 nokaltu\u0161us zarus. Mal\u0113\u00adnietim \u201c\u0161\u013cuka\u201d \u2013 \u201dmalks\u201d, v\u0101ciski \u201cSchluck\u201d \u2013 \u201dmalks\u201d. Mal\u0113nie\u0161i sapu\u00adtotas ziepes sauc par \u201c\u0161oumi\u201d, bet it\u0101\u013ci \u2013 \u201cschiuma\u201d. Mal\u0113nie\u0161i par \u201c\u0161mugul\u0113\u0161an\u016bs\u201d sauc prastu kr\u0101p\u0161anos, bet v\u0101cie\u0161iem \u201cschmuggeln\u201d noz\u012bm\u0113 nodarbo\u0161anos ar kontrabandu, Mal\u0113niski \u201cprosts\u201d \u2013 \u201dvienk\u0101r\u0161s\u201d visai vienk\u0101r\u0161i p\u0101rv\u0113rsts par krievu \u201cprostoi\u201d \u2013 \u201dvienk\u0101r\u0161s\u201d. Mal\u0113nie\u0161u \u201c\u0161muce\u201d \u2013 \u201dkauns, net\u012br\u012bba\u201d v\u0101cietim ir tikai der \u201cSchmutz\u201d \u2013 \u201dnet\u012brumi, dub\u013ci\u201d. Mal\u0113nie\u0161u \u201c\u0161torme\u201d \u2013 \u201dbr\u0101zma\u201d sl\u0101viem k\u013cuvusi par \u201c\u0161torm\u201d, bet \u0123erm\u0101\u0146iem der \u201cSturm\u201d \u2013 \u201dv\u0113tra\u201d. Ja mal\u0113nie\u0161i \u201c\u0161top\u0113\u201d \u2013 \u201db\u0101\u017e\u201d, tad it\u0101\u013ci \u201cstoppare\u201d \u2013 \u201eaizb\u0101\u017e ausis\u201d, bet v\u0101cie\u0161i \u201cstopfen\u201d den Mund \u2013 \u201daizb\u0101\u017e muti\u201d. \u201c\u0160trams\u201d mal\u0113nietis ar\u012b v\u0101cietim liksies bra\u0161s, bet mal\u0113nie\u0161u \u201cter\u012bne\u201d b\u016bs t\u0101 pati m\u0101la b\u013coda, ko it\u0101\u013ci sauc \u201cterrina\u201d. Mal\u0113nie\u0161u \u201ctelver\u0137is\u201d, sl\u0101vu \u201ctarelka\u201d un v\u0101cu die \u201cTeller\u201d \u2013 visi n\u0101k no sen\u0101s baltu saknes. Mal\u0113nie\u0161u \u201ctouce\u201d sl\u0101vu debes\u012bs palikusi par \u201ctu\u010du\u201d, bet vi\u0146u \u201ctorba\u201d ar\u012b pie po\u013ciem palikusi \u201ctorba\u201d. Mal\u0113\u00adnie\u0161u \u201ctoragu\u201d \u2013 \u201dbiezpienu\u201d sl\u0101vi sam\u012bc\u012bju\u0161i \u201ctvorog\u0101\u201d, bet no mal\u0113\u00adnie\u0161u \u201ctupeles\u201d vi\u0146iem izn\u0101kusi \u201ctuf\u013ca\u201d. Mal\u0113nie\u0161u \u201cveinu\u201d visatzin\u012bg\u0101k pie\u0146\u0113mu\u0161i v\u0101cie\u0161i \u2013 der \u201cWein\u201d, bet it\u0101\u013ci un sl\u0101vi pabr\u016bv\u0113ju\u0161i \u201cvino\u201d. Bet galvenais mal\u0113niskais \u201cvords\u201d ir palicis ar\u012b par v\u0101cu das \u201cWort\u201d. Mal\u0113nie\u0161u \u201cvolgums\u201d ir p\u0101rv\u0113rsts sl\u0101vu \u201cvlag\u0101\u201d, bet mal\u0113\u00adnie\u0161u upe \u201cvolga\u201d nav t\u0101p\u0113c main\u012bjusi savu m\u016b\u017eseno nosaukumu. Mal\u0113nie\u0161u \u201cvover\u012bti\u201d po\u013ci nosauku\u0161i par \u201cvieviorku\u201d. Skaidrs, ka jaun\u0101s tautas nesp\u0113ja apg\u016bt visu seno baltu gudr\u012bbu un v\u0101rdu fondu, t\u0101p\u0113c mal\u0113nie\u0161u v\u0101rds \u201czinot\u201d sl\u0101viem ir tikai \u201czna\u0137\u201d un \u201czino\u0161anas\u201d tikai \u201czna\u0146ije\u201d. Bet seno baltu, tan\u012b skait\u0101 ar\u012b zieme\u013cbaltu zupu str\u0113bdami un valodu loc\u012bdami, izaugu\u0161i gan it\u0101\u013ci \u2013 \u201czuppa\u201d, v\u0101cie\u0161i \u2013 die \u201cSuppe\u201d un sl\u0101vi \u201csup\u201d. Laikam jau visiem kop\u012bga ir vec\u0101 baltu valodas zupas b\u013coda<\/strong>, ko it\u0101\u013ci visai god\u012bgi l\u012bdz \u0161ai dienai sauc par \u201czupieru\u201d.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Tuvums un t\u0101lums
\nsl\u0101vu un \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u valod\u0101s<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0160\u012bs sal\u012bdzino\u0161i jaun\u0101s valodas ir att\u012bst\u012bju\u0161\u0101s diezgan att\u0101lin\u0101tos re\u0123ionos. \u0122erm\u0101\u0146u valodas veidoj\u0101s l\u012bdz\u0101s gallu valodai Rietumromas imp\u0113rij\u0101 un da\u013c\u0113ji br\u012bvaj\u0101 Rietumeirop\u0101. Sl\u0101vu valodas veidoj\u0101s Dienvidaustrumu Eirop\u0101 un Karpatos. Taj\u0101s vair\u0101k j\u016btams grie\u0137u un ir\u0101\u0146u iespaids no Austrumromas un v\u0113l\u0101k Bizantijas imp\u0113rijas, kam\u0113r \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u valod\u0101s vair\u0101k j\u016btams rom\u0101\u0146u un gallu iespaids.<\/p>\n

Zem visa t\u0101 ir pirmbaltu valodas pla\u0161\u0101 b\u0101ze un v\u0101rdu izejmateri\u0101ls. T\u0101, ka sal\u012bdzinot baltu valodas un jebkuru jaun\u0101s Eiropas valodu, m\u0113s taj\u0101s atrad\u012bsim vispla\u0161\u0101ko kop\u012bgo v\u0101rdu fondu. Bet, ja sal\u012bdzin\u0101sim sl\u0101vu un \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u valodas, tad at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bba ir visai izteikta. Protams, jebkur\u0101 t\u0101d\u0101 sal\u012bdzin\u0101\u0161an\u0101 j\u0101atsak\u0101s no jauno laiku terminolo\u0123ijas, kas visai Eiropai atkal ir kop\u012bga.<\/p>\n

Ir visai interesanti apl\u016bkot v\u0101rdus, kas ir kop\u012bgi, piem\u0113ram, v\u0101cu un krievu valod\u0101. Tie nav jauno laiku aizguvumi. To nav ar\u012b sevi\u0161\u0137i daudz. Toties tie krasi izce\u013cas p\u0101r\u0113j\u0101 v\u0101cu un krievu valodas v\u0101rdu fonda vid\u016b.<\/p>\n

Romas imp\u0113rija p\u0101rvald\u012bja pla\u0161as teritorijas ne jau ar Romas pilso\u0146u sp\u0113ku. Labi, ja to pietika komandieru amatiem. Le\u0123ion\u0101ru masu veidoja kaimi\u0146tautu g\u016bstek\u0146i un br\u012bvpr\u0101t\u012bgie algot\u0146i. Raibajam le\u0123iona sast\u0101vam tom\u0113r bija nepiecie\u0161ams savstarp\u0113ji saprasties. Nav zin\u0101ms, vai le\u0123ionam bija savas specifiskas v\u0101rdn\u012bcas, bet, ka tas nav izsl\u0113gts, to m\u0113s t\u016bl\u012bt redz\u0113sim. Lai pak\u013cautu br\u012bv\u0101s baltu tautas, karam pret t\u0101m tika aicin\u0101ti tr\u012bsk\u0101r\u0161ie baltu, grie\u0137u, ir\u0101\u0146u jaukte\u0146i \u2013 sarmati austrumos un gallu \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u taut\u012bbas rietumos. No baltiem varb\u016bt le\u0123ionos dien\u0113ja umbru un etrusku tautu pak\u013cautais atlikums. T\u0101p\u0113c baltu v\u0101rdi Romas le\u0123iona \u017eargon\u0101 nedomin\u0113.<\/p>\n

Toties v\u0101cu-krievu kop\u012bgie v\u0101rdi labi atbilst t\u0101 laika un apst\u0101k\u013cu vajadz\u012bb\u0101m.<\/p>\n

1. Milit\u0101rie j\u0113dzieni
\n<\/strong>Karogs \u2013 die Flagge \u2013 flag, (v\u0113l jau v\u0101cie\u0161iem ir die Fahne un krieviem \u2013 znamja).
\nL\u0101pa \u2013 die Fakel \u2013 fakel \u2013 ar\u012b krieviem.
\nForma \u2013 die Form \u2013 forma \u2013 ar\u012b krieviem.
\nUzbrukums \u2013 die Attacke \u2013 ataka \u2013 t\u0101pat.
\nTrieciens \u2013 der Sturm \u2013 \u0161turm \u2013 vien\u0101di.
\nM\u0113r\u0137is \u2013 das Ziel \u2013 ce\u013c \u2013 ar\u012b krieviem.
\nRobe\u017ea \u2013 die Grenze \u2013 gra\u0146ica \u2013 ar\u012b t\u0101pat.
\nM\u0113\u0123in\u0101jums \u2013 die Probe \u2013 proba \u2013 vien\u0101di.
\nSods \u2013 die \u0160trafe \u2013 \u0161traf \u2013 ar\u012b t\u0101pat.
\nVaron\u012bgs \u2013 heroisch \u2013 geroi\u010deskij \u2013 ar\u012b krieviem.<\/p>\n

2. Vajadz\u012bgu lietu nosaukumi
\n<\/strong>Siksna \u2013 der Riemen \u2013 reme\u0146 krieviem \u2013 glu\u017ei t\u0101pat.
\nSk\u0101rda spr\u0101dze \u2013 das Blech \u2013 b\u013caha \u2013 ar\u012b t\u0101pat.
\n\u0160\u0146ore \u2013 die Schnur \u2013 \u0161nur \u2013 sakr\u012bt prec\u012bzi.
\nNauda \u2013 der Groschen \u2013 gro\u0161i \u2013 ar\u012b krieviem.
\n\u0160alle \u2013 der Schal \u2013 \u0161a\u013c \u2013 ar\u012b krieviem.<\/p>\n

3. Sadz\u012bvisko lietu nosaukumi
\n<\/strong>Ciemi\u0146\u0161 \u2013 der Gast \u2013 gos\u0137 \u2013 ar\u012b krieviem.
\nRupj\u0161 cilv\u0113ks \u2013 der Grobian \u2013 grubijan \u2013 t\u0101pat.
\nT\u0113vs \u2013 der Papa \u2013 papa (\u0161ajos apst\u0101k\u013cos v\u0101cie\u0161i nelieto \u201dder Fater\u201d).
\nKr\u0113sls \u2013 der Stuhl \u2013 stul \u2013 abiem t\u0101pat.
\n\u0160\u0137\u012bvis \u2013 der Teller \u2013 tarelka \u2013 ar\u012b krieviem.
\nSal\u0101ti \u2013 der Salat \u2013 salat \u2013 ab\u0101s valod\u0101s.
\nKor\u0137is \u2013 der Propfen \u2013 propka \u2013 visai l\u012bdz\u012bgi.
\nArkls \u2013 der Pflug \u2013 plug \u2013 ab\u0101s valod\u0101s.
\nK\u016bdra \u2013 der Torf \u2013 torf \u2013 ar\u012b krieviski.
\nGrunts \u2013 der Grund \u2013 grunt \u2013 glu\u017ei t\u0101pat.
\nMais\u012bt \u2013 mischen \u2013 me\u0161a\u0137 \u2013 ar\u012b krieviski.
\nG\u0101ze \u2013 das Gaz \u2013 gaz;
\nElks \u2013 das Idol \u2013 idol \u2013 ar\u012b krieviski.
\nBlusa \u2013 der Floh \u2013 bloha, b\u012bstama k\u0101 m\u0113ra izplat\u012bt\u0101ja, ar\u012b Romas le\u0123iona v\u0101rdn\u012bc\u0101 nevar\u0113ja palikt bez iev\u0113r\u012bbas k\u0101 kop\u0113jas lieto\u0161anas v\u0101rds\u2026<\/p>\n

\u0160\u0101da t\u0101lu un \u013coti at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgu valodu tuv\u012bba t\u0101 laika milit\u0101ro un milit\u0101ri sadz\u012bvisko terminu jom\u0101 apstiprina paties\u012bbu, ka sl\u0101vu un \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u tautu veido\u0161an\u0101s proces\u0101 jau Romas imp\u0113rijas varen\u012bbas laik\u0101 un jo vair\u0101k p\u0113c t\u0101s sabrukuma \u012bpa\u0161u lomu sp\u0113l\u0113ja biju\u0161ie Romas le\u0123ionu komandieri, kas ar sakauto le\u0123ionu band\u0101m steidza veidot firstu un k\u0146azu valsti\u0146as biju\u0161o baltu milit\u0101ro demokr\u0101tiju robe\u017e\u0101s.<\/p>\n

P\u0113c 1015. gada, kad 1. Romovi Nadravas provinc\u0113 izpost\u012bja rietumsl\u0101vu bonds Bo\u013ceslavs D\u016b\u0161\u012bgais, baltu savstarp\u0113j\u0101 koordin\u0101cija krasi pasliktin\u0101j\u0101s un 13. gs. izbeidz\u0101s pavisam. L\u012bdz ar to bija izveidoju\u0161ies visi vajadz\u012bgie apst\u0101k\u013ci, lai nom\u0101kt\u0101s un dezorganiz\u0113t\u0101s baltu tautas tiktu piln\u012bgi pak\u013cautas un asimil\u0113tas. \u0160aj\u0101 proces\u0101 biju\u0161o Romas patricie\u0161u, le\u0123iona komandieru, v\u0113l\u0101ko bondu loma nav noliedzama.<\/p>\n

It\u0101\u013cu un latvie\u0161u valodas paral\u0113les<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

A<\/strong><\/p>\n

abiturae<\/em> \u2013 pietur\u0113t \u2013 pieradin\u0101t
\nabrasione<\/em> \u2013 apbr\u0101zums \u2013 nobr\u0101zums
\naccurato<\/em> \u2013 akur\u0101ts \u2013 k\u0101rt\u012bgs
\nacerbo<\/em> \u2013 sk\u0101r\u0146\u0161 \u2013 sk\u0101bs
\nacqua<\/em> \u2013 akas \u016bdens \u2013 \u016bdens
\nacqua minerale<\/em> \u2013 miner\u0101l\u016bdens
\nacquadotto<\/em> \u2013 \u016bdensdev\u0113js \u2013 \u016bdensvads
\nacume<\/em> \u2013 ac\u012bgums \u2013 acu asums
\naddio<\/em> \u2013 ardievu
\nadunanca<\/em> \u2013 san\u0101k\u0161ana
\nalga<\/em> \u2013 a\u013c\u0123e
\nalinea<\/em> \u2013 kopl\u012bnijas \u2013 rindkopa
\nancone<\/em> \u2013 elkonis \u2013 alkuns
\nancora<\/em> \u2013 enkurs \u2013 ankurs<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

anguilla<\/em> \u2013 zutis \u2013 angurgis \u2013 ungurs
\nanormale<\/em> \u2013 nenorm\u0101ls \u2013 nanorm\u0101ls
\napice<\/em> \u2013 spice \u2013 \u0161pice \u2013 galotne
\nappendere<\/em> \u2013 piek\u0101rt \u2013 izk\u0101ries; v\u0113ders \u2013 penders<\/em>
\nappie<\/em> \u2013 apak\u0161\u0101, pie-pak\u0101j\u0113 (etr.sa\u012bsin.)
\napplausi<\/em> \u2013 applauk\u0161\u0137in\u0101\u0161ana
\napplicare<\/em> \u2013 aplikt
\naramento<\/em> \u2013 arums \u2013 ar\u0161ana
\narare<\/em> \u2013 art, aratore \u2013 ar\u0101js
\naria<\/em> \u2013 \u0101riene \u2013 \u0101rija \u2013 gaiss
\narmata<\/em> \u2013 armija, armonia<\/em> \u2013 harmonija
\naroma<\/em> \u2013 arom\u0101ts \u2013 smar\u017ea
\narpa<\/em> \u2013 arfa \u2013 arpa
\nasino<\/em> \u2013 \u0113zelis \u2013 asilis (pr.)
\naspro<\/em> \u2013 skarbs, ass, ascia<\/em> \u2013 ascirvis (etr. sa\u012bs.)
\nascrivere<\/em> \u2013 pieskribel\u0113t \u2013 skreivel\u0113t
\nassedio<\/em> \u2013 aps\u0113dums \u2013 aplenkums
\nassodare<\/em> \u2013 padar\u012bt stipru \u2013 asu dar\u012bt
\nassortire<\/em> \u2013 sazort\u0113t \u2013 \u0161\u0137irot
\natleta<\/em> \u2013 atl\u0113ts
\nattaco<\/em> \u2013 uzbrukums \u2013 ataka (liet.)
\nattivare<\/em> \u2013 aktiviz\u0113t
\naurora<\/em> \u2013 austra \u2013 r\u012bta bl\u0101zma
\navvincere<\/em> \u2013 ap\u0137ert \u2013 apv\u012bties<\/p>\n

B<\/strong><\/p>\n

badile<\/em> \u2013 l\u0101psta \u2013 badamreiks
\nbalcone<\/em> \u2013 balkons
\nballa<\/em> \u2013 balle \u2013 ba\u0137is \u2013 \u0137\u012bpa
\nballata<\/em> \u2013 ball\u0113\u0161an\u0101s \u2013 dejo\u0161ana \u2013 (2) bal\u0101de
\nbambino<\/em> \u2013 beb\u012btis, bimbo<\/em> \u2013 puis\u0113ns
\nbanco<\/em> \u2013 be\u0146\u0137is \u2013 sols
\nbandito<\/em> \u2013 band\u012bts
\nbarba<\/em> \u2013 b\u0101rda
\nbarca<\/em> \u2013barka, barcone<\/em> \u2013 bar\u017ea, liellaiva
\nbenda<\/em> \u2013 binde \u2013 p\u0101rs\u0113js
\nbenevolente<\/em> \u2013 labv\u0113l\u012bgs
\nbietola<\/em> \u2013 biete
\nbiondo<\/em> \u2013 blonds \u2013 gai\u0161matains
\nblatta<\/em> \u2013 prusaks \u2013 blakts
\nblusa<\/em> \u2013 bl\u016bze
\nbomba<\/em> \u2013 bumba
\nbordo<\/em> \u2013 borts
\nbotte<\/em> \u2013 vote \u2013 v\u0101te \u2013 muca
\nbottiglia<\/em> \u2013 pudele \u2013 butele
\nbravura<\/em> \u2013 meistar\u012bba, drosme, brav\u016bra
\nbruna<\/em> \u2013 brunete \u2013 tum\u0161mate
\nbudino<\/em> \u2013 pudi\u0146\u0161
\nbue<\/em> \u2013 bullis<\/p>\n

C<\/strong><\/p>\n

calce<\/em> \u2013 ka\u013c\u0137is, calcare<\/em> \u2013 ka\u013c\u0137u
\ncalendario<\/em> \u2013 kalend\u0101rs
\ncamello<\/em> \u2013 kamielis
\ncanale<\/em> \u2013 kan\u0101ls
\ncanapa<\/em> \u2013 ka\u0146epes
\ncarico<\/em> \u2013 krava
\ncarovana<\/em> \u2013 karav\u0101na
\ncarpa<\/em> \u2013 karpa
\ncasco<\/em> \u2013 kaska \u2013 bru\u0146u cepure
\ncaserma<\/em> \u2013 kazarma
\ncassa<\/em> \u2013 kaste \u2013 l\u0101de
\ncavolo<\/em> \u2013 k\u0101posti
\ncedro<\/em> \u2013 ciedrs
\ncella<\/em> \u2013 celle
\ncentro<\/em> \u2013 centrs
\ncerimonia<\/em> \u2013 ceremonija
\nciabattino<\/em> \u2013 \u010dabatu meistars \u2013 kurpnieks
\ncicala<\/em> \u2013 cik\u0101de
\nciclo<\/em> \u2013 cikls
\ncifra<\/em> \u2013 cipars
\ncinico<\/em> \u2013 cini\u0137is
\ncipolla<\/em> \u2013 s\u012bpols
\ncipresso<\/em> \u2013 ciprese
\ncirco<\/em> \u2013 cirks
\ncupola<\/em> \u2013 kupols
\nciuffo<\/em> \u2013 \u010dupa \u2013 \u010dupra \u2013 matu cekuls
\ncolle<\/em> \u2013 kalns \u2013 kolls \u2013 paugurs
\ncollo<\/em> \u2013 kakls \u2013 koklis
\ncolosso<\/em> \u2013 koloss \u2013 milzenis
\ncoltura<\/em> \u2013 kult\u016bra
\ncomandante<\/em> \u2013 komandants \u2013 komandieris
\ncomando<\/em> \u2013 komanda \u2013 pav\u0113le \u2013 (2) grupa
\ncomico<\/em> \u2013 komisks \u2013 joc\u012bgs
\ncommedia<\/em> \u2013 kum\u0113di\u0146i \u2013 joku luga
\ncontrollo<\/em> \u2013 kontrole
\ncontratto<\/em> \u2013 kontrakts \u2013 l\u012bgums
\ncopia<\/em> \u2013 kopija
\ncoro<\/em> \u2013 koris
\ncorona<\/em> \u2013 kronis \u2013 vainags
\ncoronare<\/em> \u2013 kron\u0113t
\ncorso<\/em> \u2013 kurss
\ncortina<\/em> \u2013 aizkars \u2013 oizkorts
\ncosi<\/em> \u2013 kozi \u2013 ko, zin \u2013 varb\u016bt t\u0101
\ncrampo<\/em> \u2013 krampji
\ncrema<\/em> \u2013 kreima \u2013 kr\u0113jums
\ncreta<\/em> \u2013 kr\u012bts \u2013 m\u0101li
\ncrisi<\/em> \u2013 kr\u012bze \u2013 l\u0113kme
\ncristallo<\/em> \u2013 krist\u0101ls
\ncroce<\/em> \u2013 krusts
\ncronico<\/em> \u2013 hronisks
\ncucciolo<\/em> \u2013 kuc\u0113ns
\ncuculo<\/em> \u2013 dzeguze \u2013 k\u016bkot\u0101ja
\ncumulo<\/em> \u2013 kamols \u2013 kaudze \u2013 guba
\ncupola<\/em> \u2013 kupols<\/p>\n

D<\/strong><\/p>\n

dalia<\/em> \u2013 d\u0101lija
\ndama<\/em> \u2013 d\u0101ma
\ndanza<\/em> \u2013 dancis \u2013 deja
\ndanzare<\/em> \u2013 dancot
\ndare<\/em> \u2013 dot
\ndata<\/em> \u2013 datums
\ndemonio<\/em> \u2013 d\u0113mons
\ndestino<\/em> \u2013 d\u0113st\u012bjums, liktenis
\ndevoto<\/em> \u2013 dievbij\u012bgs, dievi\u0161\u0137\u012bgs
\nDio<\/em> \u2013 Dievs
\ndi<\/em> \u2013 diena
\ndiamante<\/em> \u2013 dimants
\ndialetto<\/em> \u2013 dialekts
\nDio sa<\/em> \u2013 Dievs sazin (etr. sa\u012bsin.)
\ndisco<\/em> \u2013 disks
\ndispari<\/em> \u2013 nep\u0101ra
\ndistanza<\/em> \u2013 distance \u2013 atstatums
\ndivano<\/em> \u2013 d\u012bv\u0101ns
\ndivino<\/em> \u2013 dievi\u0161\u0137\u012bgs
\ndozzina<\/em> \u2013 ducis
\ndonare<\/em> \u2013 d\u0101vin\u0101t
\ndono<\/em> \u2013 devums
\ndote<\/em> \u2013 p\u016brs (l\u012bg.)
\ndoppiare<\/em> \u2013 dubultoti \u2013 dubl\u0113t
\ndramma<\/em> \u2013 dr\u0101ma
\ndue<\/em> \u2013 divi
\nduplicare<\/em> \u2013 dubultot \u2013 dubl\u0113t
\nduello<\/em> \u2013 duelis \u2013 divkauja
\ndorso<\/em> \u2013 dirsa
\ndosso<\/em> \u2013 mugurpuse<\/p>\n

E<\/strong><\/p>\n

egoista<\/em> \u2013 egoists
\nelegante<\/em> \u2013 eleganti \u2013 smalki
\nelmo<\/em> \u2013 \u010delma \u2013 \u0137ivere
\neletto<\/em> \u2013 lab\u0101kais \u2013 izv\u0113l\u0113ts (elet<\/em> \u2013 lab\u0101k mal\u0113niski)
\nenergia<\/em> \u2013 ener\u0123ija
\nepidemia<\/em> \u2013 epid\u0113mija
\nepisodio<\/em> \u2013 epizode
\nermellino<\/em> \u2013 sermulis
\nesca<\/em> \u2013 \u0113sma
\nedito<\/em> \u2013 izdots \u2013 public\u0113ts
\nesemplare<\/em> \u2013 eksempl\u0101rs
\nessenza<\/em> \u2013 es\u012bba \u2013 b\u016bt\u012bba \u2013 esence
\nestratto<\/em> \u2013 izvilkums \u2013 ekstrakts<\/p>\n

F<\/strong><\/p>\n

falso<\/em> \u2013 fal\u0161s \u2013 maldino\u0161s
\nfantasia<\/em> \u2013 izt\u0113le \u2013 fant\u0101zija \u2013 iedomu lidojums
\nfata<\/em> \u2013 feja \u2013 burve
\nfatto<\/em> \u2013 fakts
\nfavola<\/em> \u2013 fabula \u2013 pasaka
\nfieno<\/em> \u2013 siens
\nfigura<\/em> \u2013 fig\u016bra
\nfiume<\/em> \u2013 straume \u2013 upe
\nfluido<\/em> \u2013 pl\u016bsto\u0161s \u2013 teko\u0161s
\nfodera<\/em> \u2013 odere \u2013 padr\u0113be
\nfolla<\/em> \u2013 p\u016blis \u2013 dr\u016bzma
\nfondamento<\/em> \u2013 pudumente \u2013 pamats
\nfontana<\/em> \u2013 str\u016bkla \u2013 font\u0101ns
\nformale<\/em> \u2013 form\u0101ls
\nforo<\/em> \u2013 forums
\nfronte<\/em> \u2013 piere \u2013 priek\u0161puse
\nfumo<\/em> \u2013 d\u016bmi
\nfuria<\/em> \u2013 dusmas \u2013 f\u016brija \u2013 nikna sieva<\/p>\n

G<\/strong><\/p>\n

gallo<\/em> \u2013 gailis
\ngallina<\/em> \u2013 vista
\ngalletto<\/em> \u2013 gail\u0113ns
\ngaloppo<\/em> \u2013 galops \u2013 aul\u0113k\u0161i
\ngaloscia<\/em> \u2013 galo\u0161a \u2013 kola\u0161a
\ngarante<\/em> \u2013 garants \u2013 galvot\u0101js
\ngas<\/em> \u2013 g\u0101ze
\ngenio<\/em> \u2013 \u0123\u0113nijs
\ngiardino<\/em> \u2013 d\u0101rzs \u2013 garda (liet.)
\ngiovane<\/em> \u2013 jauns \u2013 juvenas (liet.)
\ngita<\/em> \u2013 apgaita \u2013 pastaiga
\ngozzo<\/em> \u2013 guza
\ngrana<\/em> \u2013 grauds
\ngrandioso<\/em> \u2013 grandiozs
\ngrazioso<\/em> \u2013 graciozs
\ngrappa<\/em> \u2013 drappe \u2013 degv\u012bns \u2013 droppe
\ngrippe<\/em> \u2013 gripa
\ngruppo<\/em> \u2013 grupa
\nguai <\/em>\u2013 vai<\/p>\n

H<\/strong><\/p>\n

hall<\/em> \u2013 halle \u2013 liela z\u0101le I<\/p>\n

I<\/strong><\/p>\n

iddea<\/em> \u2013 ideja
\nidiota<\/em> \u2013 idiots
\nidra<\/em> \u2013 hidra
\niena<\/em> \u2013 hi\u0113na
\nigneo<\/em> \u2013 ugun\u012bgs
\nillegale<\/em> \u2013 neleg\u0101ls \u2013 neat\u013cauts
\nillusione<\/em> \u2013 il\u016bzija \u2013 \u0161\u0137itums
\nimitare<\/em> \u2013 atdarin\u0101t \u2013 imit\u0113t
\nimmateriale<\/em> \u2013 nemateri\u0101ls
\nimmersione<\/em> \u2013 iem\u0113rk\u0161ana \u2013 iegremd\u0113\u0161ana
\nimmorale<\/em> \u2013 amor\u0101ls \u2013 izlaidies
\nimmortalita<\/em> \u2013 nemirst\u012bba
\nimpalare<\/em> \u2013 dz\u012bt p\u0101\u013cus
\nimpero<\/em> \u2013 imp\u0113rija
\nimpersonale<\/em> \u2013 bezpersonisks
\ninkanalatura<\/em> \u2013 kanaliz\u0101cija
\ninkasso<\/em> \u2013 iekas\u0113jums \u2013 ien\u0101kums
\nincivilito<\/em> \u2013 civiliz\u0113ts
\ninerte<\/em> \u2013 inerts
\ninerzia<\/em> \u2013 inerce
\ninesausto<\/em> \u2013 neizsaus\u0113ts \u2013 neizsmelts
\ninsalata<\/em> \u2013 sal\u0101ti
\ninnato<\/em> \u2013 iedzimts \u2013 \u012bnamts \u2013 ie\u0146emts
\ninsediare<\/em> \u2013 ies\u0113din\u0101t \u2013 iecelt amat\u0101
\ninstabilita<\/em> \u2013 nestabilit\u0101te
\nintensivo<\/em> \u2013 intens\u012bvs
\ninteressante<\/em> \u2013 interesants
\ninterrare<\/em> \u2013 i erakt \u2013 iezemot
\nintervallo<\/em> \u2013 interv\u0101ls
\nintrigante<\/em> \u2013 intrigants
\ninvidia<\/em> \u2013 nenov\u012bd\u012bba
\ninstinto<\/em> \u2013 instinkts
\nironia<\/em> \u2013 ironija \u2013 izsmiekls
\ninstrumento<\/em> \u2013 instruments \u2013 r\u012bks
\nirreale<\/em> \u2013 nere\u0101ls
\nisola<\/em> \u2013 sala \u2013 sola
\nisolato<\/em> \u2013 izol\u0113ts \u2013 \u012bsolots \u2013 atsevi\u0161\u0137s<\/p>\n

L<\/strong><\/p>\n

lacca<\/em> \u2013 laka
\nlabirinto<\/em> \u2013 labirints
\nlacconico<\/em> \u2013 lakonisks \u2013 \u012bss
\nlaico<\/em> \u2013 laic\u012bgs \u2013 pasaul\u012bgs
\nlampada<\/em> \u2013 lampa \u2013 lukturis
\nlava<\/em> \u2013 lava
\nlavata<\/em> \u2013 skalo\u0161ana \u2013 mazg\u0101\u0161ana (Lovate)
\nlavina<\/em> \u2013 lav\u012bna
\nlebbra<\/em> \u2013 lepra
\nleggenda<\/em> \u2013 le\u0123enda
\nlene<\/em> \u2013 l\u0113ns \u2013 liegs
\nleone<\/em> \u2013 lauva
\nliana<\/em> \u2013 li\u0101na
\nleopardo<\/em> \u2013 leopards
\nletargo<\/em> \u2013 letar\u0123ija
\nlilla<\/em> \u2013 ceri\u0146i
\nlila<\/em> \u2013 zilie
\nlinea<\/em> \u2013 l\u012bnija
\nlino<\/em> \u2013 lini
\nlista<\/em> \u2013 liste \u2013 saraksts
\nlogico<\/em> \u2013 lo\u0123isks
\nluccio<\/em> \u2013 l\u012bdaka \u2013 lucka
\nlumaka<\/em> \u2013 gliemezis \u2013 glumaka
\nlupino<\/em> \u2013 lup\u012bna<\/p>\n

M<\/strong><\/p>\n

macchinista<\/em> \u2013 ma\u0161\u012bnists
\nmacero<\/em> \u2013 m\u0113rc\u0113ts \u2013 linu m\u0101rks
\nmagia<\/em> \u2013 ma\u0123ija
\nmadre, made<\/em> \u2013 m\u0101te, mamma \u2013 m\u0101mi\u0146a
\nmagnetico<\/em> \u2013 magn\u0113tisks
\nmaniera<\/em> \u2013 maniere \u2013 para\u017ea
\nmantello<\/em> \u2013 m\u0113telis \u2013 mantels
\nmanto<\/em> \u2013 mantija
\nmanovra<\/em> \u2013 manevri
\nmarca, marco<\/em> \u2013 marka
\nmargarita<\/em> \u2013 margrieti\u0146a
\nmarmo<\/em> \u2013 marmors
\nmassa<\/em> \u2013 masa
\nmassaggio<\/em> \u2013 mas\u0101\u017ea
\nmassimo<\/em> \u2013 maksim\u0101ls
\nmastice<\/em> \u2013 mastika
\nmatematica<\/em> \u2013 matem\u0101tika
\nmelassa<\/em> \u2013 melase \u2013 s\u012brups
\nme<\/em> \u2013 mani (etr.)
\nmellone<\/em> \u2013 melone
\nmelone<\/em> \u2013 arb\u016bzs
\nmeridiano<\/em> \u2013 pusdienas
\nmeridione<\/em> \u2013 dienvidi
\nmensis, mese<\/em> \u2013 m\u0113nesis
\nmetallo<\/em> \u2013 met\u0101ls
\nmetodo<\/em> \u2013 metode \u2013 veids \u2013 pa\u0146\u0113miens
\nmicia<\/em> \u2013 mince \u2013 ka\u0137en\u012bte
\nmicio<\/em> \u2013 ka\u0137\u012btis
\nmimica<\/em> \u2013 m\u012bmika
\nminimo<\/em> \u2013 minim\u0101ls \u2013 maz\u0101kais
\nminuto<\/em> \u2013 min\u016bte
\nmio<\/em> \u2013 mans
\nmira<\/em> \u2013 m\u0113r\u0137is (\u0161au\u0161anai)
\nmirto<\/em> \u2013 mirte
\nmissione<\/em> \u2013 misija \u2013 s\u016bt\u012bba
\nmistico<\/em> \u2013 mistiks
\nmito<\/em> \u2013 m\u012bts \u2013 le\u0123enda
\nmoda<\/em> \u2013 mode
\nmodello<\/em> \u2013 modelis
\nmola<\/em> \u2013 molejs \u2013 mal\u0113js, dzirnakmens
\nmolo<\/em> \u2013 mols
\nmoneta<\/em> \u2013 mon\u0113ta
\nmoralita<\/em> \u2013 mor\u0101le \u2013 tikum\u012bba
\nmonotono<\/em> \u2013 vienton\u012bgs \u2013 monotons
\nmorto<\/em> \u2013 miris
\nmortale<\/em> \u2013 mirst\u012bgs
\nmosca<\/em> \u2013 mu\u0161a \u2013 mo\u0161ka
\nmotivo<\/em> \u2013 mot\u012bvs \u2013 iemesls
\nmulino<\/em> \u2013 maltuve \u2013 dzirnavas
\nmulatto<\/em> \u2013 mul\u0101ts
\nmulo<\/em> \u2013 m\u016blis
\nmurare<\/em> \u2013 m\u016br\u0113t
\nmuro<\/em> \u2013 m\u016bris \u2013 m\u016bra siena
\nmusa<\/em> \u2013 m\u016bza
\nmuscolo<\/em> \u2013 muskulis
\nmuseo<\/em> \u2013 muzejs
\nmusica<\/em> \u2013 m\u016bzika
\nmuto<\/em> \u2013 m\u0113ms \u2013 uz mutes kritis<\/p>\n

N<\/strong><\/p>\n

nafta<\/em> \u2013 nafta \u2013 mazuts
\nnarciso<\/em> \u2013 narcise
\nnarice<\/em> \u2013 n\u0101ss
\nnaso<\/em> \u2013 n\u0101sis \u2013 deguns
\nnaturale<\/em> \u2013 dabisks \u2013 natur\u0101ls
\nnazionale<\/em> \u2013 nacion\u0101ls \u2013 tautisks
\nnegligente<\/em> \u2013 negl\u012bts \u2013 nolaid\u012bgs
\nnegro<\/em> \u2013 n\u0113\u0123eris
\nnervo<\/em> \u2013 nervs
\nneutrale<\/em> \u2013 neitr\u0101ls
\nnervoso<\/em> \u2013 nervozs
\nnormale<\/em> \u2013 norm\u0101ls
\nnotte<\/em> \u2013 nakte \u2013 nakts
\nnovembre<\/em> \u2013 novembris
\nnulla<\/em> \u2013 nekas \u2013 nulle
\nnumero<\/em> \u2013 numurs \u2013 skaitlis \u2013 cipars<\/p>\n

O<\/strong><\/p>\n

oasi<\/em> \u2013 o\u0101ze
\noboe<\/em> \u2013 oboja
\nobbligato<\/em> \u2013 oblig\u0101ti
\noceano<\/em> \u2013 oke\u0101ns
\nocra<\/em> \u2013 okers \u2013 okra
\noleandro<\/em> \u2013 oleandrs
\nolio<\/em> \u2013 e\u013c\u013ca
\noliva<\/em> \u2013 ol\u012bve
\noperare<\/em> \u2013 oper\u0113t
\norganico<\/em> \u2013 organisks
\norgia<\/em> \u2013 or\u0123ija
\nostrica<\/em> \u2013 austere
\nossido<\/em> \u2013 oks\u012bds
\nottentoto<\/em> \u2013 hotentots
\nottica<\/em> \u2013 optika
\nottobre<\/em> \u2013 oktobris
\novale<\/em> \u2013 ov\u0101ls
\novatta<\/em> \u2013 vatte
\nozono<\/em> \u2013 ozons<\/p>\n

P<\/strong><\/p>\n

pacca<\/em> \u2013 p\u013cauka \u2013 pa\u010dka
\npacco<\/em> \u2013 paka \u2013 sainis
\npagano<\/em> \u2013 pag\u0101ns
\npalma<\/em> \u2013 palma
\npalo<\/em> \u2013 p\u0101lis \u2013 stabs
\npalude<\/em> \u2013 appl\u016bdusi vieta \u2013 purvs
\npancia<\/em> \u2013 puncis \u2013 v\u0113ders
\npanico<\/em> \u2013 panika
\npantera<\/em> \u2013 pantera
\npapa<\/em> \u2013 papa \u2013 t\u0113vs
\nparassita<\/em> \u2013 paraz\u012bts
\nparrucca<\/em> \u2013 par\u016bka
\npassivo<\/em> \u2013 pas\u012bvs
\npausa<\/em> \u2013 pauze
\npavone<\/em> \u2013 p\u0101vs
\npaziente<\/em> \u2013 paciet\u012bgs, (2) pacients
\npece<\/em> \u2013 pi\u0137is
\npedale<\/em> \u2013 ped\u0101lis
\npedata<\/em> \u2013 nop\u0113dots \u2013 p\u0113du nospiedumi
\npedone<\/em> \u2013 p\u0113dot\u0101js \u2013 g\u0101j\u0113js
\npellicano<\/em> \u2013 pelik\u0101ns
\npenisola<\/em> \u2013 pussala \u2013 pussola
\npensione<\/em> \u2013 pensija
\npepe<\/em> \u2013 pipari \u2013 pipri
\nperdono<\/em> \u2013 piedo\u0161ana
\nperla<\/em> \u2013 p\u0113rle
\nperfetto<\/em> \u2013 perfekts \u2013 piln\u012bgs
\npernottare<\/em> \u2013 p\u0101rnak\u0161ot
\npersona<\/em> \u2013 persona
\nperversione<\/em> \u2013 izvir\u0161ana \u2013 perversija
\npessimismo<\/em> \u2013 pesimisms
\npianetta<\/em> \u2013 plan\u0113ta
\npiazza<\/em> \u2013 placis \u2013 laukums
\npiceo<\/em> \u2013 pi\u0137a \u2013 darvas
\npicco<\/em> \u2013 p\u012b\u0137is \u2013 smaile
\npiede<\/em> \u2013 k\u0101ja \u2013 p\u0113da \u2013 p\u0101da \u2013 piede
\npigmento<\/em> \u2013 pigments
\npino<\/em> \u2013 p\u012bnija \u2013 priede
\npinguino<\/em> \u2013 pingv\u012bns
\npioppo<\/em> \u2013 papele
\npipa<\/em> \u2013 p\u012bpe
\npipare<\/em> \u2013 p\u012bp\u0113t
\npiramide<\/em> \u2013 piram\u012bda
\nplanare<\/em> \u2013 plan\u0113t
\npolo<\/em> \u2013 pils
\npolare<\/em> \u2013 pol\u0101rs
\nplauso<\/em> \u2013 aplausi
\npolso<\/em> \u2013 pulss
\npolvere<\/em> \u2013 putek\u013ci \u2013 pulveris
\npompa<\/em> \u2013 pumpis \u2013 s\u016bknis
\nponce<\/em> \u2013 pun\u0161s
\npoppa<\/em> \u2013 pupi \u2013 kr\u016btis
\nporo<\/em> \u2013 pora
\nposizione<\/em> \u2013 poz\u012bcija \u2013 st\u0101voklis
\nprassi<\/em> \u2013 prasme \u2013 prakse
\nprima<\/em> \u2013 pirms
\npratica<\/em> \u2013 prakse \u2013 pieredze
\npreciso<\/em> \u2013 prec\u012bzs \u2013 noteikts
\nprimo<\/em> \u2013 pirmais
\nprimola<\/em> \u2013 primula
\npro<\/em> \u2013 par
\nprocesso<\/em> \u2013 process
\nprodotto<\/em> \u2013 produkts
\nprognosi<\/em> \u2013 prognoze \u2013 paredz\u0113jums
\nprova<\/em> \u2013 prove \u2013 p\u0101rbaude
\nprovato<\/em> \u2013 prov\u0113ts \u2013 p\u0101rbaud\u012bts
\nprovincia<\/em> \u2013 province
\npublico<\/em> \u2013 publika
\nprovocativo<\/em> \u2013 provokat\u012bvs \u2013 izaicino\u0161s
\npula<\/em> \u2013 pelus \u2013 pelavas
\npulsare<\/em> \u2013 puls\u0113t
\npulitura<\/em> \u2013 pulit\u016bra
\npuntino<\/em> \u2013 punkti\u0146\u0161
\npuntuale<\/em> \u2013 punktu\u0101ls \u2013 akur\u0101ts
\npustola<\/em> \u2013 strutu oli\u0146a \u2013 p\u016bstola
\nputrido<\/em> \u2013 sapuvis \u2013 satr\u016bd\u0113jis (etr. sa\u012bsin.)<\/p>\n

Q<\/strong><\/p>\n

quadratura \u2013 kvadrat\u016bra<\/p>\n

R
\n<\/strong>rada<\/em> \u2013 reids \u2013 raida
\nraccomandare<\/em> \u2013 rekomend\u0113t \u2013 ieteikt
\nradicale<\/em> \u2013 radik\u0101ls \u2013 konsekvents \u2013 noteikts
\nrado<\/em> \u2013 rets \u2013 rats
\nrampa<\/em> \u2013 rampa
\nranda<\/em> \u2013 mala \u2013 rante
\nrapporto<\/em> \u2013 raports \u2013 zi\u0146ojums
\nrazza<\/em> \u2013 rase \u2013 cilts
\nreale<\/em> \u2013 \u012bsts \u2013 re\u0101ls
\nregolare<\/em> \u2013 regul\u0113t \u2013 ierobe\u017eot \u2013 noteikt
\nrendita<\/em> \u2013 rente
\nreseda<\/em> \u2013 rez\u0113da
\nresidenza<\/em> \u2013 rezidence \u2013 dz\u012bvesvieta
\nrestaurare<\/em> \u2013 restaur\u0113t
\nricavere<\/em> \u2013 p\u0101rrakt \u2013 rakt v\u0113lreiz (etr. sa\u012bsin.)
\nricadere<\/em> \u2013 k\u0101 k\u0101dreiz \u2013 no jauna
\nrima<\/em> \u2013 r\u012bme \u2013 atska\u0146a
\nrimato<\/em> \u2013 r\u012bm\u0113ts \u2013 ar atska\u0146\u0101m
\nrimontare<\/em> \u2013 remont\u0113t
\nrifresco<\/em> \u2013 atfri\u0161in\u0101\u0161ana \u2013 atspirdzin\u0101jums
\nriprovato<\/em> \u2013 p\u0101rprov\u0113ts \u2013 p\u0101rbaud\u012bts
\nrischioso<\/em> \u2013 riskants \u2013 b\u012bstams
\nriserva<\/em> \u2013 rezerve
\nrisultato<\/em> \u2013 rezult\u0101ts \u2013 izn\u0101kums
\nritmo<\/em> \u2013 ritms
\nrito<\/em> \u2013 rits \u2013 ritu\u0101ls
\nromanzo<\/em> \u2013 romance
\nrosa<\/em> \u2013 roze
\nrossigno<\/em> \u2013 roz\u012bgs \u2013 iesarkans
\nrotazione<\/em> \u2013 rot\u0101cija \u2013 grie\u0161an\u0101s
\nruota<\/em> \u2013 rats
\nrotella<\/em> \u2013 riten\u012btis
\nrubino<\/em> \u2013 rub\u012bns
\nrullo<\/em> \u2013 rullis \u2013 veltnis
\nrullare<\/em> \u2013 rull\u0113t
\nruna<\/em> \u2013 r\u016bna<\/p>\n

S<\/strong><\/p>\n

sabotare<\/em> \u2013 sabot\u0113t \u2013 kait\u0113t
\nsalone, sala<\/em> \u2013 z\u0101le
\nsale<\/em> \u2013 sals
\nsalare<\/em> \u2013 s\u0101l\u012bt
\nsalso, salino<\/em> \u2013 s\u0101l\u012bts
\nsaliem<\/em> \u2013 s\u0101lstrauks
\nsalva<\/em> \u2013 zalve \u2013 sal\u016bts
\nsanto, san<\/em> \u2013 sv\u0113ts
\nsandalo<\/em> \u2013 sandale
\nsapone<\/em> \u2013 ziepes
\nsatana<\/em> \u2013 s\u0101tans
\nsatollo, sazio<\/em> \u2013 s\u0101t\u012bgs \u2013 pa\u0113dis
\nscadere<\/em> \u2013 sk\u0101d\u0113t \u2013 pasliktin\u0101t \u2013 skod\u0113t
\nscandalo<\/em> \u2013 skand\u0101ls \u2013 \u0161kandals \u2013 piedauz\u012bba
\nscarlattina<\/em> \u2013 \u0161arlaks \u2013 skarlat\u012bna
\nscarno<\/em> \u2013 k\u0101rns \u2013 nov\u0101j\u0113jis
\nscarpa<\/em> \u2013 kurpe \u2013 korpe
\nscetticisimo<\/em> \u2013 skepticisms
\nscellerato<\/em> \u2013 noziedz\u012bgs \u2013 sk\u0113lants (pr\u016bs.)
\nscheletro<\/em> \u2013 skelets
\nschiava<\/em> \u2013 verdzene \u2013 sieva
\nschiuma<\/em> \u2013 \u0161\u016bme \u2013 putas \u2013 \u0161oume
\nscialle<\/em> \u2013 \u0161alle
\nsciacallo<\/em> \u2013 \u0161ak\u0101lis
\nsciame<\/em> \u2013 saime \u2013 spiets
\nscuola<\/em> \u2013 skola \u2013 sk\u016bla
\nscrivere<\/em> \u2013 skreivel\u0113t \u2013 rakst\u012bt
\nscultura<\/em> \u2013 skulpt\u016bra \u2013 t\u0113ls
\nsecco<\/em> \u2013 sauss
\nseccume<\/em> \u2013 nokaltu\u0161i zari \u2013 koka dak\u0161as
\nsede<\/em> \u2013 s\u0113deklis \u2013 rezidence
\nsedere<\/em> \u2013 s\u0113d\u0113t
\nsedia<\/em> \u2013 s\u0113deklis \u2013 kr\u0113sls
\nsedimento<\/em> \u2013 nos\u0113dumi
\nsega<\/em> \u2013 z\u0101\u0123is
\nsegnalare<\/em> \u2013 signaliz\u0113t
\nsegnale<\/em> \u2013 sign\u0101ls
\nseguente<\/em> \u2013 sekojo\u0161ais \u2013 n\u0101kamais
\nsei<\/em> \u2013 se\u0161i
\nsesto<\/em> \u2013 sestais
\nselero<\/em> \u2013 selerija
\nsemenza, seme<\/em> \u2013 s\u0113kla
\nsenape<\/em> \u2013 sinepes
\nsenile<\/em> \u2013 sen\u012bgs \u2013 vec\u012bgs
\nseniore<\/em> \u2013 vec\u0101kais
\nsera<\/em> \u2013 vakars
\nserata<\/em> \u2013 novakars (pas\u0113rst, pavakar\u0113t)
\nserra<\/em> \u2013 s\u0113re \u2013 aizsprosts
\nsicuro<\/em> \u2013 zi\u0137er\u012bgs \u2013 dro\u0161s
\nsette<\/em> \u2013 septi\u0146i
\nsettimo<\/em> \u2013 sept\u012btais
\nsillaba<\/em> \u2013 zilbe
\nsimbolo<\/em> \u2013 simbols
\nsirena<\/em> \u2013 sir\u0113na
\nsiroppo<\/em> \u2013 s\u012brups
\nsituacione<\/em> \u2013 situ\u0101cija \u2013 st\u0101voklis \u2013 apst\u0101k\u013ci
\nslitta<\/em> \u2013 slieces \u2013 kamanas
\nsole<\/em> \u2013 saule
\nsolata<\/em> \u2013 sau\u013co\u0161an\u0101s
\nsolare<\/em> \u2013 saules
\nsoldato<\/em> \u2013 zald\u0101ts
\nsoma<\/em> \u2013 nasta \u2013 pauna \u2013 soma
\nsoppressare<\/em> \u2013 sapres\u0113t
\nsonda<\/em> \u2013 zonde
\nsorta<\/em> \u2013 zorte \u2013 \u0161\u0137irne
\nspato<\/em> \u2013 \u0161pats
\nspaziare<\/em> \u2013 \u0161pacier\u0113t \u2013 klai\u0146ot
\nspecolo<\/em> \u2013 spogulis
\nspione, spia<\/em> \u2013 spiegs
\nspiare<\/em> \u2013 spiegot
\nspionare<\/em> \u2013 izsekot
\nspira<\/em> \u2013 spir\u0101le \u2013 v\u012bne
\nspirale<\/em> \u2013 spir\u0101lveida
\nspoppare<\/em> \u2013 at\u0146emt no pupa
\nspruzzare, sprizzare<\/em> \u2013 apspric\u0113t \u2013 apslac\u012bt
\nspumante<\/em> \u2013 putojo\u0161s
\nsputare<\/em> \u2013 sp\u013caut
\nstabile<\/em> \u2013 stabils
\nstabilita<\/em> \u2013 stabilit\u0101te
\nstadio<\/em> \u2013 stadija \u2013 stadions
\nstalla<\/em> \u2013 stallis \u2013 k\u016bts
\nstalliere<\/em> \u2013 sta\u013c\u013ca puisis
\nstampa<\/em> \u2013 prese \u2013 stampa
\nstampare<\/em> \u2013 \u0161tampot \u2013 iespiest \u2013 pres\u0113t \u2013 \u0161tanc\u0113t
\nstanga<\/em> \u2013 k\u0101rts \u2013 stanga (aizkariem)
\nstante<\/em> \u2013 st\u0101vo\u0161s
\nstanotte<\/em> \u2013 \u0161onakt
\nstasera<\/em> \u2013 \u0161ovakar
\nstato<\/em> \u2013 st\u0101voklis
\nstatua<\/em> \u2013 statuja
\nstilla<\/em> \u2013 pile
\nstatuto<\/em> \u2013 stat\u016bti \u2013 nolikums
\nstazione<\/em> \u2013 stacija \u2013 pietura
\nsteppa<\/em> \u2013 stepe
\nstorione<\/em> \u2013 store
\nstrika<\/em> \u2013 str\u012bpa \u2013 l\u012bnija \u2013 sv\u012btra
\nstriato<\/em> \u2013 str\u012bpains \u2013 rievots
\nstridere<\/em> \u2013 str\u012bd\u0113ties \u2013 spr\u0113g\u0101t
\nstringare<\/em> \u2013 stingri savilkt \u2013 sasiet
\nstrippare<\/em> \u2013 p\u0101r\u0113sties \u2013 stipri p\u0101r\u0113sties (etr. sa\u012bsin.)
\nstudio<\/em> \u2013 stud\u0113\u0161ana
\nstrullo<\/em> \u2013 truls \u2013 mu\u013c\u0137\u012bgs
\nstupido<\/em> \u2013 tups \u2013 mu\u013c\u0137\u012bgs
\nsucciare<\/em> \u2013 s\u016bk\u0101t \u2013 z\u012bst
\nsudore<\/em> \u2013 sviedri
\nsuo<\/em> \u2013 savs
\nsuola<\/em> \u2013 zole
\nsuolare<\/em> \u2013 pazol\u0113t
\nsvitare<\/em> \u2013 atv\u012btn\u0113t \u2013 noskr\u016bv\u0113t<\/p>\n

T<\/strong><\/p>\n

tabella<\/em> \u2013 tabele \u2013 tabula
\ntalco<\/em> \u2013 talks
\ntalento<\/em> \u2013 talants
\ntappare<\/em> \u2013 aiztapot \u2013 aizkor\u0137\u0113t
\ntappo<\/em> \u2013 tapa \u2013 spunde \u2013 kor\u0137is
\ntastare<\/em> \u2013 taust\u012bt
\ntasca<\/em> \u2013 ta\u0161a \u2013 kabata
\ntasto<\/em> \u2013 tauste \u2013 taust\u012b\u0161ana
\ntastone(i)<\/em> \u2013 taustoties
\ntattica<\/em> \u2013 taktika
\ntacca<\/em> \u2013 tase
\nteatro<\/em> \u2013 te\u0101tris
\nteiera<\/em> \u2013 t\u0113jkanna
\ntema<\/em> \u2013 t\u0113ma
\nteocrazia<\/em> \u2013 teokr\u0101tija
\nteoria<\/em> \u2013 teorija
\nterazzo<\/em> \u2013 terase \u2013 balkons
\nterrina<\/em> \u2013 ter\u012bne \u2013 m\u0101la b\u013coda
\nteritorio<\/em> \u2013 teritorija
\ntesto<\/em> \u2013 teksts
\ntifo<\/em> \u2013 t\u012bfs
\ntigre<\/em> \u2013 t\u012b\u0123eris
\ntinto<\/em> \u2013 tint\u012bgs \u2013 kr\u0101sots
\ntipo<\/em> \u2013 tips
\ntiranno<\/em> \u2013 tir\u0101ns \u2013 varm\u0101ka
\ntitano<\/em> \u2013 tit\u0101ns
\ntirolese<\/em> \u2013 tirolie\u0161u
\ntitolo<\/em> \u2013 tituls
\ntoletta<\/em> \u2013 tolete \u2013 tualetes galds
\ntono<\/em> \u2013 tonis
\ntonno<\/em> \u2013 tuncis
\ntorneo<\/em> \u2013 turn\u012brs
\ntoro<\/em> \u2013 taurs \u2013 bullis
\ntorre<\/em> \u2013 tornis
\ntorta<\/em> \u2013 torte
\ntorso<\/em> \u2013 rumpis \u2013 torss
\ntransporto<\/em> \u2013 p\u0101rvieto\u0161ana \u2013 transports
\ntre<\/em> \u2013 treis \u2013 tr\u012bs
\ntrepido<\/em> \u2013 drebo\u0161s \u2013 tr\u012bco\u0161s
\ntriangolo<\/em> \u2013 tr\u012bsst\u016bris \u2013 trejgolis
\ntrillo<\/em> \u2013 tre\u013c\u013ci \u2013 trilleris
\ntrono \u2013 tronis
\ntu \u2013 tu
\ntuo \u2013 tavs
\ntulipano \u2013 tulpe
\ntundra<\/em> \u2013 tundra<\/p>\n

U<\/strong><\/p>\n

ulivo<\/em> \u2013 ol\u012bvkoks
\nuno<\/em> \u2013 viens
\nuno solo<\/em> \u2013 viens vien\u012bgais
\nurna<\/em> \u2013 urna<\/p>\n

V<\/strong><\/p>\n

valeriana<\/em> \u2013 baldri\u0101ns
\nvallo<\/em> \u2013 valnis
\nvandalico<\/em> \u2013 vandalisks
\nvampiro<\/em> \u2013 vamp\u012brs
\nvaso<\/em> \u2013 pods \u2013 v\u0101ze
\nvecchia<\/em> \u2013 vecene \u2013 ve\u010da
\nvecchio<\/em> \u2013 vecs
\nvello<\/em> \u2013 villa \u2013 vilna
\nvelloso<\/em> \u2013 vilnains
\nvena<\/em> \u2013 v\u0113na
\nvento<\/em> \u2013 v\u0113js
\nventilare<\/em> \u2013 v\u0113jot \u2013 ventil\u0113t
\nvernice<\/em> \u2013 pernica \u2013 laka
\nversione<\/em> \u2013 versija
\nvertize<\/em> \u2013 virsotne \u2013 galotne
\nveterano<\/em> \u2013 vecs \u2013 vetu\u0161as (liet.)
\nvieto<\/em> \u2013 vecs \u2013 v\u012btis
\nvibracione<\/em> \u2013 vibr\u0101cija \u2013 tr\u012bc\u0113\u0161ana
\nvilloso<\/em> \u2013 villains
\nvincita<\/em> \u2013 vinnests
\nvino<\/em> \u2013 v\u012bns
\nV\u012bne <\/em>\u2013 Vindobona \u2013 v\u012bna dab\u016btava
\nviola<\/em> \u2013 violets \u2013 (2) vijol\u012bte \u2013 (3) vijole
\nvioleto<\/em> \u2013 vijol\u0113ts
\nvirilita<\/em> \u2013 v\u012bri\u0161\u0137\u012bba
\nvivo<\/em> \u2013 dz\u012bvs \u2013 givas (liet.)
\nvolere<\/em> \u2013 v\u0113l\u0113ties
\nvolonta<\/em> \u2013 va\u013ca \u2013 griba
\nvomito<\/em> \u2013 v\u0113mas \u2013 v\u0113miens
\nvortice<\/em> \u2013 v\u0113rpata \u2013 virpulis
\nvulcano<\/em> \u2013 vulk\u0101ns
\nvilta<\/em> \u2013 viltus \u2013 zemiskums
\nvinto<\/em> \u2013 vinn\u0113ts \u2013 uzvar\u0113ts<\/p>\n

Z<\/strong><\/p>\n

zaffiro<\/em> \u2013 saf\u012brs
\nzenit<\/em> \u2013 zen\u012bts
\nzibellino<\/em> \u2013 sabulis
\nzinco<\/em> \u2013 cinks
\nzona<\/em> \u2013 zona
\nzucchero<\/em> \u2013 cukurs
\nzuppa<\/em> \u2013 zupa
\nzupiera<\/em> \u2013 zupas b\u013coda
\nzuppo<\/em> \u2013 izmircis \u2013 zup\u012bgs<\/p>\n

Ko latvietim atkl\u0101j it\u0101\u013cu valoda?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Lai ar\u012b latvie\u0161u valoda \u0161\u0137ietami uzr\u0101da maz\u0101k l\u012bdz\u012bbas ar it\u0101\u013cu valodu nek\u0101 lietuvie\u0161u valoda, kop\u012bgo sak\u0146u ab\u0101s valod\u0101s ir uzkr\u012bto\u0161i daudz. Var pat paman\u012bt kop\u012bgas latvie\u0161u-it\u0101\u013cu v\u0101rdu konstrukcijas no pirmslat\u012b\u0146u laikiem, kad valoda nebija ie\u017eogota gramatikas likumu \u017e\u0146augos. Sav\u0101 zi\u0146\u0101 it\u0101\u013cu valod\u0101 ir saglab\u0101jusies aizv\u0113stures gramatisk\u0101 br\u012bv\u012bba. Un ne tikai. It\u0101\u013cu valoda glab\u0101 diezgan daudz no m\u016bsu br\u0101\u013cu tautu umbru un etrusku v\u0101rdu fonda, kas gan savietots kop\u0101 ar grie\u0137u un citu j\u016bras tautu v\u0101rdiem. Protams, ir j\u016btama it\u0101\u013cu valodas atkar\u012bba ar\u012b no imp\u0113risk\u0101s lat\u012b\u0146u valodas gramatikas, kas sav\u0101 laik\u0101 sp\u0113l\u0113ja t\u0101du k\u0101 valodu sal\u0113juma veid\u0146u lomu. Un tom\u0113r imp\u0113rijas valoda nek\u013cuva par tautas valodu.<\/p>\n

Visinteresant\u0101k ir sal\u012bdzin\u0101t v\u0101rdu fondu no dzi\u013cas aizv\u0113stures. Piem\u0113ram, dz\u012bvnieku nosaukumus: camello<\/em> \u2013 kamielis, leone<\/em> \u2013 lauva, ermellino<\/em> \u2013 sermulis, tigre<\/em> \u2013 t\u012b\u0123eris, toro<\/em> \u2013 taurs, gazella<\/em> \u2013 gazele, carpa<\/em> \u2013 karpa, tonno<\/em> \u2013 tuncis, pellicano<\/em> \u2013 pelik\u0101ns, pinguino<\/em> \u2013 pingv\u012bns, pavone<\/em> \u2013 p\u0101vs. Vai ar\u012b: sole<\/em> \u2013 saule, mese, mensis<\/em> \u2013 m\u0113nesis, Dio<\/em> \u2013 Dievs, satana<\/em> \u2013 s\u0101tans, papa<\/em> \u2013 papa \u2013 papus, mamma<\/em> \u2013 m\u0101mi\u0146a, poppa<\/em> \u2013 pupi \u2013 kr\u016btis, bambino<\/em> \u2013 beb\u012btis, budino<\/em> \u2013pudi\u0146\u0161, bruna<\/em> \u2013 brunete, barba<\/em> \u2013 b\u0101rda, blusa<\/em> \u2013 bl\u016bze, pedata<\/em> \u2013 nop\u0113dots, naso<\/em> \u2013 deguns \u2013 n\u0101sis, pancia<\/em> \u2013 puncis \u2013 v\u0113ders.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Var sal\u012bdzin\u0101t ari agr\u012bno milit\u0101ro terminolo\u0123iju: armata<\/em> \u2013 armija, rada<\/em> \u2013 reids, manovra<\/em> \u2013 manevri, gruppo<\/em> \u2013 grupa, regolare<\/em> \u2013 regul\u0101rs, spione, spia<\/em> \u2013 spiegs, picco<\/em> \u2013 p\u012b\u0137is \u2013 smaile, rapporto<\/em> \u2013 raports \u2013 zi\u0146ojums, riserva<\/em> \u2013 rezerve u.tml.<\/p>\n

Var sal\u012bdzin\u0101t v\u0101rdus, kuri noz\u012bm\u012bgi saimniec\u012bb\u0101: arare<\/em> \u2013 art, bietola<\/em> \u2013 biete, calce<\/em> \u2013 ka\u013c\u0137is, canapa<\/em> \u2013 ka\u0146epes, creta<\/em> \u2013 kr\u012bts \u2013 m\u0101li, marmo<\/em> \u2013 marmors, mellone<\/em> \u2013 melone, mulino<\/em> \u2013 maltuve, murare<\/em> \u2013 m\u016br\u0113t, muro<\/em> \u2013 m\u016bris, palo<\/em> \u2013p\u0101lis, pece<\/em> \u2013 pi\u0137is, rabarbaro<\/em> \u2013 rabarbers, ruota<\/em> \u2013 rats, rotella<\/em> \u2013 riten\u012btis, rullo<\/em> \u2013 rullis \u2013 veltnis, sale<\/em> \u2013 s\u0101ls, stalla<\/em> \u2013 stallis \u2013 k\u016bts, teiera<\/em> \u2013 t\u0113jkanna, zupiera<\/em> \u2013 zupas b\u013coda, suola<\/em> \u2013 zole, terrina<\/em> \u2013 ter\u012bne \u2013 m\u0101la b\u013coda, tapo<\/em> \u2013 tapa \u2013 spunde, vaso<\/em> \u2013 pods \u2013 v\u0101ze, vello<\/em> \u2013 villa \u2013 vilna, vino<\/em> \u2013 v\u012bns, zinco<\/em> \u2013 cinks.<\/p>\n

It\u0101\u013cu v\u0101rdu fonda veido\u0161ana \u0161\u0137iet glu\u017ei baltiska. Piem\u0113ram, lietuvie\u0161i no v\u0101rda o\u017eis<\/em> \u2013 \u0101zis atvasina v\u0101rdu o\u017eka<\/em> \u2013 kaza, bet it\u0101\u013ci no v\u0101rda gallo<\/em> \u2013 gailis atvasina v\u0101rdu gallina<\/em> \u2013 vista un galleto<\/em> \u2013 gail\u0113ns; t\u0101pat no v\u0101rda gatto<\/em> \u2013 ka\u0137is atvasina gatta<\/em> \u2013 ka\u0137e un gattino<\/em> \u2013 ka\u0137\u0113ns \u2013 ka\u0137\u012btis. P\u0113d\u0113j\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 ar\u012b latvie\u0161u un it\u0101\u013cu v\u0101rdu atvasin\u0101\u0161anas mode\u013ci sakr\u012bt. Ar\u012b rima<\/em> \u2013 r\u012bme un rimato<\/em> \u2013 r\u012bm\u0113ts vai negligente<\/em> \u2013 negl\u012bts \u2013 nolaid\u012bgs uzr\u0101da vien\u0101du atvasin\u0101\u0161anas veidu. J\u0101atz\u012bm\u0113, ka lietuvie\u0161u un it\u0101\u013cu valod\u0101 var atrast v\u0113l vair\u0101k radniec\u012bbas\u2026<\/p>\n

K\u0101 redzam, lat\u012bnisk\u0101 Romas imp\u0113rija, kas veica seno baltu tautu izn\u012bcin\u0101\u0161anu un asimil\u0101ciju, \u0161o uzdevumu visv\u0101j\u0101k ir izpild\u012bjusi tie\u0161i It\u0101lij\u0101. It\u0101\u013cu valodu gandr\u012bz v\u0113l m\u016bsdien\u0101s var pieskait\u012bt pie senaj\u0101m baltu valod\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Vis\u0101d\u0101 zi\u0146\u0101 neviena no Eiropas valod\u0101m nav saglab\u0101jusi tik daudz l\u012bdz\u012bbas ar senaj\u0101m baltu valod\u0101m. Apzinoties \u0161o neap\u0161aub\u0101mo paties\u012bbu, valodniekiem b\u016btu j\u0101\u0146em v\u0113r\u0101, ka tie v\u0101rdi, kuri v\u0113l \u0161odien ir atrodami latvie\u0161u, lietuvie\u0161u, senpr\u016b\u0161u un it\u0101\u013cu valod\u0101, nek\u0101di nevar b\u016bt baltu valodu aizguvumi no \u0123erm\u0101\u0146iem, sl\u0101viem vai pat cit\u0101m rom\u0101\u0146u taut\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Reizi par vis\u0101m reiz\u0113m ir j\u0101p\u0101rvar mel\u012bg\u0101 pasaka par baltu \u201ccilt\u012bm\u201d, kas paties\u012bb\u0101 ir visvec\u0101k\u0101s tautas Eirop\u0101. It\u0101\u013cu valoda ir br\u012bni\u0161\u0137\u012bgs l\u012bdzeklis v\u0113sturnieku noziedz\u012bgo melu atkl\u0101\u0161anai. Ja nu dienvidbaltu tautas nekad nav eksist\u0113ju\u0161as, ar ko gan izskaidrojams t\u0101ds baltisko v\u0101rdu sak\u0146u daudzums it\u0101\u013cu valod\u0101? Ja izsl\u0113dzam umbrus, etruskus, tir\u0113nus un \u0161ardenus, no kurienes tad baltu v\u0101rdu fonds ien\u0101ca It\u0101lij\u0101?<\/p>\n

V\u0113l vair\u0101k \u2013 melu v\u0113sture baltiskos venedus sauc par sl\u0101viem, bet vanda\u013cus pieskaita pie \u0123erm\u0101\u0146iem, t\u0101tad ar\u012b tie nevar\u0113ja baltu v\u0101rdu fondu aiznest uz It\u0101liju. Bet kas to izdar\u012bja? V\u0113stures viltot\u0101ji ir meloju\u0161i tik aizraut\u012bgi, ka pa\u0161i sevi iedzinu\u0161i st\u016br\u012b. Ofici\u0101l\u0101 v\u0113sture neuzr\u0101da nek\u0101du iesp\u0113ju baltu \u201ccil\u0161u\u201d un it\u0101\u013cu valodas kontaktiem<\/strong>. Var pat konstat\u0113t tieksmi noliegt ar\u012b pa\u0161laik baltu apdz\u012bvoto teritoriju baltiskumu. L\u012bdz ar to baltu tautas ir p\u0101rv\u0113rstas par v\u0113sturisku niec\u012bbu, ko piln\u012bgi izsl\u0113dz baltisk\u0101 it\u0101\u013cu valodas b\u0101ze. It\u0101\u013cu valoda k\u0101 bijus\u012b Romas imp\u0113rijas valoda uzskat\u0101mi pier\u0101da baltu tautu izplat\u012bbu senaj\u0101 Eirop\u0101 un to l\u012bdzdal\u012bbu visos Eiropas kult\u016bras att\u012bst\u012bbas procesos. Jau sen ir laiks atjaunot taisn\u012bgumu un paties\u012bbu v\u0113stures zin\u0101tn\u0113 un valodniec\u012bb\u0101.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Ko atkl\u0101j it\u0101\u013cu un
\nziemelbaltu kontaktv\u0101rdi?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Mekl\u0113jot it\u0101\u013cu un latvie\u0161u valodu kontaktus, vispirms m\u0113s atkl\u0101j\u0101m, ka sakn\u0113 tuvo v\u0101rdu ab\u0101s valod\u0101s ir \u013coti daudz \u2013 ne maz\u0101k par t\u016bkstoti. Otrk\u0101rt, mums n\u0101kas iev\u0113rot, ka liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca it\u0101\u013cu-latvie\u0161u kontaktv\u0101rdu pieder pie zemga\u013cu dialekta, bet maz\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca no tiem ir tuv\u0101ki latga\u013cu-obru vai mal\u0113nie\u0161u izloksnei. Uzskat\u0101m\u012bbas labad apkoposim k\u0101du da\u013cu no it\u0101\u013cu-obru kontaktv\u0101rdiem: accurato<\/em> \u2013 akur\u0101ts, ancora<\/em> \u2013 ankurs, ancone<\/em> \u2013 alkuns, anormale<\/em> \u2013 nanorm\u0101ls, apice<\/em> \u2013 spice, arpa<\/em> \u2013 arpa, assortire<\/em> \u2013 sazort\u0113ti, badile<\/em> \u2013 badam\u012bs, lopsta, bomba<\/em> \u2013 bomba, bumba, botte<\/em> \u2013 vote, muca, bottiglia<\/em> \u2013 butele, canapa<\/em> \u2013 ka\u0146epes, ciabattino<\/em> \u2013 \u010dabatn\u012bks, \u010d\u012bbu maisters, ciuffo<\/em> \u2013 \u010dupa, motu \u010dupris, cortina<\/em> \u2013 oizkorts, oizkars, crampo<\/em> \u2013 krampji, creta<\/em> \u2013 kreits, cumulo<\/em> \u2013 komuls, cupola<\/em> \u2013 kupols, danzare<\/em> \u2013 dancoti, D\u012bo sa<\/em> \u2013 D\u012bvs, sazin, d\u012b<\/em> \u2013 d\u012bna, notte<\/em> \u2013 nakte, duello<\/em> \u2013 duels, elet<\/em> \u2013 elet, lobok, falso<\/em> \u2013 fal\u0161s, naeists, folla<\/em> \u2013 pouls, drouzma, fondamento<\/em> \u2013 pudumente, grappa<\/em> \u2013 droppe, \u0161\u0146abs, hall<\/em> \u2013 halle, innato<\/em> \u2013 \u012bnamts, \u012bdzimts, isola<\/em> \u2013 sola, isolato<\/em> \u2013 \u012bsolots, izol\u0113ts, laico<\/em> \u2013 laic\u012bgs, lavata<\/em> \u2013 lovate, skolo\u0161ana, mozgo\u0161ana, lino<\/em> \u2013 lini, lista<\/em> \u2013 liste, luccio<\/em> \u2013 lucka, leidaka, lumaca<\/em> \u2013 glumaka, plik\u012bs gl\u012bmezs, mamma<\/em> \u2013 mammi\u0146a, mantello<\/em> \u2013 mantels, mosca<\/em> \u2013 mo\u0161ka, mousa, mulino<\/em> \u2013 moltuve, nervo<\/em> \u2013 nervs, pacca<\/em> \u2013 p\u013cauka, pa\u010dka, penisola<\/em> \u2013 pussola, piede<\/em> \u2013 p\u0101da, rabarbaro<\/em> \u2013 rabarbers, rado<\/em> \u2013 rats, re\u0161i, reti, rullo<\/em> \u2013 rullis, ruota<\/em> \u2013 rots, ritins, satana<\/em> \u2013 s\u0101tans, scandalo<\/em> \u2013 \u0161kandals, scarlatina<\/em> \u2013 \u0161arlaks, scialle<\/em> \u2013 \u0161alle, scuola<\/em> \u2013 sk\u016bla, scrivere<\/em> \u2013 skreivel\u0113ti, soldato<\/em> \u2013 zoldats, sorta<\/em> \u2013 zorte, spaziare<\/em> \u2013 \u0161pac\u012br\u0113ti, stupio<\/em> \u2013 tups, dumj\u0161, tabella<\/em> \u2013 tabele, tasca<\/em> \u2013 ta\u0161a, \u0137e\u0161a, tasto<\/em> \u2013 tauste, terrina<\/em> \u2013 ter\u012bne, tre<\/em> \u2013 treis, triangolo<\/em> \u2013 trejgolis, valzer<\/em> \u2013 valcers, vecchia<\/em> \u2013 ve\u010da, villoso<\/em> \u2013 villains, vinto<\/em> \u2013 vinn\u0113ts, zuppa<\/em> \u2013 zupa u.t.t.<\/p>\n

N\u0101kas konstat\u0113t, ka uz zemga\u013cu dialekta b\u0101zes b\u016bv\u0113t\u0101s latvie\u0161u rakstu valodas tuv\u012bba ar it\u0101\u013cu valodu ir liel\u0101ka nek\u0101 izteikti zieme\u013cbaltisk\u0101s mal\u0113nie\u0161u (latga\u013cu-obru) valodas tuv\u012bba ar to pa\u0161u it\u0101\u013cu valodu. Zemga\u013cu-it\u0101\u013cu tuvo v\u0101rdu skaits vismaz reizes se\u0161as p\u0101rsniedz obru-it\u0101\u013cu tuvo v\u0101rdu skaitu. Tas ir dabiski, jo zamu, \u017eemai\u0161u, zemga\u013cu apdz\u012bvotais re\u0123ions sniedz\u0101s l\u012bdz Alpiem un vi\u0146u kontakti ar It\u0101lijas taut\u0101m bija iesp\u0113jami.<\/p>\n

Etruski k\u0101 dienvidbaltisko hetu atzars bija tend\u0113ti sa\u012bsin\u0101t un apraut v\u0101rdus. M\u016bsu venti\u0146i ac\u012bmredzot cen\u0161as saglab\u0101t etrusku valodas stilu\u2026 Diez vai glab\u0101 kaut ko no v\u0101rdu sakn\u0113m? Bet nedaudzie saglab\u0101tie umbru v\u0101rdi uzr\u0101da l\u012bdz\u012bbu ar zieme\u013cbaltu valodu. Piem\u0113ram, tauta umbru valod\u0101 \u2013 touta<\/em>. T\u0101 k\u0101 laba da\u013ca it\u0101\u013cu-latvie\u0161u tuvo v\u0101rdu uzr\u0101da vair\u0101k l\u012bdz\u012bbas ar mal\u0113nie\u0161u v\u0101rdiem vai pat sakr\u012bt ar tiem, tad rodas jaut\u0101jums: vai \u0161\u012bs l\u012bdz\u012bbas ir sen\u0101s obru un umbru valodu tuv\u012bbas atspulgs vai ar\u012b pa\u0161iem zieme\u013cbaltiem, obriem ir biju\u0161i ilgsto\u0161i kontakti ar It\u0101lijas baltiem? Balstoties uz ofici\u0101lo v\u0113sturi, tas nav iesp\u0113jams. Ofici\u0101l\u0101 v\u0113sture par dienvidbaltu taut\u0101m visp\u0101r negrib run\u0101t.<\/p>\n

Daudz, ja visp\u0101r kaut kur piemin hetu tautas, pelasgus, umbrus, lig\u016brus vai ib\u0113rus. Bet par vi\u0146u valodu un pieder\u012bbu pie vienas n\u0101cijas nav runas\u2026 Zieme\u013cbalti, obru tauta jau p\u0101rtautota par av\u0101riem. T\u0101 nu ofici\u0101laj\u0101 v\u0113stur\u0113 nav vietas ne umbriem, ne obriem. Palikusi tikai v\u0113stures lieciniece it\u0101\u013cu valoda ar lielu daudzumu baltisku v\u0101rdu sak\u0146u, kuras pieder v\u0113l joproj\u0101m dz\u012bvaj\u0101m baltu taut\u0101m un to valodu dialektiem.<\/p>\n

T\u0101 k\u0101 es pats sevi pieskaitu pie dz\u012bvajiem obriem, tad fakts, ka Latvijas vidusskol\u0101s v\u0113stures stund\u0101s tiek m\u0101c\u012bts, ka obri \u2013 tauta, kas sp\u0113c\u012bgi pretoj\u0101s sl\u0101vu ekspansijai, esot biju\u0161i \u201cav\u0101ri\u201d, liek pazi\u0146ot, ka v\u0113stures zin\u0101tne Latvij\u0101 ir non\u0101kusi \u201cav\u0101rijas\u201d st\u0101vokl\u012b. T\u0101 ir v\u0113stures av\u0101rija uz valodniec\u012bbas klints. Ar baltu v\u0101rdiem p\u0101rbag\u0101t\u0101 it\u0101\u013cu valoda prasa revid\u0113t seno laiku un viduslaiku v\u0113stures kursu Latvijas skol\u0101m.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Viduseiropas baltu tauta obri<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Pirmo v\u0113sti par obru tautu guvu no burtnieku mutv\u0101rdu v\u0113stures st\u0101sta. Nezin no kurienes p\u0113c Piet\u0101lavas novada pak\u013cau\u0161anas krievu k\u0146aziem tur ieradusies liela un kareiv\u012bga baltu tautas kopa, kas atkarojusi krieviem pak\u013cauto T\u0101lavas teritoriju. Pa\u0161i sevi vi\u0146i sauku\u0161i par obriem. P\u0101rvietoju\u0161ies zirgu divj\u016bgu ratos, kas saukti par obr\u0101m. \u0160o ratu konstrukcija bijusi t\u0101da, ka tiem nebija ne aug\u0161as, ne apak\u0161as \u2013 tos var\u0113ja apg\u0101zt un j\u016bgt no jauna. Pa\u0161i obri biju\u0161i kareiv\u012bgi un lepni, bet \u0101tri sajauku\u0161ies ar T\u0101lavas latga\u013ciem. P\u0113c trim \u010detr\u0101m paaudz\u0113m vi\u0146us vairs nav bijis iesp\u0113jams at\u0161\u0137irt no viet\u0113jiem latga\u013ciem. Vi\u0146iem biju\u0161i savi burtnieki un rakst\u012bba mezglu un burtu rakst\u0101.<\/p>\n

Apst\u0101klis, par kuru br\u012bn\u012bj\u0101s pa\u0161i v\u0113sts glab\u0101t\u0101ji, ir: k\u0101 gan obru iebrukums b\u016btu var\u0113jis notikt 15. gs. s\u0101kum\u0101? Tas \u0161\u0137iet neticami v\u0113lu, ta\u010du pirmie v\u0113sts glab\u0101t\u0101ji uzsv\u0113ru\u0161i, ka tas noticis p\u0113c krievu iebrukuma, nevis p\u0113c pirm\u0101 sl\u0101vu caurg\u0101jiena 6. gs. s\u0101kum\u0101, kad Ilme\u0146a telp\u0101 iebruku\u0161ie rietumsl\u0101vi izpost\u012bja T\u0101lavas austrumu teritorijas. T\u0101tad obri no Piet\u0101lavas padzina krievus un pal\u012bdz\u0113ja atjaunot izpost\u012bto Atzeli. Bet Piet\u0101lava ieguva Obrenes v\u0101rdu. Obru kl\u0101tb\u016btni T\u0101lavas austrumos apstiprina mal\u0113nie\u0161u izloksne, kas izplat\u012bta Atzeles un Obrenes teritorij\u0101. \u0160\u012b \u201cizloksne\u201d sev\u012b glab\u0101 vissen\u0101k\u0101s zieme\u013cbaltu valodas elementus.<\/p>\n

V\u0113sturiskie apstiprin\u0101jumi obru tautas eksistencei pa\u0161i dev\u0101s rok\u0101s. M. Gimbutas gr\u0101matas \u201cBalti aizv\u0113sturiskajos laikos\u201d (93. lpp.) att\u0113lota urna no Grabovas Starogardas apvid\u016b, uz kuras att\u0113loti obru rati. Tas pamudin\u0101ja pap\u0113t\u012bt Polijas karti, kur atradu Vartas pieteku Obru, kuras basein\u0101 var\u0113tu b\u016bt obru pirmdzimtene. V\u0113l l\u012bdz 12.-13. gs. daudzas Eiropas tautas tika identific\u0113tas p\u0113c vi\u0146u dz\u012bvesvietas. Piem\u0113ram, Ukeres baseinu apdz\u012bvoja baltisk\u0101 ukru tauta, Tollenz\u0113 baseinu \u2013 kursisk\u0101 tollensu tauta. Varnovas baseinu s\u0101kotn\u0113ji apdz\u012bvoja vari\u0146u tauta, kas v\u0113l\u0101k, sajaucoties ar obriem, tika p\u0101rd\u0113v\u0113ti par Varnovas obriem (varnoberi), bet Donavas pietekas Dravas basein\u0101 izauga baltisk\u0101 drav\u0113nu tauta. V\u0113l\u0101k gallu un romie\u0161u ekspansijas laik\u0101 baltu tautas bija spiestas p\u0101rvietoties, bet savus senos nosaukumus nezaud\u0113ja. Tas turpin\u0101j\u0101s ar\u012b p\u0113c Romas sagr\u0101ves, kad att\u012bst\u012bj\u0101s \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u un sl\u0101vu agresivit\u0101te. Obru dzimten\u0113 Obras basein\u0101 bija ar\u012b pils\u0113ti\u0146a Obra, kur tikai 1237. gad\u0101 cistercie\u0161u ordenis uzb\u016bv\u0113ja klosteri, kas ar\u012b patur\u0113ja Obras v\u0101rdu.<\/p>\n

M\u0113\u0123inot ievietot burtnieku st\u0101stu par Obrenes atbr\u012bvo\u0161anu hronolo\u0123iski pareiz\u0101 viet\u0101, iesp\u0113jams, \u0161\u0137iet, 6. gs. s\u0101kums, tom\u0113r, ja sekojam tautu staig\u0101\u0161anai viduslaikos tagad\u0113j\u0101s V\u0101cijas un Polijas teritorij\u0101, tad nav izsl\u0113dzams burtnieku glab\u0101tais variants. Dr. Bernhards Zeiferts, att\u0113lojot v\u0101cu koloniz\u0101cijas pan\u0101kumus 12.-13. gs. r\u0101da ainu, kur\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 V\u0101cij\u0101 v\u0113l daudzskaitl\u012bgi m\u012bt baltu un sl\u0101vu tautas. Un l\u012bdz pat 14. gs. V\u0101cij\u0101 nav pabeigta kristianiz\u0101cija.<\/p>\n

No Dr. Zeiferta inform\u0101cijas var secin\u0101t, ka da\u013ca venedu nav grib\u0113ju\u0161i sajaukties ar pie Vislas atn\u0101ku\u0161ajiem sarmatiem un iz\u0161\u0137\u012bst \u201csl\u0101vu kokteil\u012b\u201d. \u201cSarmata\u201d lietuviski noz\u012bm\u0113 \u201ckauns\u201d. Sarmati ja t\u0101 bija baltu, ir\u0101\u0146u un grie\u0137u tr\u012bsk\u0101r\u0161i jaukte\u0146i. Negrib\u0113dami piedal\u012bties t\u0101dos kauna darbos, da\u013ca venedu dev\u0101s t\u0101lu uz rietumiem, non\u0101kot pie D\u0101nijas un pat Breta\u0146as pussal\u0101. Citi dev\u0101s uz Ven\u0113cijas apgabalu, v\u0113l citi non\u0101ca Kurzem\u0113 un v\u0113l\u0101k C\u0113s\u012bs, ta\u010du nekur aiz sevis neatst\u0101ja k\u0101das \u201csl\u0101vu\u201d paz\u012bmes. Zeiferts aiz nezin\u0101\u0161anas venedu apmetnes apz\u012bm\u0113 par sl\u0101visk\u0101m. Ar\u012b Meklenburgu un Verlu, ko l\u012bdz pat 16. gs. apdz\u012bvoja obri un verli \u2013 neap\u0161aub\u0101mi balti, vi\u0146\u0161 apz\u012bm\u0113 par sl\u0101visk\u0101m. Tom\u0113r tollensus, ukrus un obrus vi\u0146\u0161 nesauc par sl\u0101viem, bet tikai no\u0161\u0137ir no \u0123erm\u0101\u0146iem. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka v\u0113l 13. gs. \u0161\u012bs baltu tautas nebija asimil\u0113tas un netika ar\u012b m\u0113r\u0137tiec\u012bgi izn\u012bcin\u0101tas, bet tika saglab\u0101tas \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u dz\u012bv\u0101 sp\u0113ka vairo\u0161anai.<\/p>\n

J\u0101dom\u0101, ka obru asimil\u0113\u0161ana \u0123erm\u0101\u0146iem nepavisam neveic\u0101s un v\u0101cu firsti t\u0101p\u0113c rosin\u0101ja vi\u0146u do\u0161anos uz austrumiem \u2013 uz radniec\u012bgo baltu zem\u0113m ar nol\u016bku izmantot tos krievu k\u0146azu agresijas aptur\u0113\u0161anai. Tad pa\u0161u burtnieku ap\u0161aub\u012bt\u0101 v\u0113sts par obru uzvaru p\u0101r krievu k\u0146aziem tom\u0113r ir pareiza, kaut ar\u012b dzi\u013ci sl\u0113pta, jo nedara godu ne v\u0101cu firstiem, ne krievu k\u0146aziem.<\/p>\n

Austrumos \u2013 tagad\u0113j\u0101s Krievijas teritorij\u0101, kur obri dz\u012bvoja blakus galindiem, vi\u0146iem tik ilgi izdz\u012bvot laikam nebija lemts. Ka vi\u0146i dz\u012bvoju\u0161i ar\u012b tur, par to liecina sl\u0101vu hronika \u201cPag\u0101ju\u0161o gadu v\u0113sture\u201d. T\u0101 zi\u0146o, ka no austrumu puses \u201csl\u0101vu\u201d zem\u0113 ien\u0101ca bulg\u0101ri un haz\u0101ri, un t\u0101l\u0101k v\u0113st\u012b: \u201cTaj\u0101 laik\u0101 bija v\u0113l ar\u012b obri, \u0161ie obri karoja pret sl\u0101viem. Bija \u0161ie obri lieli augum\u0101 un pr\u0101t\u0101 lepni, un Dievs vi\u0146us izn\u012bcin\u0101ja, nomira visi, nav vairs palicis neviena obra.\u201d T\u0101tad, kad citas tautas ien\u0101ca, obri tur jau bija. \u0160ie obri karoja pret sl\u0101viem t\u0101p\u0113c, ka sl\u0101vi spied\u0101s obru zem\u0113s. Ac\u012bmredzot pirm\u0101s sl\u0101vu ekspansijas dal\u012bbniekus obri izn\u012bcin\u0101ja. Iebruc\u0113ju l\u012b\u0137u bija tik daudz, ka izc\u0113l\u0101s m\u0113ris, kura rezult\u0101t\u0101 zemes pamatiedz\u012bvot\u0101ji \u2013 obri izmira un vi\u0146u zemes k\u013cuva sl\u0101viem par vieglu laup\u012bjumu.<\/p>\n

T\u0101tad obri apdz\u012bvoja ne tikai Varnovas un Obras baseinu, Vartas lejasteci, bet ari pla\u0161as teritorijas austrumos \u2013 Okas baseinu un Ilme\u0146a telpu ieskaitot. Tom\u0113r rietumu teritorij\u0101s obru tauta saglab\u0101j\u0101s vismaz asto\u0146us gadsimtus ilg\u0101k nek\u0101 austrumos. Gan burtnieku liec\u012bbas, gan sl\u0101vu hronika obrus raksturo k\u0101 lepnu tautu. \u0160ai lepn\u012bbai bija pamats. Obri apzin\u0101j\u0101s, ka vi\u0146i ir sen\u0101k\u0101 tauta un t\u0101p\u0113c stingri sarg\u0101ja savu \u201ct\u0101vu t\u0101vu vol\u016bdu\u201d un jaun\u0101s tautas uzskat\u012bja par no\u017e\u0113lojamiem jaukte\u0146iem. T\u0101dos pa\u0161os uzskatos bija ar\u012b \u201cbro\u013cu tauta \u2013 lai\u0161i\u201d \u2013 lietuvie\u0161i.<\/p>\n

Z\u012bm\u012bgi, ka obri ir at\u013c\u0101vu\u0161ies sajaukties tikai ar visvec\u0101ko baltu tautu locek\u013ciem. Vari\u0146i, kas J\u016blija C\u0113zara laik\u0101 apdz\u012bvoja Baltijas j\u016bras dienvidu krastu un Varnovas baseinu, ir t\u0101 pati tauta, ko paz\u012bstam ar T\u0101lavas latga\u013cu nosaukumu. Varnovas basein\u0101 izveidoj\u0101s Varnovas obru tauta (varnoberi), bet T\u0101lavas austrumu teritorij\u0101s Atzel\u0113 un Obren\u0113 \u2013 mal\u0113nie\u0161i. Abos gad\u012bjumos ir notikusi vari\u0146u un obru sajauk\u0161an\u0101s. Vari\u0146u aizv\u0113sture ir tikpat sena k\u0101 hetu aizv\u0113sture. Vi\u0146u ce\u013ci ir biju\u0161i paral\u0113li jau tad, kad baltu tautas virz\u012bj\u0101s caur Indo\u0137\u012bnu. V\u0113l \u0161odien par liec\u012bbu seno baltu kl\u0101tesam\u012bbai tur atrodam daudzus hidron\u012bmus un topon\u012bmus, kas apliecina vari\u0146u un hetu paral\u0113los ce\u013cus.<\/p>\n

Bet obri un vari\u0146i turpina dz\u012bvot t\u0101lavie\u0161os un mal\u0113nie\u0161os, t\u0101pat k\u0101 sen\u0101 br\u0101\u013cu tauta heti m\u016bsu br\u0101\u013cu taut\u0101 lei\u0161os.<\/p>\n

Pelasgu \u2013 umbru \u2013 obru –
\nmal\u0113nie\u0161u valodu tilts no
\naizv\u0113stures l\u012bdz m\u016bsdien\u0101m<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Jau agr\u0101 b\u0113rn\u012bb\u0101 dzird\u0113ju burtnieku mutv\u0101rdu trad\u012bcijas v\u0113sti par to, \u201cko mousu vol\u016bda ir vussanoko n\u016b vusom vol\u016bdom un n\u016b vi\u0146as ir cielu\u0161os vusas jaun\u016b tautu vol\u016bdas\u201d (ka m\u016bsu valoda ir vissen\u0101k\u0101 no vis\u0101m valod\u0101m un no vi\u0146as ir c\u0113lu\u0161\u0101s visas jauno tautu valodas). \u0160\u012b t\u0113ze kaut kur nogrima man\u0101 apzi\u0146\u0101 l\u012bdz sirmam vecumam, kad n\u0101c\u0101s konstat\u0113t skumjo paties\u012bbu, ka m\u016bsu v\u0113sture tiek \u013caunpr\u0101t\u012bgi falsific\u0113ta nol\u016bk\u0101 l\u012bdz galam izn\u012bcin\u0101t pat atmi\u0146as par vissen\u0101kaj\u0101m balt\u0101s rases taut\u0101m. N\u0101c\u0101s atcer\u0113ties b\u0113rn\u012bb\u0101 dzird\u0113to, k\u0101 ar\u012b p\u0101rbaud\u012bt, vai dzird\u0113tajam ir pien\u0101c\u012bgs paties\u012bbas segums un to, ka pelasgu-umbru-obru-mal\u0113nie\u0161u valodu radniec\u012bba ir tuva, bet to izmai\u0146as no dzi\u013cas aizv\u0113stures l\u012bdz m\u016bsdien\u0101m visai niec\u012bgas. J\u0101piebilst gan, ka kop\u0161 20. gs. otr\u0101s puses sakar\u0101 ar lauku dz\u012bves pan\u012bkumu mal\u0113nie\u0161u izloksne zaud\u0113 savu senatn\u012bgumu un arvien vair\u0101k sapl\u016bst ar liter\u0101ro valodu.<\/p>\n

Tie\u0161i izteikt\u0101 senatn\u012bguma d\u0113\u013c caur mal\u0113nie\u0161u izloksni baltisk\u0101s izcelsmes topon\u012bmi un hidron\u012bmi ir visviegl\u0101k un visliel\u0101kaj\u0101 skait\u0101 atpaz\u012bstami. Piem\u0113ram, Osumu upe Alb\u0101nij\u0101, M\u014dsas upe Be\u013c\u0123ij\u0101, Molas un Senv\u012btas pils\u0113tas turpat, \u010dehu \u016asta p\u012b Lobas un L\u012bpas pils\u0113tas, Sanas upe Dienvidsl\u0101vij\u0101, otra Sana Polij\u0101 ar Sanokas pils\u0113tu t\u0101s krast\u0101, Molas, Volas, Dodonu un Kozanu pils\u0113tas Grie\u0137ij\u0101, N\u014dras un M\u014djas upes un Kovas pils\u0113ta \u012arij\u0101, Ombrones upe It\u0101lij\u0101, \u016azas, J\u0101ras, Storas upes, Kollas un Mallas salas Lielbrit\u0101nij\u0101, Mozules, S\u012bras un \u016aras upes Luksemburg\u0101, M\u014dsas upe, Grovas, Bornes un Vordenas pils\u0113tas N\u012bderland\u0113, Vardes, B\u016bdes, Vosas, Odas, M\u014dsas pils\u0113tas Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101, Odras, Vartas, Obras, Boberes un Bradas upes, Bogati\u0146as, Sveces, Opoles, Il\u017eas un Varkas pils\u0113tas Polij\u0101, M\u014dras pils\u0113ta Portug\u0101l\u0113, M\u014dtru, Oltecas, Oltas upes, Bajas, Bra\u0161ovas, Motru un Bradas pils\u0113tas Rum\u0101nij\u0101, T\u014drnes upe, V\u0101sas un K\u016bmu pils\u0113tas Somij\u0101, M\u014dras pils\u0113ta Sp\u0101nij\u0101, Samo\u0161as upe, Madas, Soltas, Bajas, P\u0101pas, Bakas un M\u014dras pils\u0113tas Ung\u0101rij\u0101, L\u0101nas, Leines, L\u012bpas un Mozules upes, Leines, Vilcenes un Ukro pils\u0113tas V\u0101cij\u0101, T\u014drnes, \u016ames un L\u016bles upes un Omolas pils\u0113ta Zviedrij\u0101.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Ar\u012b \u0100zij\u0101 pelasgu-umbru-obru-mal\u0113nie\u0161u izcelsmes v\u0101rdu ir papilnam. Piem\u0113ram, Usuri, Burejas, Zejas, 2 Okas, Kotujas, Puras, Pe\u010doras, Me\u017eas, Volgas, Zu\u0161as, Upas, P\u013cavas, Donas, Omas, Tomas, Lov\u0101tes un Urupas upes, Momas ieleja un Valdaja augstiene Krievij\u0101, Kaladanas upe, Pal\u0101nas, Pa\u0101nas un Tavojas pils\u0113tas Birm\u0101, Sonas un \u0160ajokas upes, Silv\u0101sas un Gunas pils\u0113tas Indij\u0101, Kolas upe, Gorganas, \u016agi\u0146as, Pol\u0101nas un Rejas pils\u0113tas Ir\u0101n\u0101, Monas upe, Beidas, Gaidas un Sanas pils\u0113tas Jemen\u0101, Sanas un Kongas upes, Lompatas un Barajas pils\u0113tas Kambod\u017e\u0101, K\u014drlas pils\u0113ta \u0136\u012bn\u0101, Sanas, Pal\u0101nas un Pakopas pils\u0113tas Laos\u0101, L\u012bt\u0101nu upe Lib\u0101n\u0101, \u016argolas un Tolas upes, Bajanas, Bajangolo un Bajanobo pils\u0113tas Mongolij\u0101, Kolvas pils\u0113ta Pakist\u0101n\u0101, Komas un D\u016bmas pils\u0113tas S\u012brij\u0101, Munas upe, Lopburi un \u010conburi pils\u0113tas Taizem\u0113, Trojas, Miglas un Isp\u0101rtas pils\u0113tas Turcij\u0101.<\/p>\n

\u0100frik\u0101 atrodam S\u012bvas, M\u016btas un Tantas pils\u0113tas \u0112\u0123ipt\u0113, Omas upi, M\u014djales, Vorderas un Voldija pils\u0113tas Etiopij\u0101, Er\u014dsas, Dumes, Komas upes, Obalas un Gunas pils\u0113tas Kamer\u016bn\u0101, Br\u0101kas pils\u0113tu L\u012bbij\u0101, Momas un Namunas pils\u0113tas Mozambik\u0101, Lopori upi, Tolo, Vaca, Opala, Kolle un Kalima pils\u0113tas Kongo-Zair\u0101, Lobo un J\u0101rani upes, Sakalas pils\u0113tu Kotdivu\u0101r\u0101, Matamas un Lugas pils\u0113tas. Seneg\u0101l\u0101, \u012asokas pils\u0113tu un Lufupas upi Zambij\u0101 un vareno D\u0100R robe\u017eupi Limpopo, kam ilgu laiku v\u0101rdam\u0101sa bija m\u016bsu Vaidavi\u0146a, proti, senatn\u0113 t\u0101 sauc\u0101s vienk\u0101r\u0161i par Opu vai Upi. \u0160o v\u0101rdu saglab\u0101ja pils\u0113ti\u0146a Ope (Ape), bet Opai p\u0113c krievu laup\u012bt\u0101ju nest\u0101 posta Tolovas austrumos tika pie\u0161\u0137irts vaidupes \u2013 Vaidavas v\u0101rds.<\/p>\n

D\u012bvaini, ka no vissen\u0101k\u0101s aizv\u0113stures saglab\u0101ju\u0161ies baltiskie hidron\u012bmi un topon\u012bmi \u0100zij\u0101 un \u0100frik\u0101 ir pa\u0161saprotami mal\u0113nie\u0161u izloksn\u0113 un neprasa nek\u0101dus etimolo\u0123ijas skaidrojumus. Tas liecina, ka senajiem vari\u0146iem un obriem t\u0113vut\u0113vu valoda bija patiesi sv\u0113ta un t\u0101du vi\u0146i to nodeva gan varnoberiem Varnovas basein\u0101 V\u0101cij\u0101, gan mal\u0113nie\u0161iem krievu izpost\u012btajos Tolovas austrumos.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Obru valodas elementi mal\u0113nie\u0161u izloksn\u0113<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Burtnieku v\u0113sts par obru pal\u012bdz\u012bbu t\u0101lavie\u0161iem zi\u0146o ar\u012b par obru un t\u0101lavie\u0161u sajauk\u0161anos vien\u0101 taut\u0101 nedaudzu paaud\u017eu laik\u0101. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka \u0161\u012bs abas bija zieme\u013cbaltu tautas ar \u013coti l\u012bdz\u012bgu valodu. Iesp\u0113jams, ka t\u0101lavie\u0161i bija tuvi to vari\u0146u radinieki, kuri v\u0113l J\u016blija C\u0113zara laik\u0101 apdz\u012bvoja Baltijas j\u016bras dienvidu piekrasti no D\u0101nijas l\u012bdz Oderas baseinam. V\u0113l tagad T\u0101lavas centr\u0101 atrodas Vari\u0146i \u2013 apdz\u012bvota vieta, kas saglab\u0101jusi senas baltu tautas v\u0101rdu. T\u016bksto\u0161 gadu v\u0113l\u0101k min\u0113taj\u0101 re\u0123ion\u0101 vari\u0146us vairs neatrodam, bet tur dz\u012bvo Varnovas obri, kas ac\u012bmredzot ir vari\u0146u atlikuma un no Obras baseina sl\u0101vu izspiesto obru p\u0113cn\u0101c\u0113ji, kuri turpina dz\u012bvot senaj\u0101 vari\u0146u zem\u0113 \u2013 Varnovas upes basein\u0101. Tur m. \u0113. 6. gs. baltisko elementu pastiprina heru\u013cu p\u0113cn\u0101c\u0113ju verlu grupa, kas no Meln\u0101s j\u016bras piekrastes atgrie\u017eas zieme\u013cbaltisko sen\u010du zem\u0113. T\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 Varnovas basein\u0101 v\u0113l 13. gs. \u0123erm\u0101\u0146i nesp\u0113j asimil\u0113t baltus. L\u012bdz\u012bga situ\u0101cija ir ar\u012b Oderas vidustec\u0113 un Vartas lejastec\u0113, kur joproj\u0101m dz\u012bvo daudz obru un ukru taut\u012bbas baltu. \u013boti iesp\u0113jams, ka v\u0101cu firsti obru eksped\u012bcijas karapulkus organiz\u0113ja no \u0161\u012b otr\u0101 re\u0123iona. T\u0101 dom\u0101t \u013cauj fakts, ka obru atbr\u012bvot\u0101 Atzele un P\u012btolova sa\u0146\u0113ma iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju papildin\u0101jumu. P\u012btolova tika p\u0101rd\u0113v\u0113ta par Obreni, bet no Sitas uz zieme\u013crietumiem izveidoj\u0101s ukru kolonija, kuru nosauca par Ukrainu.<\/p>\n

J\u0101dom\u0101, ka lauztais akcents mal\u0113nie\u0161u izloksn\u0113 ir mantots no obriem, jo T\u0101lavas rietumu pus\u0113 tas gandr\u012bz nav j\u016btams. Mal\u0113nie\u0161u izloksn\u0113 ir daudz vair\u0101k saknes patska\u0146u u un o, kas apliecina valodas senatniskumu. Tie\u0161i obri valodas seno formu saglab\u0101\u0161anai piev\u0113rsu\u0161i \u012bpa\u0161u uzman\u012bbu. T\u0101p\u0113c mal\u0113nie\u0161u izloksn\u0113 ir v\u0101rdu kopas, kuras \u012bsti neiek\u013caujas m\u016bsdienu latvie\u0161u gramatikas likumos. Mal\u0113nie\u0161u darb\u012bbas v\u0101rdu nenoteiksmes izska\u0146a visbie\u017e\u0101k ir \u201cti\u201d, kas pasv\u012btro radniec\u012bbu ar lietuvie\u0161u valodu. J\u0101atz\u012bst gan, ka latvie\u0161u rakstu valodas ietekm\u0113 \u0161\u012bs izska\u0146as lieto\u0161ana strauji mazin\u0101s. Dr\u012bz vien var non\u0101kt l\u012bdz st\u0101voklim, kad viens mal\u0113nietis sac\u012bs \u2013 gribu dzerti, bet otrs atbild\u0113s \u2013 baidz muld\u0113ti un soki skaidri \u201cgribu dzert\u201d!<\/p>\n

Atz\u012bstot kaut ko par lietder\u012bgu vai v\u0113rt\u012bgu, mal\u0113nietis saka: \u201ctis ir to vierts\u201d vai ar\u012b \u201ctei ir to v\u0101rta\u201d. Atz\u012bstot kaut ko par vajadz\u012bgu vai nevajadz\u012bgu, mal\u0113nietis saka: \u201ctis ir n\u016bt\u012bgs\u201d vai \u201ctei l\u012bta ir n\u016bt\u012bga\u201d, bet \u201cdi\u0113l to nav n\u016bte poul\u0113t\u012bs\u201d. Atjaut\u012bbu vai neat\u013caut\u012bbu mal\u0113nietis izsaka pavisam strupi: \u201cir breiv\u201d un \u201cnav breiv\u201d. Zaud\u0113jumu vai ievainojumu mal\u0113nietis ar\u012b konstat\u0113 \u013coti strupi: \u201clila skode\u201d vai \u201cskode nav nei koda\u201d. Katrai darb\u012bbai mal\u0113nietis prasa pamatojumu: \u201cnu koda tur j\u0101ga\u201d vai \u201cnu koda tam j\u0101ga\u201d. Apstiprinot paties\u012bbu, mal\u0113nietis saka: \u201ct\u012bsa gon\u201d vai \u201ctis ir t\u012bsa\u201d. Saka ar\u012b: \u201ctei ir pat\u012bs\u012bba\u201d. Ja k\u0101ds melo, tad mal\u0113nietis saka: \u201citis runaj oplami\u201d, bet par meli saka: \u201coplams cilvaks\u201d. Patiesu un taisn\u012bgu sauc par \u201critt\u012bgu (rikt\u012bgu) cilvaku\u201d. Mal\u0113nie\u0161i \u201cbet\u201d viet\u0101 saka \u201cabet\u201d, un \u201c\u0161is\u201d vi\u0146iem ir \u201citis\u201d. Te iez\u012bm\u0113jas obru un umbru valodu radniec\u012bba. Tom\u0113r \u201csala\u201dvi\u0146iem ir \u201csola\u201d, nevis \u201cisola\u201d k\u0101 umbriem. \u201cLotv\u012b\u0161u touta\u201d laikam gan obru un umbru valod\u0101 skan\u0113tu vien\u0101di.<\/p>\n

Vari\u0146u un seno t\u0101lavie\u0161u valodu l\u012bdz\u012bba ar obru valodu v\u0113l 13. gs. ir bijusi liel\u0101ka nek\u0101 \u0161odien, kad T\u0101lavas rietumu rajoni un biju\u0161\u0101s l\u012bbie\u0161u zemes ir non\u0101ku\u0161as stipr\u0101 zemga\u013cu dialekta iespaid\u0101. Lauztais akcents tur ir zudis un piln\u012bb\u0101 valda liter\u0101r\u0101 valoda.<\/p>\n

Min\u0113tajos piem\u0113ros izmantoju v\u0101rdus, kurus \u0101rpus v\u0113sturisk\u0101s realit\u0101tes st\u0101vo\u0161ie valodnieki labpr\u0101t pieskait\u012btu pie aizguvumiem. Ta\u010du tie ir obru v\u0101rdi, un obri bija tie\u0161i t\u0101 seno zieme\u013cbaltu tauta, kas \u012bpa\u0161i r\u016bp\u0113j\u0101s par \u201cvol\u016bdas teir\u012bbu\u201d<\/strong>. Pie tam obru tauta ir p\u0101rliecino\u0161i vec\u0101ka gan par \u0123erm\u0101\u0146iem, gan par sl\u0101viem. Ar\u012b p\u0113c arheolingvistikas likumiem v\u0101cu \u201cNot\u201d ir atvasin\u0101jums no obru \u201cn\u016bte\u201d. T\u0101pat obru \u201cskode\u201d caur radniec\u012bgo umbru valodu ir saglab\u0101jusies it\u0101\u013cu valod\u0101 un v\u0101cu \u201c\u0161ade\u201d ir tikai atvasin\u0101jums no obru \u201cskodes\u201d, nevis otr\u0101di. T\u0101pat \u201critt\u012bgs\u201d un \u201crikt\u012bgs\u201d ir obru valodas priek\u0161te\u010di v\u0101cu v\u0101rdam \u201crichtig\u201d. T\u0101pat obru \u201cabet\u201d ir v\u0101cu \u201caber\u201d sencis \u2013 un ne otr\u0101di. No obru v\u0101rda \u201cdiel\u201d \u2013 \u201dpriek\u0161\u201d sl\u0101vi izveidoja \u201cd\u013ca\u201d, bet no obru \u201ctupeles\u201d sl\u0101viem izn\u0101ca \u201ctuf\u013ca\u201d. Tas, kas obriem ir \u013cauns \u2013 \u201cbl\u0101gs\u201d, sl\u0101viem k\u013cuva par labumu \u2013 \u201cblago\u201d. \u0160\u012b v\u0101rda apgriezt\u0101 j\u0113ga atspogu\u013cojas v\u0113stur\u0113. Proti, kad sl\u0101vi iebruka obru zem\u0113s \u2013 tagad\u0113j\u0101 Krievij\u0101, obri drosm\u012bgi pretoj\u0101s un izn\u012bcin\u0101ja milz\u012bgus pirmo iebruc\u0113ju p\u016b\u013cus. Ta\u010du uzvaras labums p\u0101rv\u0113rt\u0101s \u013caunum\u0101. Izc\u0113l\u0101s m\u0113ris un izn\u012bcin\u0101ja zemes pamatiedz\u012bvot\u0101jus. L\u012bdz ar to atbr\u012bvoj\u0101s ce\u013c\u0161 cit\u0101m iebruc\u0113ju mas\u0101m, kas guva palieko\u0161u labumu\u2026<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Barbarismi m\u016bsdienu valod\u0101 un
\nbarbariska attieksme pret sen\u010du valodu<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ir pozit\u012bvi un apsveicami, ja m\u016bsu valodnieki cen\u0161as aizsarg\u0101t latvie\u0161u valodu no modern\u0101 laika pies\u0101r\u0146ojumiem, vienalga, no k\u0101das jaun\u0101s valodas tie n\u0101ktu. Ja m\u0113s nekritiski pie\u0146emtu visu, ko m\u016bsu laikmets mums pied\u0101v\u0101, tad latvie\u0161u valoda tiktu \u201cnosl\u012bcin\u0101ta\u201d topo\u0161\u0101 internacion\u0101l\u0101 \u017eargona j\u016br\u0101. Patlaban, globaliz\u0101cijas iespaid\u0101 pla\u0161i izv\u0113r\u0161oties starptautiskajam t\u016brismam, daudziem cilv\u0113kiem \u0161\u0137iet \u0113rti un paroc\u012bgi iemais\u012bt m\u016bsu valod\u0101 v\u0101rdus no starptautisk\u0101s sazi\u0146as valodu v\u0101rdiem. Tas ir process, kas apdraud visu mazo tautu valodas un ko cen\u0161as veicin\u0101t \u201cvispasaules vald\u012bbas veidot\u0101ji\u201d. T\u0101tad c\u012b\u0146a pret barbarismiem 21. gs. ir aktu\u0101la un nepiecie\u0161ama.<\/p>\n

Mazliet cit\u0101di ir ar barbarismu \u201catkl\u0101jumiem\u201d, kas sekoja latvie\u0161u valodas gramatikas izveidei. \u0160\u012b gramatika tika izveidota tam seno baltu valodu atlikumam, kur\u0161 bija saglab\u0101jies Latvijas teritorij\u0101. Pie tam \u0161\u012b gramatika nerespekt\u0113 seno valodu \u012bpatn\u012bbas, ko glab\u0101 dialekti un izloksnes, kas k\u0101dreiz veidojas ne jau uz \u0161is gramatikas likumu pamata. Piem\u0113ram, Pl\u016bdonis rakstot: \u201cPa purvu, pa purvu mellaju, pa me\u017eu, pa me\u017eu tum\u0161aju zelta papardes ziedu es mekl\u0113ju, ko aizdz\u012bt pasaules tr\u016bkumu,\u201d nemaz nerespekt\u0113 jauno gramatiku, bet gan senu izteiksmes formu, kas katram latvietim ir tikpat labi saprotama k\u0101 liter\u0101r\u0101 valoda. T\u0101tad jaun\u0101 gramatika apcirpa seno valodas veido\u0161anas br\u012bv\u012bbu. Tas b\u016btu itin dab\u012bgi, jo katrs likums kaut ko ierobe\u017eo. Turkl\u0101t vienots likums nevar vien\u0101di izteikt da\u017e\u0101du valodu \u012bpatn\u012bbas, kuras at\u0161\u0137\u012br\u0101s ne tikai izteiksmes veida, bet ar\u012b v\u0101rdu fonda zi\u0146\u0101.<\/p>\n

P\u0113c jaun\u0101s gramatikas izveido\u0161anas, kura sa\u0161aurin\u0101ja valodas veido\u0161anas \u201clikum\u012bg\u0101s\u201d ties\u012bbas, s\u0101k\u0101s ar\u012b v\u0101rdu fonda rev\u012bzija. Balstoties uz aplamu pie\u0146\u0113mumu, ka no baltu \u201ccilt\u012bm\u201d tikai kop\u0161 7. l\u012bdz 11. gadsimtam izveidoju\u0161\u0101s latvie\u0161u un lietuvie\u0161u tautas, \u2013 t\u0101tad sl\u0101vu un \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u tautas var\u0113tu b\u016bt vec\u0101kas, no latvie\u0161u v\u0101rdu fonda bez \u017e\u0113last\u012bbas tika izmesti visi v\u0101rdi, kas tika lietoti kungu tautu valod\u0101s. Krietnie valodnieki diem\u017e\u0113l neapzin\u0101j\u0101s, ka kungu tautas ir nozagu\u0161as baltu taut\u0101m vi\u0146u pirmdzimt\u012bbu, t\u0101p\u0113c visus senos baltu v\u0101rdus, kuri paliku\u0161i laup\u012bt\u0101jtautu lieto\u0161an\u0101, norakst\u012bja par vi\u0146u likum\u012bgu \u012bpa\u0161umu un bez \u017e\u0113last\u012bbas kr\u0101va latvie\u0161u valod\u0101 ievaz\u0101to barbarismu l\u0101d\u0113.<\/p>\n

B\u016btu lietder\u012bgi apskat\u012bt kaut nedaudzus piem\u0113rus, lai \u0161is apgalvojums nepaliktu bez seguma. Mal\u0113nie\u0161u v\u0101rds \u201cznatoks\u201d, kas p\u0101rmantots no obru valodas, tika uzskat\u012bts par barbarismu, kas aizg\u016bts no krievu valodas. Paties\u012bb\u0101 \u0161is v\u0101rds sakn\u0113 sakr\u012bt ar sanskrita v\u0101rdu \u201csn\u0101taka\u201d, t\u0101p\u0113c nav nek\u0101ds barbarisms, bet baltu senv\u0101rds, ko k\u0101 p\u0113d\u0113jie aizguv\u0113ju rind\u0101 ir aizguvu\u0161i krievi. V\u0113l piem\u0113rs: mal\u0113nie\u0161i v\u0101rda \u201cl\u016bgt\u201d viet\u0101 saka \u2013 \u201cpras\u012bt-pal\u016bgt-papras\u012bt\u201d, kas atkal ir mantojums no sen\u0101s obru valodas. Valodas t\u012br\u012bt\u0101ji to t\u0101pat noraksta sl\u0101vu barabarismos, jo krieviski \u201cprosba\u201d ir l\u016bg\u0161ana un \u201cprosi\u0137\u201d \u2013 l\u016bgt. Ta\u010du mal\u0113nie\u0161u un obru v\u0101rdam \u201cpras\u012b\u0161ana\u201d saknes radinieks ir sanskrita \u201cpra\u0161na\u201d. Atkal krievi aizguv\u0113ju rind\u0101 ir p\u0113d\u0113jie un nav var\u0113ju\u0161i aizdot to, kas pa\u0161iem nepieder\u2026 Pat v\u0101rds \u201ckrusts\u201d k\u0101 bazn\u012bcisks termins esot patapin\u0101ts un darin\u0101ts no krievu \u201ckrest\u201d, kaut gan jau t\u016bksto\u0161iem gadu pirms krievu tautas ra\u0161an\u0101s baltu tautas pazina daudz un da\u017e\u0101das krusta modifik\u0101cijas\u2026<\/p>\n

Ja mal\u0113nietis saka \u201cskode\u201d vai latviski \u201csk\u0101de\u201d, tad tie atkal esot barbarismi, kas c\u0113lu\u0161ies no v\u0101cu \u201c\u0161ade\u201d. T\u0101s ar\u012b ir bl\u0113\u0146as, jo latvie\u0161u \u201csk\u0101d\u0113t\u201d un it\u0101\u013cu \u201cscadere\u201d c\u0113lu\u0161ies no kop\u012bgas saknes \u2013 seno baltu v\u0101rda saknes, no kuras daudz v\u0113l\u0101k atvasin\u0101ta v\u0101cu \u201c\u0161ade\u201d. Mal\u0113nie\u0161i no obru valodas mantoju\u0161i \u201cnav n\u016bte\u201d \u2013 nav vajadz\u012bbas. Tas esot barbarisms, kas c\u0113lies no v\u0101cu \u201cdie Not\u201d, \u2013 ta\u010du p\u0113c arheolingvistikas likumiem izr\u0101d\u0101s, ka v\u0101rdi\u0146\u0161 \u201cn\u016bte\u201d ir vec\u0101ks par \u201cnot\u201d. T\u0101 var\u0113tu turpin\u0101t bezgala ilgi. Gala izn\u0101kum\u0101 atliek vien secin\u0101t, ka seno baltu v\u0101rdu fonds ir bijis p\u0101rbag\u0101ts ar sinon\u012bmiem un ar\u012b noma\u013c\u0101s provinc\u0113s lietotiem v\u0101rdiem, kuri visp\u0101r\u0113j\u0101 lieto\u0161an\u0101 bija maz\u0101k paz\u012bstami un v\u0113l\u0101k ieguva it k\u0101 k\u0101das jaun\u0101s valodas ori\u0123in\u0101lv\u0101rdu statusu.<\/p>\n

T\u0101 k\u0101 da\u013ca seno baltu v\u0101rdu fonda ir saglab\u0101ta dz\u012bvaj\u0101s latvie\u0161u, lietuvie\u0161u un it\u0101\u013cu valod\u0101s, k\u0101 ar\u012b da\u013c\u0113ji saglab\u0101taj\u0101 senpr\u016b\u0161u valod\u0101 un sanskrit\u0101, tad nevienu v\u0101rdu, kas atrodams vismaz div\u0101s no min\u0113taj\u0101m valod\u0101m, nevar uzskat\u012bt par aizguvumu no jaunaj\u0101m rom\u0101\u0146u, \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u vai sl\u0101vu valod\u0101m. Tie ir baltu v\u0101rdi, nevis barbarismi. Fakts, ka da\u017ei no \u0161iem v\u0101rdiem jaunaj\u0101s valod\u0101s tiek lietoti bie\u017e\u0101k, bet baltu valod\u0101s atrodami tikai da\u017eos dialektos vai izloksn\u0113s, te neko nenoz\u012bm\u0113, bet tikai apliecina, ka t\u0101s baltu tautas vair\u0101kums, kura lietoja \u0161os v\u0101rdus, ir attiec\u012bg\u0101s jaun\u0101s tautas asimil\u0113ts vai izn\u012bcin\u0101ts.<\/p>\n

T\u0101, piem\u0113ram, daudzus obru valodas v\u0101rdus \u0123erm\u0101\u0146i ir p\u0101r\u0146\u0113mu\u0161i un l\u012bdz pat m\u016bsu dien\u0101m gandr\u012bz neizmain\u012btus lieto v\u0101cu valod\u0101. Sal\u012bdzin\u0101sim \u2013 obru \u201cvords\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cWort\u201d; obru \u201cveins\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cWein\u201d; obru \u201cvogi\u201dun v\u0101cu \u201cWagen\u201d; obru \u201cl\u012bpa\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cLippe\u201d; obru \u201cbe\u0146\u0137is\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cBank\u201d; obru \u201cstreipa\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cStreife\u201d; obru \u201cbroute\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cBraut\u201d; obru \u201cb\u016bda\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cBude\u201d; obru \u201cdeistele\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cDeichsel\u201d; obru \u201cde\u0137is\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cDecke\u201d; obru \u201cd\u016bze\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cDose\u201d; obru \u201cgeiga\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cGeige\u201d; obru \u201c\u0123eld\u0113t\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cGelten\u201d; obru \u201ckante\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cKante\u201d; obru \u201ckaste\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cKasten\u201d; obru \u201c\u0137eils\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cKeil\u201d; obru \u201c\u0137elle\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cKelle\u201d; obru \u201cklejas\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cKleie\u201d; obru \u201cknaps\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cKnapp\u201d; obru \u201ckubuls\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cKubel\u201d; obru \u201ckupurs\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cKupfer\u201d; obru \u201clate\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cLatte\u201d; obru \u201cl\u0113ne\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cLehne\u201d \u2013 atzveltne; obru \u201cleime\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cLeim\u201d; obru \u201clider\u012bgs\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cLiederlich \u2013 nolaid\u012bgs\u201d; obru \u201clokka\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cLocke\u201d; obru \u201cmantels\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cMantel\u201d; (t\u0101pat ar\u012b umbru un it\u0101\u013cu valod\u0101); obru \u201cm\u016blis\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cMaul\u201d; obru \u201cmulda\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cMulde\u201d; obru \u201cmusturs\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cMuster\u201d; obru \u201cnarrs\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cNarr\u201d; obru \u201cn\u012bre\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cNiere\u201d; obru \u201cpuc\u0113ti\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cPutzen\u201d; obru \u201crante\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cRand\u201d; obru \u201creive\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cReibe\u201d; obru \u201creime\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cReim\u201d; obru \u201cr\u016bre\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cRohr\u201d \u2013 caurule; obru \u201c\u0161ierme\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cSchirm\u201d; obru \u201cslakt\u0113ti\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cschlachten\u201d; obru \u201cslikts\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cschlecht\u201d; obru \u201cslou\u017eas\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cSchleuse\u201d; obru \u201c\u0161lipse\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cSchlips\u201d; obru \u201c\u0161\u013cuka\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cSchluck\u201d; obru \u201csmiede\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cSchmiede\u201d; obru \u201csmiere\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cSchmiere\u201d; obru \u201c\u0161\u0146abs\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cSchnaps\u201d; obru \u201c\u0161\u0146\u016bre\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cSchnur\u201d; obru \u201c\u0161ouplode\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cSchublade\u201d \u2013 atvilktne; obru \u201csp\u012b\u0123els\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cSpiegel\u201d; obru \u201csteivs\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201csteif\u201d; obru \u201cve\u0161a\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cW\u00e4sche\u201d \u2013 ve\u013ca; obru \u201ccinne\u201d un v\u0101cu \u201cZinn\u201d.<\/p>\n

Neviens no \u0161iem v\u0101rdiem nav tikai un vien\u012bgi obru un v\u0101cu valodas \u012bpa\u0161ums, bet ar\u012b lei\u0161u, umbru, it\u0101\u013cu vai latvie\u0161u kop\u012bgi lietoti baltu v\u0101rdi. Jaun\u0101 v\u0101cu valoda tos ir mantojusi no sen\u0101s obru valodas ar atsevi\u0161\u0137u \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u cil\u0161u starpniec\u012bbu. T\u0101p\u0113c tos nevar saukt par v\u0101cu barbarismiem latvie\u0161u valod\u0101. Dr\u012bz\u0101k gan tie j\u0101sauc par baltu senv\u0101rdiem, un to pied\u0113v\u0113\u0161ana v\u0101cu v\u0101rdu fondam ir barbarisms pret seno obru valodu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Tas ir tikpat dabiski un patiesi k\u0101 fakts, ka vecvec\u0101ki nekad nem\u0101c\u0101s run\u0101t no saviem mazmazb\u0113rniem, bet tie p\u0113d\u0113jie m\u0101c\u0101s no tiem pirmajiem. Kam ausis dzird\u0113t, tas lai dzird, kam d\u0101rga paties\u012bba, tas lai main\u0101s, bet, kas melos dz\u012bvojis un melis ir, tas paties\u012bbai godu nepie\u0161\u0137ir. T\u012bsa gon \u2013 sac\u012btu vecie obri\u2026<\/p>\n

L\u012bdz\u012bga situ\u0101cija ir sl\u0101vu valod\u0101s. P\u0113c valodnieku atzinuma liel\u0101kaj\u0101 no sl\u0101vu valod\u0101m \u2013 krievu valod\u0101 \u2013 70% no v\u0101rdu fonda veido v\u0101rdi ar baltisk\u0101m sakn\u0113m, p\u0101r\u0113jo \u2013 ir\u0101\u0146u un grie\u0137u valodu piedevas. Krievu senv\u0113stures p\u0113tnieki Toporovs un Ivanovs ir atzinu\u0161i, ka sl\u0101vu valodas ir veidoju\u0161\u0101s no noma\u013ciem baltu dialektiem. Tas ir v\u0113sturiski apstiprin\u0101ts process, un t\u0101p\u0113c krievu valodas barbarismu med\u012bbas latvie\u0161u valod\u0101 var b\u016bt ne maz\u0101k mald\u012bgas par t\u0101m, kuras apskat\u012bj\u0101m obru un v\u0101cu valodas starp\u0101. Paties\u012bba nepiel\u016bdzami un nep\u0101rs\u016bdzami pieprasa iev\u0113rot v\u0113sturisko sec\u012bbu valodu veido\u0161an\u0101s proces\u0101 un cie\u0146u pret senaj\u0101m baltu tautu donorvalod\u0101m, kas faktiski ir jauno valodu v\u0101rdu fondu izejas b\u0101ze.<\/p>\n

Valodu gramatiskais noform\u0113jums ir cita lieta. Tur var atrast daudz ori\u0123in\u0101lu faktoru, kas rakstur\u012bgi tikai katrai jaunajai valodai, kur tie\u0161u p\u0101rmantot\u012bbu b\u016bs gr\u016bti atrast. Bet tas ir mazliet cit\u0101ds jaut\u0101jums.<\/p>\n

. <\/strong><\/em>Mal\u0113n\u012b\u0161u-lotv\u012b\u0161u mozo vordn\u012bca<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

A<\/strong><\/p>\n

abet<\/em> \u2013 bet
\naite<\/em> \u2013 aita
\nakacs<\/em> \u2013 akacis
\nakmins<\/em> \u2013 akmens
\namb\u012bls<\/em> \u2013 naivulis
\n\u0101muls<\/em> \u2013 pamu\u013c\u0137is
\nandel<\/em>e \u2013 tirgo\u0161an\u0101s
\nanti\u0146\u0161<\/em> \u2013 mu\u013c\u0137\u012btis
\napd\u0101vinots<\/em> \u2013 apd\u0101vin\u0101ts
\napmuits<\/em> \u2013 a pmu\u013c\u0137ots
\naunagolva<\/em> \u2013 stulbenis
\nap\u0123\u0101rbs<\/em> \u2013 ap\u0123\u0113rbs
\napklots<\/em> \u2013 apkl\u0101ts
\napkolts<\/em> \u2013 apkalts
\napcierpt<\/em> \u2013 apcirpt
\naport<\/em> \u2013 apart
\nap\u016bg\u013cots<\/em> \u2013 apog\u013cots
\napvokots<\/em> \u2013 apv\u0101kots
\natvors<\/em> \u2013 atvars
\natspr\u0101klenisk<\/em>i \u2013 atmuguriski
\natsl\u0101ga<\/em> \u2013 atsl\u0113ga
\nazars<\/em> \u2013 ezers<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

B<\/strong><\/p>\n

baigas<\/em> \u2013 beigas
\nbest<\/em> \u2013 rakt
\nBeibele<\/em> \u2013 B\u012bbele
\nbezz\u016bbains<\/em> \u2013 bezzobains
\nbierze<\/em> \u2013 birze
\nb\u012b\u017ei<\/em> \u2013 bie\u017ei
\nbodains<\/em> \u2013 badains
\nborda<\/em> \u2013 b\u0101rda
\nboba<\/em> \u2013 veca sieva
\nbols<\/em> \u2013 b\u0101ls
\nboss<\/em> \u2013 kail\u0101m k\u0101j\u0101m
\nborgs<\/em> \u2013 bargs
\nbleins<\/em> \u2013bli\u0146a, pank\u016bka
\nblonka<\/em> \u2013 blanka
\nble\u0137is<\/em> \u2013 sk\u0101rds
\nbl\u0101gs<\/em> \u2013 nejauks, \u013cauns
\nbreiti\u0146\u0161<\/em> \u2013 br\u012bti\u0146\u0161
\nbr\u016bkasts<\/em> \u2013 brokastis
\nbrouzs<\/em> \u2013 br\u016bzis
\nbrouv\u0113ti<\/em> \u2013 br\u016bv\u0113t
\nbrouns<\/em> \u2013 br\u016bns
\nbrun\u010di<\/em> \u2013 kleita
\nbrandavs<\/em> \u2013 degv\u012bns
\nbrols<\/em> \u2013 br\u0101lis
\nbr\u012bsmas<\/em> \u2013 briesmas
\nbutele<\/em> \u2013 pudele
\nbulls<\/em> \u2013 bullis
\nbombanga<\/em> \u2013 konfekte
\nbe\u0146\u0137is<\/em> \u2013 sols
\nburlaks<\/em> \u2013 laup\u012bt\u0101js
\nb\u016bde<\/em> \u2013 veikals
\nbrangs<\/em> \u2013 trekns, pamat\u012bgs<\/p>\n

C<\/strong><\/p>\n

cakuls<\/em> \u2013 cekuls
\ncalms<\/em> \u2013 celms
\ncap<\/em> \u2013 cepj
\ncap\u0101s<\/em> \u2013 cepas
\ncapums<\/em> \u2013 cepums
\ncapure<\/em> \u2013 cepure
\nceirul\u012bts<\/em> \u2013 c\u012brul\u012btis
\nce\u013cgoli<\/em> \u2013 ce\u013cgali
\ncitods<\/em> \u2013 cit\u0101ds
\ncierst<\/em> \u2013 cirst
\ncilvaks<\/em> \u2013 cilv\u0113ks
\nc\u012b\u0161i<\/em> \u2013 cie\u0161i
\nc\u012bts<\/em> \u2013 ciets
\nc\u012brs<\/em> \u2013 cirvis
\nc\u012b\u0161anas<\/em> \u2013 cie\u0161anas
\ncohums<\/em> \u2013 caurums
\ncoppe<\/em> \u2013 friz\u016bra d\u0101m\u0101m<\/p>\n

\u010c<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u010damma<\/em> \u2013 lempis
\n\u010douska <\/em>\u2013 \u010d\u016bska
\n\u010dukurs<\/em> \u2013 kore
\n\u010dupa<\/em> \u2013 kaudze<\/p>\n

D<\/strong><\/p>\n

dasa<\/em> \u2013 desa
\ndaguns<\/em> \u2013 deguns
\ndancoti<\/em> \u2013 dejot
\nd\u0101ls<\/em> \u2013 d\u0113ls
\ndeid\u012bti<\/em> \u2013 d\u012bd\u012bt
\nd\u012bna<\/em> \u2013 diena
\nD\u012bvs<\/em> \u2013 Dievs
\ndiel <\/em>\u2013 p\u0113c, d\u0113\u013c
\ndiels<\/em> \u2013 d\u0113lis
\ndivri\u010di<\/em> \u2013 ducele
\ndorbs<\/em> \u2013 darbs
\ndounas<\/em> \u2013 d\u016bnas
\ndou\u0146as<\/em> \u2013 d\u016b\u0146as
\ndoucs<\/em> \u2013 duncis
\ndorgums<\/em> \u2013 d\u0101rgums
\ndoumi<\/em> \u2013 d\u016bmi
\ndorva<\/em> \u2013 darva
\ndorzs<\/em> \u2013 d\u0101rzs
\ndurs<\/em> \u2013 durvis
\nd\u016bti<\/em> \u2013 dot
\nd\u016bmoti<\/em> \u2013 dom\u0101t
\ndoumot<\/em> \u2013 d\u016bmot
\ndorti<\/em> \u2013 durt
\ndokte<\/em> \u2013 dakts
\ndrote<\/em> \u2013 stieple
\ndreist\u0113ti<\/em> \u2013 dr\u012bkst\u0113t
\ndvei\u0146i<\/em> \u2013 dv\u012b\u0146i
\ndrauv\u0113ti<\/em> \u2013 trauc\u0113t
\ndulls<\/em> \u2013 stulbs
\ndz\u012bsma<\/em> \u2013 dziesma
\nde\u0137is<\/em> \u2013 sega<\/p>\n

E<\/strong><\/p>\n

ec\u0113t\u012bs<\/em> \u2013 str\u012bd\u0113ties
\neg\u013ci<\/em> \u2013 koka ec\u0113\u0161as no egles
\nelk\u0161\u0146<\/em>i \u2013 alk\u0161\u0146i
\nell\u012bgs<\/em> \u2013 nikns
\nelet<\/em> \u2013 lab\u0101k
\neists<\/em> \u2013 \u012bsts
\ne\u017ea<\/em> \u2013 ar arklu veidota robe\u017ea<\/p>\n

F <\/strong>un H<\/strong><\/p>\n

mal\u0113nie\u0161u ori\u0123in\u0101lv\u0101rdos netiek lietoti<\/p>\n

G<\/strong><\/p>\n

gavins<\/em> \u2013 gav\u0113nis
\ngars<\/em> \u2013 gar\u0161
\ngobals<\/em> \u2013 gabals
\ngols<\/em> \u2013 gals
\ngons<\/em> \u2013 gans
\ngolva<\/em> \u2013 galva
\ngol\u016btne<\/em> \u2013 galotne
\ngors<\/em> \u2013 gars
\ngords<\/em> \u2013 gar\u0161\u012bgs
\ngotavs<\/em> \u2013 gatavs
\ngleits<\/em> \u2013 gl\u012bts
\nglobi\u0146\u0161<\/em> \u2013 gl\u0101bi\u0146\u0161
\ngludinots<\/em> \u2013 gludin\u0101ts
\ngraznums<\/em> \u2013 greznums
\ngrova<\/em> \u2013 grava
\ngrobins<\/em> \u2013 \u0137\u0113riens
\ngrouti<\/em> \u2013 gr\u016bti
\ngrout<\/em> \u2013 gr\u016bt, brukt
\ngrousti<\/em> \u2013 gr\u016bst
\ngreiste<\/em> \u2013 gr\u012bste
\ngrou\u017ei<\/em> \u2013 gru\u017ei
\ngor\u016bza<\/em> \u2013 garoza
\nguba<\/em> \u2013 kaudze
\ng\u016bba<\/em> \u2013 goba
\ng\u016bds<\/em> \u2013 gods
\ngona<\/em> \u2013 diezgan
\ngra\u017ei<\/em> \u2013 ni\u0137i<\/p>\n

\u0122<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0123eims<\/em> \u2013 seja, \u0123\u012bmis
\n\u0123e\u0137is<\/em> \u2013 \u0101ksts
\n\u0123ievele<\/em> \u2013 jumta \u0123\u0113vele<\/p>\n

I, \u012a<\/strong><\/p>\n

ierce<\/em> \u2013 \u0113rce
\nierglis<\/em> \u2013 \u0113rglis
\nierzels<\/em> \u2013 \u0113rzelis
\nigauns<\/em> \u2013 igaunis
\niks<\/em> \u2013 \u012bss
\niest<\/em>i \u2013 \u0113st
\niten, ite<\/em> \u2013 \u0161eit
\nitods, \u0161ods<\/em> \u2013 \u0161\u0101ds
\n\u012bti<\/em> \u2013 iet
\n\u012bgost\u012bs<\/em> \u2013 iekrist
\n\u012braugs<\/em> \u2013 ieraugs
\n\u012bjougs<\/em> \u2013 iej\u016bgs
\niztaka<\/em> \u2013 izteka
\niznokums<\/em> \u2013 izn\u0101kums<\/p>\n

J<\/strong><\/p>\n

jap\u0101ns<\/em> \u2013 jap\u0101nis
\nj\u0101ga<\/em> \u2013 j\u0113ga
\nj\u0101lums<\/em> \u2013 j\u0113lums
\njestris<\/em> \u2013 \u0161aub\u012bgs, nenoteikts
\njougs<\/em> \u2013 j\u016bgs
\nJor\u0123is<\/em> \u2013 Jur\u0123is
\njoudze<\/em> \u2013 j\u016bdze
\njotn\u012bks <\/em>\u2013 j\u0101tnieks
\njourn\u012bks<\/em> \u2013 j\u016brnieks
\nJo\u0146i<\/em> \u2013 J\u0101\u0146i
\nj\u016bki<\/em> \u2013 joki
\njumprava<\/em> \u2013 jaunava
\njipt\u012bgs<\/em> \u2013 ind\u012bgs, \u013cauns<\/p>\n

K<\/strong><\/p>\n

ka?<\/em> \u2013 ko?
\nkalkuns<\/em> \u2013 t\u012btars
\nka\u017euks<\/em> \u2013 ka\u017eoks
\nkoja <\/em>\u2013 k\u0101ja
\nkorpe<\/em> \u2013 kurpe
\nkods<\/em> \u2013 k\u0101ds
\nkos\u0113t<\/em> \u2013 klepot
\nkoklis<\/em> \u2013 kakls
\nkokts<\/em> \u2013 kakts
\nkolti<\/em> \u2013 kalt
\nkoukot<\/em> \u2013 k\u016bkot
\nkopti<\/em> \u2013 k\u0101pt
\nkopot<\/em> \u2013 kap\u0101t
\nkoup\u0113t<\/em> \u2013 k\u016bp\u0113t
\nkops\u0101ta<\/em> \u2013 kaps\u0113ta
\nkorkli<\/em> \u2013 k\u0101rkli
\nkorstums<\/em> \u2013 karstums
\nkols <\/em>\u2013 kalns
\nkouts<\/em> \u2013 k\u016bts
\nkrosns<\/em> \u2013 kr\u0101sns
\nkrokti<\/em> \u2013 kr\u0101kt
\nkrosts<\/em> \u2013 krasts
\nkoukums<\/em> \u2013 kupris
\nklojums<\/em> \u2013 kl\u0101jiens
\nklajums<\/em> \u2013 klajums
\nkloup<\/em> \u2013 kl\u016bp
\nkoup<\/em> \u2013 k\u016bp
\nkramt<\/em> \u2013 grau\u017e
\nkum\u016bde<\/em> \u2013 kumode
\nku\u0146a<\/em> \u2013 kuce
\nklenders<\/em> \u2013 vaza\u0146\u0137is
\nk\u016b\u0161s<\/em> \u2013 ko\u0161s
\n\u0137eitris<\/em> \u2013 skaists
\nkodiel<\/em> \u2013 k\u0101p\u0113c, p\u0113c k\u0101<\/p>\n

L<\/strong><\/p>\n

laits<\/em> \u2013 lietuvietis
\nl\u0101pa<\/em> \u2013 \u0137epa, \u0137etna
\nleist<\/em> \u2013 l\u012bst
\nleib\u012bts<\/em> \u2013 l\u012bbietis
\nleikums<\/em> \u2013 l\u012bkums
\n\u013cerkste<\/em> \u2013 p\u013c\u0101pa
\nlobs<\/em> \u2013 labs
\nlobreit<\/em> \u2013 labr\u012bt
\nlobd\u012bn<\/em> \u2013 labdien
\nlobvokar<\/em> \u2013 labvakar
\nloders <\/em>\u2013 sli\u0146\u0137is, zaglis
\nlocs<\/em> \u2013 l\u0101cis
\nlokta<\/em> \u2013 lakta
\nlopsa<\/em> \u2013 lapsa
\nlopsta<\/em> \u2013 l\u0101psta
\nlopa<\/em> \u2013 lapa
\nlou\u017e\u0146i<\/em> \u2013 l\u016b\u017e\u0146i
\nl\u012bll\u016bps<\/em> \u2013 liellops
\nl\u012bsma<\/em> \u2013 liesma
\nl\u016bcs<\/em> \u2013 locis
\nl\u016bgs<\/em> \u2013 logs<\/p>\n

l\u016bne<\/em> \u2013 alga
\n\u013curba<\/em> \u2013 p\u013c\u0113gurs
\nl\u016bsbers<\/em> \u2013 lauru koks
\nlubu laits<\/em> \u2013 dienvidlatgalis
\nlotv\u012bts<\/em> \u2013 latvietis<\/p>\n

M<\/strong><\/p>\n

maitiskis<\/em> \u2013 sieviete
\nmaita<\/em> \u2013 meita
\nmaita<\/em> \u2013 maita
\nmads<\/em> \u2013 medus
\nmali<\/em> \u2013 meli
\nmakten<\/em> \u2013 varen
\nmakans<\/em> \u2013 palaidnis
\nmantels<\/em> \u2013 m\u0113telis
\nm\u0101ga<\/em> \u2013 ku\u0146\u0123is
\nm\u0101sli<\/em> \u2013 m\u0113sli
\nmedn\u012bks<\/em> \u2013 mednieks
\nmeic\u012bti<\/em> \u2013 m\u012bc\u012bt
\nmeid\u012bti<\/em> \u2013 m\u012bd\u012bt
\nmei\u013c\u0161<\/em> \u2013 m\u012b\u013c\u0161
\nmieness<\/em> \u2013 m\u0113ness
\nmiezti<\/em> \u2013 slauc\u012bt
\nm\u012bsa<\/em> \u2013 miesa
\nmoc\u012bt<\/em> \u2013 m\u0101c\u012bt
\nmolti<\/em> \u2013 malt
\nmoli<\/em> \u2013 m\u0101li
\nmola<\/em> \u2013 mala
\nmousa<\/em> \u2013 mu\u0161a
\nm\u016bc\u012bt<\/em> \u2013 moc\u012bt
\nm\u016bl\u0101ps, mu\u013c\u013ca<\/em> \u2013 lempis
\nmurmuls<\/em> \u2013 muldo\u0146a
\nmugara<\/em> \u2013 mugura<\/p>\n

N<\/strong><\/p>\n

nav breiv<\/em> \u2013 nav at\u013cauts
\nnav n\u016bte<\/em> \u2013 nav vajadz\u012bgs
\nnadreikst<\/em> \u2013 nedr\u012bkst
\nn\u0101burgs<\/em> \u2013 kaimi\u0146\u0161
\nnadorbs<\/em> \u2013 nedarbs
\nnal\u016bn<\/em> \u2013 nav v\u0113rts
\nnarrs<\/em> \u2013 nerrs
\nnatiklis<\/em> \u2013 netikum\u012bgs
\nn\u0101zs<\/em> \u2013 nazis
\nneicik<\/em> \u2013 necik
\nneik\u0161ana<\/em> \u2013 n\u012bk\u0161ana
\nniert<\/em> \u2013 nirt
\nn\u012bki<\/em> \u2013 nieki
\nn\u012bre<\/em> \u2013 niere
\nnogi<\/em> \u2013 nagi
\nnoss<\/em> \u2013 n\u0101sis
\n\u0146orva<\/em> \u2013 v\u0101rgulis
\nnove<\/em> \u2013 n\u0101ve
\nn\u016btikums<\/em> \u2013 notikums
\nn\u016bdrozts<\/em> \u2013 noasin\u0101ts
\nn\u016bd\u016bms<\/em> \u2013 nodoms<\/p>\n

O<\/strong><\/p>\n

obele<\/em> \u2013 \u0101bele
\nobuls<\/em> \u2013 \u0101bols
\nobuls<\/em> \u2013 bik\u0161u priek\u0161a
\nobra<\/em> \u2013 mulda un rati
\noka<\/em> \u2013 aka
\nolga<\/em> \u2013 alga
\nolva<\/em> \u2013 alva
\nopals<\/em> \u2013 apa\u013c\u0161
\noplams<\/em> \u2013 aplams
\nopse<\/em> \u2013 apse
\nopss<\/em> \u2013 \u0101psis
\nontl\u012bgs<\/em> \u2013 pamat\u012bgs
\norklis <\/em>\u2013 arkls
\norumi<\/em> \u2013 arumi
\nosara<\/em> \u2013 asara
\nosaka<\/em> \u2013 asaka
\nouzas, \u016bzas<\/em> \u2013 bikses
\nomats<\/em> \u2013 amats
\nomatn\u012bks<\/em> \u2013 amatnieks
\nozs<\/em> \u2013 \u0101zis<\/p>\n

P<\/strong><\/p>\n

pabaigt<\/em> \u2013 pabeigt
\npadieklis<\/em> \u2013 ola, ko atst\u0101j
\npalavn\u012bks<\/em> \u2013 pelavnieks
\npalaistuve<\/em> \u2013 pakl\u012bdene
\np\u0101rkuns<\/em> \u2013 p\u0113rkons
\npapa<\/em> \u2013 t\u0113vs
\npap\u012b\u017ei<\/em> \u2013 pap\u0113\u017ei
\nparaizs<\/em> \u2013 pareizs
\npa\u016bst\u012bt<\/em> \u2013 paost\u012bt
\npeile<\/em> \u2013 p\u012ble
\npeine<\/em> \u2013 p\u012bne
\npekele<\/em> \u2013 sain\u012btis
\npenga<\/em> \u2013 nauda
\npenders<\/em> \u2013 ku\u0146\u0123is
\npierts<\/em> \u2013 pirts
\npierksts<\/em> \u2013 pirksts
\npir\u0113t\u012bs<\/em> \u2013 tramd\u012bt, b\u0101rt
\np\u012bre<\/em> \u2013 piere
\npied\u012bg\u012bs<\/em> \u2013 p\u0113d\u0113jais
\np\u012bnokums<\/em> \u2013 pien\u0101kums
\np\u012bns<\/em> \u2013 piens
\np\u012bsta<\/em> \u2013 piesta
\npleist<\/em> \u2013 pl\u012bst
\npleive<\/em> \u2013 pl\u0113ve
\nplett\u0113t<\/em> \u2013 gludin\u0101t
\npletdzelzs<\/em> \u2013 gludeklis
\nplons<\/em> \u2013 pl\u0101ns
\npl\u0101ns<\/em> \u2013 pl\u0101ns
\nplots<\/em> \u2013 plats
\nplenders<\/em> \u2013 dz\u0113r\u0101js, slaists
\npovada<\/em> \u2013 pavada
\nposaka<\/em> \u2013 pasaka
\npostala<\/em> \u2013 pastala
\npostar\u012bs<\/em> \u2013 p\u0113d\u0113jais
\nporot\u012bs<\/em> \u2013 p\u0101roties
\npovalga<\/em> \u2013 aizdars
\npokavs<\/em> \u2013 pakavs
\npouce<\/em> \u2013 p\u016bce
\npouka<\/em> \u2013 p\u016bka
\npouralode \u2013 p\u016bral\u0101de
\npou\u017e\u0146i \u2013 puve\u0161i
\npou\u013ci<\/em> \u2013 midze\u0146i
\npr\u012b\u0161ka<\/em> \u2013 priek\u0161a
\nprots<\/em> \u2013 pr\u0101ts
\nprou\u0161i<\/em> \u2013 pr\u016b\u0161i
\nprokvasts<\/em> \u2013 neb\u0113dnis
\np\u016b\u013ci<\/em> \u2013 po\u013ci
\npulka<\/em> \u2013 daudz
\np\u016bds<\/em> \u2013 pods
\npuds<\/em> \u2013 puds
\npuisiskis<\/em> \u2013 v\u012brietis
\npriesti<\/em> \u2013 v\u0113rpt
\npriedeja<\/em> \u2013 v\u0113rp\u0113ja
\npirm\u012bt<\/em> \u2013 pirms tam<\/p>\n

R<\/strong><\/p>\n

ratums<\/em> \u2013 retums
\nrats<\/em> \u2013 rets
\nrasnis<\/em> \u2013 resns
\nrazgals<\/em> \u2013 palaidnis
\nreits<\/em> \u2013 r\u012bts
\nreit<\/em> \u2013 r\u012bt
\nreitureit\u0101<\/em> \u2013 r\u012bt no r\u012bta
\nreja<\/em> \u2013 rija
\nrikt\u0113t<\/em> \u2013 k\u0101rtot
\nrikt\u012bgs<\/em> \u2013 k\u0101rt\u012bgs, pareizs
\nrogana<\/em> \u2013 ragana
\nrogavas<\/em> \u2013 ragavas
\nroksti<\/em> \u2013 raksti
\nroti<\/em> \u2013 rati
\nropuls<\/em> \u2013 r\u0101pulis
\nrosa<\/em> \u2013 rasa
\nrod\u012bt<\/em> \u2013 r\u0101d\u012bt
\nrouda<\/em> \u2013 r\u016bda
\nrogi<\/em> \u2013 ragi
\nrougu\u0161p\u012bns<\/em> \u2013 r\u016bgu\u0161piens
\nroume<\/em> \u2013 r\u016bme, telpa
\nrot\u012bs<\/em> \u2013 b\u0101rties
\nrots, ritins<\/em> \u2013 ritenis
\nroute<\/em> \u2013 r\u016bts
\nrouzgans<\/em> \u2013 r\u016bsgans
\nr\u016bka<\/em> \u2013 roka
\nr\u016bze<\/em> \u2013 roze
\nru\u013c\u013ci<\/em> \u2013 velt\u0146i
\nrunku\u013ci<\/em> \u2013 bietes (lopbar\u012bbas)
\nrupucs<\/em> \u2013 krupis<\/p>\n

S<\/strong><\/p>\n

sanasas<\/em> \u2013 sanesas
\ns\u0101kla<\/em> \u2013 s\u0113kla
\nsaskolas<\/em> \u2013 saskalas
\nsaorti<\/em> \u2013 saart
\ns\u0101rm\u016bkslis<\/em> \u2013 p\u012bl\u0101dzis
\ns\u0101bris<\/em> \u2013 kaimi\u0146\u0161
\ns\u0101tuve<\/em> \u2013 s\u0113tuve
\nseirups<\/em> \u2013 s\u012brups
\nseivs <\/em>\u2013 s\u012bvs
\nsetuks<\/em> \u2013 velns, (2) seti\u0146\u0161, sets
\nsirps<\/em> \u2013 sirpis
\ns\u012brs<\/em> \u2013 siers
\ns\u012bva<\/em> \u2013 sieva
\nskobene<\/em> \u2013 sk\u0101bene
\nskomba, skols<\/em> \u2013 skals
\nskora<\/em> \u2013 skara
\nskr\u016bdels<\/em> \u2013 dr\u0113bnieks
\nskuba<\/em> \u2013 spars
\nskode<\/em> \u2013 zaud\u0113jums
\nskorstins<\/em> \u2013 skurstenis
\nsleid\u0113ti<\/em> \u2013 sl\u012bd\u0113t
\nslopes<\/em> \u2013 sl\u0101pes
\nsme\u0137\u012bgs<\/em> \u2013 gar\u0161\u012bgs
\nsm\u0101rs<\/em> \u2013 ziede
\nsmogums<\/em> \u2013 smagums
\nsmukums<\/em> \u2013 skaistums
\nsmerdels<\/em> \u2013 sesks
\nsmoka<\/em> \u2013 smaka
\nsovans<\/em> \u2013 siv\u0113ns
\nsoni<\/em> \u2013 s\u0101ni
\nsorgs<\/em> \u2013 sargs
\nsolds<\/em> \u2013 salds
\nsol\u012bts<\/em> \u2013 s\u0101l\u012bts
\nsours<\/em> \u2013 s\u016brs
\nsopes<\/em> \u2013 s\u0101pes
\nst\u016bps<\/em> \u2013 stops
\nsprauns<\/em> \u2013 vesel\u012bgs
\nsporns<\/em> \u2013 sp\u0101rns
\nspolva<\/em> \u2013 spalva
\nspors<\/em> \u2013 spars
\nspronda<\/em> \u2013 spranda
\nsproguns<\/em> \u2013 maita
\nspierglis<\/em> \u2013 sprigans
\nsteivs<\/em> \u2013 st\u012bvs
\nstriebti <\/em>\u2013 str\u0113bt
\ns\u016bmi<\/em> \u2013 somi
\nsv\u012bsts<\/em> \u2013 sviests
\nsvors<\/em> \u2013 svars
\nsvopuls<\/em> \u2013 mu\u013c\u0137is, t\u016b\u013ca
\nstora <\/em>\u2013 stara<\/p>\n

\u0160<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0161kouns<\/em> \u2013 \u0161\u0137\u016bnis
\n\u0161kreivels<\/em> \u2013 rakstvedis
\n\u0161\u0137iergata<\/em> \u2013 \u0137irzaka
\n\u0161keit<\/em> \u2013 \u0161\u0137\u012bt
\n\u0161\u0137eists<\/em> \u2013 \u0161\u0137idrs, t\u012brs
\n\u0161\u013couce<\/em> \u2013 \u0161\u013c\u016bce
\n\u0161\u013cuka<\/em> \u2013 malks
\n\u0161maugs<\/em> \u2013 gar\u0161, slaids
\n\u0161mugul\u0113t<\/em> \u2013 kr\u0101pties
\n\u0161pice<\/em> \u2013 galotne
\n\u0161muce<\/em> \u2013 kauns, net\u012br\u012bba
\n\u0161torme<\/em> \u2013 br\u0101zma
\n\u0161topp\u0113t<\/em> \u2013 b\u0101zt
\n\u0161trams<\/em> \u2013 bra\u0161s<\/p>\n

T<\/strong><\/p>\n

talans<\/em> \u2013 teli\u0146\u0161
\nt\u0101vs<\/em> \u2013 t\u0113vs
\nt\u0101r\u016bds<\/em> \u2013 t\u0113rauds
\nter\u012bne<\/em> \u2013 zupas b\u013coda
\ntelver\u0137is<\/em> \u2013 \u0161\u0137\u012bvis
\nteir\u012bba<\/em> \u2013 t\u012br\u012bba
\nteirums<\/em> \u2013 t\u012brums
\ntiergs<\/em> \u2013 tirgus
\ntivok<\/em> \u2013 tuv\u0101k
\nt\u012bsa gon<\/em> \u2013 taisn\u012bba
\ntolka<\/em> \u2013 talka
\ntolok<\/em> \u2013 t\u0101l\u0101k
\ntouce<\/em> \u2013 lietus m\u0101konis
\ntodiel<\/em> \u2013 t\u0101p\u0113c
\ntod<\/em> \u2013 tad
\ntoss<\/em> \u2013 t\u0101ss
\ntorba<\/em> \u2013 tarba, mai\u0161elis
\ntorags<\/em> \u2013 biezpiens
\ntroks<\/em> \u2013 traks
\ntreit\u012bs<\/em> \u2013 berzties
\ntreiskor<\/em>t \u2013 tr\u012bsk\u0101rt
\ntroukums<\/em> \u2013 tr\u016bkums
\ntrokums<\/em> \u2013 trakums
\ntrons<\/em> \u2013 trans
\nt\u016blaik<\/em> \u2013 tolaik
\nt\u016braiz <\/em>\u2013 toreiz
\ntupele<\/em> \u2013 sekls, apavs
\ntuntuls<\/em> \u2013 neveiklis
\ntutins<\/em> \u2013 duncis<\/p>\n

U<\/strong><\/p>\n

upe<\/em> \u2013 upe
\nuzborts<\/em> \u2013 pieburts
\n\u016bga<\/em> \u2013 oga
\n\u016bma<\/em> \u2013 oma
\n\u016bps<\/em> \u2013 \u016bpis
\n\u016btrodi<\/em>– otr\u0101di
\n\u016btris<\/em> \u2013 otrs
\n\u016bss<\/em> \u2013 osis
\n\u016b\u017ea<\/em> \u2013 o\u017ea<\/p>\n

V<\/strong><\/p>\n

vacs<\/em> \u2013 vecs
\nv\u0101dars<\/em> \u2013 v\u0113ders
\nvakarvokar\u0101<\/em> \u2013 vakarvakar\u0101
\nvalls<\/em> \u2013 velns
\nvanckers<\/em> \u2013 vanckars
\nvaragans<\/em> \u2013 varm\u0101ka
\nv\u0101sums<\/em> \u2013 v\u0113sums
\nv\u0101za<\/em> \u2013 n\u016bja, v\u0113zda
\nvaikl\u012bba<\/em> \u2013 veikl\u012bba
\nver\u012bs, skot\u012bs<\/em> \u2013 skaties
\nveirs<\/em> \u2013 v\u012brs
\nvelekne<\/em> \u2013 ve\u013cas be\u0146\u0137is
\nveitne<\/em> \u2013 v\u012btne
\nviert\u012bba<\/em> \u2013 v\u0113rt\u012bba
\nvievers<\/em> \u2013 aud\u0113js
\nvik\u0161s<\/em> \u2013 v\u012bk\u0161\u0137is
\nv\u012bns<\/em> \u2013 viens
\nviedzele<\/em> \u2013 v\u0113dzele
\nviejs<\/em> \u2013 v\u0113j\u0161
\nviduc\u012b<\/em> \u2013 vid\u016b
\nvoc\u012b\u0161i<\/em> \u2013 v\u0101cie\u0161i
\nvokars<\/em> \u2013 vakars
\nvolkot<\/em> \u2013 valk\u0101t
\nvords<\/em> \u2013 v\u0101rds
\nvorna<\/em> \u2013 v\u0101rna
\nvorpa<\/em> \u2013 v\u0101rpa
\nvorti<\/em> \u2013 v\u0101rti
\nvor\u012bt<\/em> \u2013 v\u0101r\u012bt
\nvosara<\/em> \u2013 vasara
\nvodot<\/em> \u2013 vad\u0101t
\nvolgs, volgans<\/em> \u2013 mitrs
\nvolgums<\/em> \u2013 mitrums
\nvovere<\/em> \u2013 v\u0101vere
\nvucans<\/em> \u2013 auns
\nvu\u0161ka<\/em> \u2013 aita
\nvusods<\/em> \u2013 vis\u0101ds
\nve\u010da<\/em> \u2013 vecene
\nvozot\u012bs<\/em> \u2013 klai\u0146ot<\/p>\n

Z<\/strong><\/p>\n

za\u013c\u016bksnis<\/em> \u2013 za\u013cojo\u0161s
\nz\u0101le<\/em> \u2013 z\u0101le, salons
\nzeb\u012bkste<\/em> \u2013 zebiekste
\nzeids<\/em> \u2013 z\u012bds
\nzino\u0161anas<\/em> \u2013 zin\u0101\u0161ana
\nzi\u0146o\u0161ana<\/em> \u2013 zi\u0146o\u0161ana
\nzoldati<\/em> \u2013 zald\u0101ti
\nzole<\/em> \u2013 z\u0101le p\u013cav\u0101
\nzor\u0123\u0113t<\/em> \u2013 v\u0113rot, v\u0113rt\u0113t, r\u016bp\u0113ties
\nzo\u0123is<\/em> \u2013 z\u0101\u0123is
\nzori<\/em> \u2013 zari
\nzornas<\/em> \u2013 zarnas
\nz\u016bbi<\/em> \u2013 zobi
\nz\u016bbins<\/em> \u2013 zobens
\nzv\u012bdri<\/em> \u2013 zviedri
\nzoles<\/em> \u2013 z\u0101les (med.)<\/p>\n

\u017d<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u017eeigurs<\/em> \u2013 zvirbulis
\n\u017eogari<\/em> \u2013 \u017eagari
\n\u017eogatas<\/em> \u2013 \u017eagatas
\n\u017eoupa<\/em> \u2013 \u017e\u016bpa
\n\u017eovas<\/em> \u2013 \u017e\u0101vas
\n\u017e\u016bgi<\/em> \u2013 \u017eogi<\/p>\n

Saglab\u0101ju\u0161ies senpr\u016b\u0161u valodas v\u0101rdi un to tulkojums<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

A<\/strong><\/p>\n

ackis<\/em> \u2013 acis
\naddle<\/em> \u2013 egle
\naglo<\/em> \u2013 lietus
\nalu<\/em> \u2013 alus
\nakmuo<\/em> \u2013 akmens
\nangurgis<\/em> \u2013 zutis
\nasmus<\/em> \u2013 asto\u0146i
\nassaran<\/em> \u2013 ezers
\nassis<\/em> \u2013 ass
\nasilis<\/em> \u2013 \u0113zelis
\natskisenna<\/em> \u2013 aug\u0161\u0101mcel\u0161an\u0101s<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

B<\/strong><\/p>\n

berze<\/em> \u2013 b\u0113rzs
\nbile<\/em> \u2013 cirvis
\nbill\u012bt<\/em> \u2013 bilst
\nbouton<\/em> \u2013 b\u016bt
\nbraidis<\/em> \u2013 briedis
\nbrunios<\/em> \u2013 bru\u0146as
\nbrote<\/em> \u2013 br\u0101lis
\nbuttan<\/em> \u2013 m\u0101ja<\/p>\n

C<\/strong><\/p>\n

caperne<\/em> \u2013 kapi
\ncatils<\/em> \u2013 katls
\nclakis<\/em> \u2013 l\u0101cis<\/p>\n

D<\/strong><\/p>\n

dadan<\/em> \u2013 piens
\ndangus<\/em> \u2013 debesis
\ndangnenisis<\/em> \u2013 debesu
\nd\u0101st<\/em> \u2013 dot
\nd\u0101tvei, doite<\/em> \u2013 dot
\ndantis<\/em> \u2013 zobs
\nDeivs<\/em> \u2013 Dievs
\ndukti<\/em> \u2013 meita
\ndumsle<\/em> \u2013 p\u016bslis<\/p>\n

E<\/strong><\/p>\n

ebsign\u0101si<\/em> \u2013 lai sv\u0113t\u012bts
\neit <\/em>\u2013 iet
\nen <\/em>\u2013 iek\u0161
\nengels<\/em> \u2013 e\u0146\u0123elis
\neristian<\/em> \u2013 j\u0113rs
\nersinnat<\/em> \u2013 zin\u0101t<\/p>\n

G<\/strong><\/p>\n

galvo<\/em> \u2013 galva
\ngallan<\/em> \u2013 n\u0101ve
\ngarian<\/em> \u2013 koks
\ngarbis<\/em> \u2013 kalns
\ngaulis<\/em> \u2013 balts
\ngenno<\/em> \u2013 sieviete
\ngillin<\/em> \u2013 dzi\u013ci
\ngimsenin<\/em> \u2013dzimt
\ng\u012bvans<\/em> \u2013 dz\u012bvs
\ngivassi<\/em> \u2013 dz\u012bvot
\ngr\u012bkas<\/em> \u2013 gr\u0113ks
\ngurkle<\/em> \u2013 r\u012bkle<\/p>\n

K<\/strong><\/p>\n

kaile<\/em> \u2013 sveiks, vesels
\nkavks<\/em> \u2013 velns
\nkavijds<\/em> \u2013 k\u0101ds
\nkela<\/em> \u2013 rats
\nkelan<\/em> \u2013 ritenis
\nk\u0113rdan<\/em> \u2013 laiks
\nk\u0113rmens<\/em> \u2013 \u0137ermenis
\nkirsnan<\/em> \u2013 melns
\nkoite<\/em> \u2013 gribi
\nkurpe<\/em> \u2013 kurpe
\nkurke<\/em> \u2013 lauku dievs
\nkuvijds<\/em> \u2013 kur\u0161<\/p>\n

I<\/strong><\/p>\n

immais<\/em> \u2013 \u0146em
\nimmaiti<\/em> \u2013 \u0146emiet
\n\u012blo<\/em> \u2013 \u012blens<\/p>\n

L<\/strong><\/p>\n

labbings<\/em> \u2013 labi\u0146\u0161
\nlabonahe<\/em> \u2013 labul\u012btis
\nlanksto<\/em> \u2013 logs
\nlauksnos<\/em> \u2013 zvaigzn\u0101ji
\nlasto<\/em> \u2013 gulta
\nlimtvei<\/em> \u2013 lauzt<\/p>\n

M<\/strong><\/p>\n

madlisna<\/em> \u2013 l\u016bg\u0161ana
\nmalunis<\/em> \u2013 maltuve
\nmeddo<\/em> \u2013 medus
\nmedinice<\/em> \u2013 b\u013coda
\nmedian<\/em> \u2013 me\u017es
\nmedhios<\/em> \u2013 vidus
\nmergu<\/em> \u2013 meitene
\nmen\u0161on<\/em> \u2013 miesa
\nmote<\/em> \u2013 m\u0101te
\nmilan<\/em> \u2013 dr\u0113bes, audums<\/p>\n

N<\/strong><\/p>\n

nadele<\/em> \u2013 sv\u0113tdiena
\nnaktin<\/em> \u2013 nakt\u012b
\nnage<\/em> \u2013 k\u0101ja
\nnaute<\/em> \u2013 vajadz\u012bba
\nnagutis<\/em> \u2013 nags
\nnossen, nause<\/em> \u2013 m\u016bsu
\nnozi<\/em> \u2013 deguns
\nn\u012bkoite<\/em> \u2013 negribi<\/p>\n

P<\/strong><\/p>\n

panno<\/em> \u2013 uguns
\nparstian<\/em> \u2013 siv\u0113ns, kuil\u0113ns
\npatovelis<\/em> \u2013 pat\u0113vs
\nperkonis<\/em> \u2013 p\u0113rkons
\npenkts<\/em> \u2013 piektais
\npette<\/em> \u2013 pleci
\npenega<\/em> \u2013 nauda
\npeles<\/em> \u2013 peles
\npilnan<\/em> \u2013 pilns
\npintis<\/em> \u2013 ce\u013c\u0161
\np\u012bkuls<\/em> \u2013 elle
\nplainis<\/em> \u2013 t\u0113rauds
\npol\u012bnka<\/em> \u2013 palieka
\npokunsi<\/em> \u2013 lai staig\u0101
\npoutvei<\/em> \u2013 dzert
\npost\u0101sei<\/em> \u2013 k\u013c\u016bsi
\npov\u012brps<\/em> \u2013 nabags<\/p>\n

R<\/strong><\/p>\n

ranka<\/em> \u2013 roka
\nreisan<\/em> \u2013 reiz\u0113
\nreten\u012bkan<\/em> \u2013 pest\u012bt\u0101js
\nrekise<\/em> \u2013 kundze
\nrikijs<\/em> \u2013 kungs
\nr\u012bhhi<\/em> \u2013 varens
\nrumbov<\/em> \u2013 rumba<\/p>\n

S<\/strong><\/p>\n

saligan<\/em> \u2013 za\u013cgans
\nsall\u012bban<\/em> \u2013 laul\u012bba, sadz\u012bve
\ns\u0101l\u012bn<\/em> \u2013 z\u0101le
\nsans\u012b<\/em> \u2013 zoss
\nsemme<\/em> \u2013 zeme
\nsemen<\/em> \u2013 s\u0113kla, s\u0113t
\nsinnat<\/em> \u2013 zin\u0101t
\nsirnis<\/em> \u2013 stirna
\nsiunos<\/em> \u2013 d\u0113ls
\nskell\u0101nts<\/em> \u2013 vain\u012bgs
\nsmuments<\/em> \u2013 cilv\u0113ks
\nsomukis<\/em> \u2013 atsl\u0113ga
\nstrambo<\/em> \u2013 zars
\nstav\u012bds<\/em> \u2013 t\u0101ds
\nsunis<\/em> \u2013 suns
\nsvintian<\/em> \u2013 siv\u0113ns, c\u016bci\u0146a<\/p>\n

T<\/strong><\/p>\n

t\u0101vs<\/em> \u2013 t\u0113vs
\ntauvi\u0161an<\/em> \u2013 tuv\u0101kais
\nteisi<\/em> \u2013 gods
\ntickars<\/em> \u2013 ticams
\ntikrai<\/em> \u2013 tikai, tie\u0161\u0101m
\ntoneav<\/em> \u2013 tu ne jau
\ntur\u012btvei<\/em> \u2013 tur\u0113t
\ntuckoris<\/em> \u2013 aud\u0113js<\/p>\n

V<\/strong><\/p>\n

varne<\/em> \u2013 v\u0101rna
\nvaissei<\/em> \u2013 zin\u0101t
\nvangan<\/em> \u2013 beigas
\nvartin<\/em> \u2013v\u0101rtos
\nvargien<\/em> \u2013 var\u0161
\nvasee<\/em> \u2013 kaza
\nvedeis<\/em> \u2013 ved
\nveloblundis<\/em> \u2013 m\u016blis
\nvijrs<\/em> \u2013 v\u012brs
\nvilkis<\/em> \u2013 vilks
\nvirst<\/em> \u2013 k\u013c\u016bst
\nvirdai<\/em> \u2013 v\u0101rdi
\nvissene<\/em> \u2013 gr\u012bslis
\nvundan<\/em> \u2013 \u016bdens<\/p>\n

Baltu p\u0113das pasaules ce\u013cos<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u0101pat k\u0101 no gr\u0101mat\u0101m, ar\u012b no v\u0113stures un \u0123eogr\u0101fijas kart\u0113m m\u0113s varam g\u016bt daudz inform\u0101cijas. Kartes atkl\u0101j ne tikai hidron\u012bmus un vietv\u0101rdus, bet ar\u012b sniedz prec\u012bzu inform\u0101ciju par to atra\u0161anos telp\u0101. Ja m\u016bsu r\u012bc\u012bb\u0101 b\u016btu tikpat prec\u012bza inform\u0101cija par upju, ezeru, kalnu, o\u0101\u017eu, tuksne\u0161u, pils\u0113tu un ciemu nosaukumu ra\u0161an\u0101s laiku, tad v\u0113stures zin\u0101tn\u0113 b\u016btu zin\u0101ms gandr\u012bz viss, ko vien var zin\u0101t un kas jelkad ir bijis. Ta\u010du laika straume, iepl\u016bstot m\u016b\u017e\u012bbas oke\u0101n\u0101, tikai retos gad\u012bjumos atst\u0101j dro\u0161as piesaistes viet\u0101m un liet\u0101m un v\u0113l daudz ret\u0101k \u2013 vietu un lietu nosaukumiem.<\/p>\n

Valodnieku r\u012bc\u012bb\u0101 gan ir atst\u0101ts milz\u012bgs v\u0101rdu fonds, konkr\u0113t\u0101k, \u012bpa\u0161v\u0101rdi, kas ir \u013coti seni un izplat\u012bti daudzos kontinentos, ta\u010du ne ar ko nav un nevar b\u016bt iez\u012bm\u0113ti uz laika ass.<\/p>\n

Arheolo\u0123ija ir atkl\u0101jusi pier\u0101d\u012bjumus vienveid\u012bgai rasei un kult\u016brai piedero\u0161u cilv\u0113ku eksistencei dzi\u013c\u0101 aizv\u0113stur\u0113. \u0160\u012b vienveid\u012bba ir domin\u0113jusi 50 000 gadus pirms m\u016bsu dien\u0101m l\u012bdz 5000 gadus pirms m\u016bsu dien\u0101m ilg\u0101 period\u0101. Jaukt\u0101s rases un tautas visstrauj\u0101k s\u0101ka veidoties p\u0113d\u0113jos 3000 gados. Ta\u010du m\u016bsu aizv\u0113sturiskie sen\u010di jau visas lietas, kas vien ir \u0161aj\u0101 pasaul\u0113, bija nosauku\u0161i z\u012bm\u012bgos un atbilsto\u0161os v\u0101rdos.<\/p>\n

Ir saglab\u0101ju\u0161ies ar\u012b pa\u0161u seno baltu tautu nosaukumi, it \u012bpa\u0161i tie, kas iem\u016b\u017ein\u0101ti \u0123eogr\u0101fisku objektu nosaukumos. Protams, da\u013cu seno nosaukumu p\u0101rkl\u0101j jauno tautu p\u0101rveidoti vai jaunrad\u012bti nosaukumi. Tom\u0113r baltisko aizv\u0113sturisko nosaukumu v\u0113l ir \u013coti daudz, No tiem tad nu var izdar\u012bt secin\u0101jumus par baltu tautu senatn\u012bgumu un izplat\u012bbu da\u017e\u0101dos kontinentos. T\u0101pat var secin\u0101t ar\u012b zin\u0101tnieku maldus gad\u012bjumos, kad vi\u0146i run\u0101 par nekad nebiju\u0161u seno tautu izplat\u012bbu virs zemes.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Piem\u0113ram, gr\u0101fs de Gobino sav\u0101 darb\u0101 \u201cPieredze par cilv\u0113ku rasu nevienl\u012bdz\u012bbu\u201d bie\u017ei atsaucas uz \u0101rie\u0161iem un \u0137eltiem, kuri it k\u0101 k\u0101dreiz apdz\u012bvoju\u0161i pla\u0161us Eir\u0101zijas re\u0123ionus un atst\u0101ju\u0161i iespaidu jaun\u0101kaj\u0101s tjurku un mongo\u013cu taut\u0101s, k\u0101 ar\u012b to valod\u0101s. Gobino daudzk\u0101rt min\u0113tie \u0101rie\u0161i un \u0137elti nav nekas cits k\u0101 senie balti \u2013 lopkopji un zemes ar\u0101ji, ar\u012b teicami amatnieki, ieskaitot met\u0101lapstr\u0101di. Un, l\u016bk, ne Eir\u0101zijas hidron\u012bmi, ne topon\u012bmi neapstiprina \u0101rie\u0161u vai \u0137eltu k\u0101dreiz\u0113jo kl\u0101tb\u016btni kontinent\u0101. Toties baltu kl\u0101tb\u016btnes apstiprin\u0101jumu netr\u016bkst ne Eirop\u0101, ne \u0100zij\u0101, ne \u0100frik\u0101\u2026<\/p>\n

Lai gan visas baltu tautas sasniegu\u0161as Eiropu un Atlantijas oke\u0101nu, n\u0101kot no Klus\u0101 oke\u0101na piekrast\u0113m, to visu p\u0113das \u0100zij\u0101 neb\u016bs paman\u0101mas. Latvie\u0161u nu lietuvie\u0161u tautas nosaukumi taj\u0101 t\u0101laj\u0101 pag\u0101tn\u0113 v\u0113l nebija aktu\u0101li. Tur neman\u012bsim ar\u012b umbru, fr\u012b\u0123ie\u0161u, pelasgu, venedu vai heru\u013cu un v\u0113l citu Eiropas v\u0113stur\u0113 ierakst\u012btu baltu tautu p\u0113das t\u0101 iemesla d\u0113\u013c, ka \u0161\u012bs tautas lokaliz\u0113j\u0101s un identific\u0113j\u0101s tikai p\u0113c non\u0101k\u0161anas Eirop\u0101. Tom\u0113r ce\u013c\u0101 caur \u0100ziju savu esam\u012bbu jau ir apliecin\u0101jusi hetu, vari\u0146u, k\u016bru un s\u0113\u013cu tauta, kas tolaik veidoja baltu tautu sen\u0101ko sl\u0101ni.<\/p>\n

Vist\u0101l\u0101k austrumos konstat\u0113j\u0101m k\u016bru un s\u0113\u013cu p\u0113das \u2013 t\u0101tad t\u0101s var\u0113tu b\u016bt vissen\u0101k\u0101s baltu tautas. Hetu un vari\u0146u p\u0113das iez\u012bm\u0113jas ap 100. meridi\u0101nu. Var\u0113tu b\u016bt, ka \u0161\u012bs tautas da\u017eas \u012bpatn\u012bbas mantoju\u0161as Indo\u0137\u012bn\u0101 no kontaktiem ar dzelteno rasi un v\u0113l\u0101k izplat\u012bju\u0161\u0101s l\u012bdz Zieme\u013cu Ledus oke\u0101nam, lai t\u0101l\u0101k kop\u0101 ar k\u016briem un s\u0113\u013ciem virz\u012btos uz rietumiem.<\/p>\n

Un t\u0101 k\u016bru v\u0101rds ir iem\u016b\u017ein\u0101ts K\u016bru up\u0113 Habarovskas novad\u0101, Je\u0146isejas pietek\u0101 Kureik\u0101 Sib\u012brij\u0101, Kuru up\u0113 un t\u0101s pietek\u0101 Dangm\u0113 But\u0101n\u0101 Himalajos, Kuramas up\u0113 Pakist\u0101n\u0101, Kurajas step\u0113 un Kurajas gr\u0113d\u0101 Altaj\u0101, Kuramas gr\u0113d\u0101 Tjan\u0161an\u0101, K\u016bras up\u0113, aiz\u0101 un ieplak\u0101 Kauk\u0101z\u0101, Kurskas pils\u0113t\u0101 Seimas krast\u0101 Krievij\u0101, \u0160enkurskas pils\u0113t\u0101 Vagas krast\u0101 Arhange\u013cskas apgabal\u0101, Sank\u016bras up\u0113 Zair\u0101 \u0100frik\u0101. V\u0113l Kuras up\u012bti un divas Kuras pils\u0113tas atrodam \u0160veices Alpos. K\u016bru ilgsto\u0161u kl\u0101tb\u016btni apstiprina Francijas, \u0160veices un Be\u013c\u0123ijas upju nosaukumi ar dubultl\u012bdzska\u0146iem, piem\u0113ram, Emme, Zimme, Senna, Garonna. P\u0113c seno k\u016bru sajauk\u0161an\u0101s, kas aizs\u0101k\u0101s Alesij\u0101 Francij\u0101, k\u016bri da\u013c\u0113ji izkusa gallu etnos\u0101, bet vi\u0146u atlikumu paz\u012bst k\u0101 pr\u016b\u0161us, kur\u0161us, tollensus jeb v\u0113l\u0101kos Dancigas kur\u0161us. Ar\u012b v\u0113stures v\u0113stis par hurru tautas darbo\u0161anos l\u012bdz\u0101s hetiem Maz\u0101zij\u0101 un Levant\u0113 attiecas uz senajiem k\u016briem.<\/p>\n

Ar\u012b s\u0113\u013cu p\u0113das atrodam jau T\u0101lajos Austrumos, kur Selemd\u017eas upes baseins var\u0113tu b\u016bt vi\u0146u pirm\u0101 m\u0101jvieta Eir\u0101zijas kontinent\u0101. T\u0101l\u0101k vi\u0146u ce\u013cu iez\u012bm\u0113 Selengas upe Mongolij\u0101 un Sellinga ezers Tibet\u0101, k\u0101 ar\u012b Selenjahas upe Momas ieplak\u0101 Jakutij\u0101. Te j\u0101atceras s\u0113\u013cu m\u012blest\u012bba uz saknes patskani \u201co\u201d, k\u0101lab Momas ieleja faktiski bija s\u0113\u013cu Mammas ieleja (mons \u2013 mans, tovs \u2013 tavs) Ar\u012b v\u0113l\u0101k asimil\u0113tais se\u013ckupu tautas atlikums Obas basein\u0101 apstiprina s\u0113\u013cu kl\u0101tb\u016btni re\u0123ion\u0101. T\u0101l\u0101k uz rietumiem par s\u0113\u013cu kl\u0101tb\u016btni senatn\u0113 liecina Seligera ezers Valdaja augstien\u0113, k\u0101 ar\u012b prof. Toporova fiks\u0113ts vietv\u0101rds Sellumbrija, kas apliecina s\u0113\u013cu un umbru tautu blakusdz\u012bvo\u0161anu. Ar\u012b Aristotelis apstiprina s\u0113\u013cu kl\u0101tb\u016btni topo\u0161aj\u0101 Grie\u0137ij\u0101, kur tolaik kaimi\u0146os mita ar\u012b umbri, ko cit\u0101 v\u0101rd\u0101 sauca par pelasgiem. S\u0113\u013cu taut\u012bba selpuli bija ar\u012b lu\u017eicie\u0161u jeb, pareiz\u0101k, V\u0101cijas vidien\u0113 dz\u012bvoju\u0161o liuticie\u0161u sen\u010di, kas nebija nek\u0101di sl\u0101vi. Viena no p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101m s\u0113\u013cu m\u0101jviet\u0101m bija Neretvas baseins tagad\u0113j\u0101 Dienvidsl\u0101vij\u0101, ko Romai nepak\u013c\u0101v\u012bg\u0101 s\u0113\u013cu da\u013ca pameta un p\u0101rvietoj\u0101s uz Baltiju, l\u012bdzi \u0146emot Neretas v\u0101rdu up\u012btei Latgal\u0113 un pils\u0113ti\u0146ai Zemgal\u0113, bet savu seno v\u0101rdu iem\u016b\u017ein\u0101ja S\u0113lpil\u012b, t\u0101pat k\u0101 senatn\u0113 Selam\u0101 Indij\u0101.<\/p>\n

Hetu un vari\u0146u p\u0113das gr\u016bti paman\u012bt T\u0101lajos Austrumos, toties ap 100. meridi\u0101nu to izcili daudz. Kambod\u017e\u0101 atrodam Hetkai, Hota un Hatjai pils\u0113tas. Hatjai pils\u0113ta ir ar\u012b Taizem\u0113, bet Laos\u0101 atrodam gan Hetas upi, gan Hetas un Katas pils\u0113tas. Zieme\u013c\u0137\u012bn\u0101 atrodam Hara Hoto o\u0101zi, bet Rietumsib\u012brij\u0101 Hetas upi, kas p\u0113c satekas ar Hatangu turpin\u0101s k\u0101 Liel\u0101 Heta. Seko Obas lab\u0101 pieteka Keta, Hotanas upe un Hotanas pils\u0113ta zieme\u013crietumu \u0136\u012bn\u0101, Somhetas gr\u0113da Kuras ieplak\u0101 Aizkauk\u0101z\u0101, Hatusas senpils\u0113ta \u2013 tagad Boghazgeja \u2013 Turcij\u0101, Hatijas pils\u0113ta Jord\u0101nij\u0101, Hatvanas pils\u0113ta Ung\u0101rij\u0101 un Hett\u0161tetes pils\u0113ta Halles apgabal\u0101 V\u0101cij\u0101. \u0160\u012b ir p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101 hatu tautas apmetne pirms asimil\u0101cijas, uz kurieni hati, l\u012bdz\u012bgi p\u0101r\u0113j\u0101m baltu taut\u0101m, atvirz\u012bj\u0101s zem Romas imp\u0113rijas spiediena. Iepriek\u0161 Verras un Fuldas upju baseinos vi\u0146i bija att\u012bst\u012bju\u0161i t\u0101 saukto Hall\u0161tates kult\u016bru, ko sav\u0101 lab\u0101 lieliski izmantoja jaun\u0101 jaukte\u0146u \u2013 gallu tauta, kas da\u013c\u0113ji jau pirms romie\u0161iem atspieda un asimil\u0113ja hatus, bet 3. gs. p.m.\u0113. k\u0101 \u201clikum\u012bgie\u201d hatu mantinieki ielauz\u0101s Maz\u0101zij\u0101 un nodibin\u0101ja Galateju.<\/p>\n

Vari\u0146u p\u0113das paman\u0101m blakus hetiem Taizem\u0113, kur vi\u0146u v\u0101rds iem\u016b\u017ein\u0101ts Varinas pils\u0113t\u0101. \u0160\u0137iet, ka vari\u0146u ce\u013c\u0161 uz rietumiem ir bijis m\u0113r\u0137tiec\u012bg\u0101ks un tie\u0161\u0101ks nek\u0101 hetu ce\u013c\u0161, un t\u0101p\u0113c Eiropu vi\u0146i sasniedza \u0101tr\u0101k. Indij\u0101 m\u0113s atrodam Varanasi pils\u0113t\u0101 iem\u016b\u017ein\u0101tu vi\u0146u v\u0101rdu, p\u0113c tam Varia pils\u0113tu Sa\u016bda Ar\u0101bij\u0101, V(a)ranavas upi \u010cehij\u0101, Var(i)nas pils\u0113tu Bulg\u0101rij\u0101, Varnovas upi V\u0101cij\u0101 un V\u0101renes pils\u0113tu turpat, bet Be\u013c\u0123ij\u0101 l\u012bdz ar Molas un Senv\u012btas pils\u0113t\u0101m atrodam ar\u012b Varemu. J\u016blija C\u0113zara laik\u0101 kart\u0113 vari\u0146u dz\u012bvesvieta iez\u012bm\u0113ta Baltijas piekrast\u0113 starp Labu un Odru, bet paties\u012bb\u0101 vi\u0146u p\u0113das atrodam no Be\u013c\u0123ijas l\u012bdz Somijai un Kar\u0113lijai. Tas, ka vari\u0146u v\u0101rds iem\u016b\u017ein\u0101ts nelielu, bet daudzu vietu v\u0101rdos, liek dom\u0101t, ka vi\u0146i pieder pie vissen\u0101k\u0101 baltu iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju sl\u0101\u0146a. Par vi\u0146u esam\u012bbu liecina Var\u0146u pils\u0113ta \u017demait\u0113 un Varenas pils\u0113ta Lietuvas dienvidos, k\u0101 ar\u012b divas V\u0101rves un Varieba Kurzem\u0113, Vari\u0146i un Varie\u0161i Vidzem\u0113, Varka un V\u0101rkava Latgal\u0113. Vari\u0146u tie\u0161ie p\u0113cn\u0101c\u0113ji ir var\u0146u izloksn\u0113 run\u0101jo\u0161ie lietuvie\u0161i un Tolavas latga\u013ci Latvij\u0101. Vari\u0146u un umbru-obru mais\u012bjums Varnovas basein\u0101 tika nosaukts par varnoberiem un pak\u0101peniski \u0123ermaniz\u0113ts, bet t\u0101ds pats vari\u0146u un obru mais\u012bjums ir mal\u0113nie\u0161i, kas glab\u0101 vissen\u0101ko baltu valodu. Z\u012bm\u012bgi, ka daudzi v\u0101cu valodas v\u0101rdi prec\u012bzi sakr\u012bt ar mal\u0113nie\u0161u v\u0101rdiem. Tas ir v\u0101cu valodas mantojums no asimil\u0113tajiem varnoberiem.<\/p>\n

At\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no k\u016briem, s\u0113\u013ciem, hetiem un vari\u0146iem, \u0100zij\u0101 nevar atrast neko, kas apliecin\u0101tu \u0101rie\u0161u vai \u0137eltu tautu esam\u012bbu. \u0160ie teor\u0113tiskie etnosi dz\u012bvo vien\u012bgi pavir\u0161u zin\u0101tnieku izt\u0113l\u0113, kaut gan, visticam\u0101k, tie ir c\u0113lu\u0161ies v\u0113stures viltot\u0101ju apzin\u0101tas darb\u012bbas rezult\u0101t\u0101.<\/p>\n

K\u016bri, s\u0113\u013ci, heti un vari\u0146i ir \u010detras baltu sentautas, kuru s\u0101kumi mekl\u0113jami l\u012bdz pat 50 000 gadu dzi\u013c\u0101 senatn\u0113, noriets ir turpin\u0101jies p\u0113d\u0113jos 3000 gadus, bet etniskais mantojums turpin\u0101s latvie\u0161u un lietuvie\u0161u taut\u0101. Laika gait\u0101 \u0161o \u010detru baltu sentautu teritori\u0101l\u0101s vien\u012bbas ir iemantoju\u0161as ar\u012b citus nosaukumus. Pelasgi, umbri, obri, odri, eiri un pikti, visiesp\u0113jam\u0101k, ir vari\u0146u p\u0113cn\u0101c\u0113ji, t\u0101pat ar\u012b lig\u016bri un ib\u0113ri. Veneti, venedi \u2013 s\u0113\u013cu un k\u016bru p\u0113cn\u0101c\u0113ji. Vindi\u013ci un vanda\u013ci \u2013 gallu sa\u0161\u0137elti un da\u013c\u0113ji \u0123ermaniz\u0113ti venedu p\u0113cn\u0101c\u0113ji. Heti, fr\u012b\u0123ie\u0161i, etruski un hati liel\u0101koties izkusu\u0161i dienvidu
\ntaut\u0101s, ieskaitot ar\u0101bus, bet Hall\u0161tates kult\u016bra Eirop\u0101 ir p\u0113d\u0113jais t\u012bri baltisk\u0101s hetu kult\u016bras atsp\u012bdums.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Pelasgi nav v\u0113sturnieku izdom\u0101jums<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Tie, kas v\u0113las noliegt baltisk\u0101s Pelasgijas v\u0113sturiskumu, apgalvo, ka par pelasgiem esot saukusies k\u0101da seno grie\u0137u cilts. K\u0101 zin\u0101ms, galveno sengrie\u0137u dievu sauca par Zevu (ar\u012b Dzevu). Hom\u0113rs Dodonas sv\u0113tn\u012bcas dievu nez k\u0101p\u0113c sauc par pelasgu Zevu. P\u0113c vis\u0101m paz\u012bm\u0113m Zevs atbilst baltu P\u0113rkonam. K\u0101 zin\u0101ms, \u012bsta dabas atmoda un dz\u012bv\u012bba pavasaros mostas p\u0113c pirm\u0101 p\u0113rkona. T\u0101p\u0113c var dom\u0101t, ka pelasgi P\u0113rkonu sauca ar\u012b par Dzeivu, ko grie\u0137i vienk\u0101r\u0161oja par Zevu un v\u0113l\u0101k apaudz\u0113ja ar pasak\u0101m un teik\u0101m p\u0113c savas gaumes.<\/p>\n

Grie\u0137u v\u0101rdi dzo\u0113<\/em> \u2013 dz\u012bve un dzao<\/em> \u2013 dz\u012bvoju ir aizguvumi no pelasgu valodas v\u0101rda dzeive<\/em>, t\u0101pat k\u0101 pavasara P\u0113rkona v\u0101rds Dzeivs<\/em>. Bet citi grie\u0137u v\u0101rdi k\u0101, piem\u0113ram, eimi<\/em> \u2013 eima, ie\u0161u; vai eite<\/em> \u2013 ejiet, eita; didomi<\/em> \u2013 domu, dodu \u2013 uzr\u0101da radniec\u012bbu ar s\u0113\u013cu valodu. Bet par to, ka Dodonas sv\u0113tn\u012bcas apk\u0101rtnes pamatiedz\u012bvot\u0101ji bija s\u0113\u013ci, liecina Aristotelis: Dodonas apvid\u016b pie Ahelojas upes dz\u012bvoja selli un tie, kas toreiz sauc\u0101s par grie\u0137iem, bet tagad par ell\u012bniem (hell\u0113\u0146iem). (Arist., 3. s\u0113j., 473. lpp) Tas ir skaidrs nor\u0101d\u012bjums, ka grie\u0137i iev\u0101c\u0101s baltu zem\u0113s. Pirms vi\u0146iem tur dz\u012bvoja pelasgi, s\u0113\u013ci un tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161i.<\/p>\n

To pa\u0161u apstiprina vietv\u0101rdi, piem\u0113ram, Parnasa kalns. No pelasgu valodas to var\u0113tu saprast k\u0101 \u2013 p\u0101rnests vai uzb\u0113rts kalns. Tam ir ar\u012b otrs nosaukums \u2013 Paropam\u012bs. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka st\u0101vuma d\u0113\u013c to nevar norm\u0101li p\u0101riet, bet tikai p\u0101rr\u0101pot. Abiem \u0161iem v\u0101rdiem ir j\u0113ga tikai pelasgu valod\u0101. \u0160ie saglab\u0101ju\u0161ies baltiskie topon\u012bmi turkl\u0101t pier\u0101da, ka taisn\u012bba H\u0113rodotam, kur\u0161 raksta, ka umbru un pelasgu valoda ne ar ko neat\u0161\u0137iras viena no otras. Tagad\u0113jo Grie\u0137ijas teritoriju apdz\u012bvoja umbri \u2013 j\u016brasbrauc\u0113ji, kurus sauca par pelasgianu \u2013 j\u016bras tautu jeb vienk\u0101r\u0161i par pelasgiem. Vi\u0146i apdz\u012bvoja ar\u012b Kr\u0113tas salu, kur tos sauca par kretiem jeb umbru un obru valod\u0101 par \u201ckret\u012bm\u201d. To apstiprina ar\u012b somu v\u0113sturnieks un filozofs Dr. \u016arass S\u0101rniv\u0101ra.<\/p>\n

T\u0101 nu redzam, ka pier\u0101d\u012bjumu pelasgu v\u0113sturiskajai es\u012bbai un v\u0113l vair\u0101k \u2013 vi\u0146u baltiskumam ir daudz un tie var b\u016bt visai da\u017e\u0101di. Skumji tikai, ka l\u012bdz m\u016bsdien\u0101m tik daudzi titul\u0113ti v\u0113sturnieki ir izniekoju\u0161i laiku, da\u017ek\u0101rt sasm\u0113r\u0113ju\u0161i daudz pap\u012bra, bet par v\u0113sturisko paties\u012bbu pat nav painteres\u0113ju\u0161ies. \u012astas zin\u0101tnes uzdevums ir kalpot paties\u012bbai. M\u016bsu latvie\u0161u v\u0113stures zin\u0101tne joproj\u0101m nes imperi\u0101listisko lielvalstu ideolo\u0123ijas z\u012bmogu un rutin\u0113t\u0101 vienaldz\u012bb\u0101 pie\u013cauj savas tautas gar\u012bgo aplaup\u012b\u0161anu. \u201cPaties\u012bba s\u0101kas ar atteik\u0161anos no maldiem\u201d \u2013 t\u0101 savulaik rakst\u012bja Aristotelis. Vi\u0146am bija dzi\u013ca izpratne par \u0113tiku, kuras m\u016bsie\u0161iem gan laikam ir gau\u017ei maz.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Tautu asins balss un migr\u0101cija<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u0113sture zina bezgala daudzus tautu p\u0101rvieto\u0161an\u0101s faktus. Iz\u0146emot \u0137\u012bnie\u0161us, virs zemes b\u016bs gr\u016bti atrast k\u0101du citu tautu, kura no laika gala b\u016btu dz\u012bvojusi tikai savu sen\u010du teritorij\u0101. Migr\u0101cija ir bijusi gan l\u0113na un pak\u0101peniska, gan ar\u012b p\u0113k\u0161\u0146a dz\u012bvesvietas mai\u0146a uz daudzus t\u016bksto\u0161us kilometru att\u0101l\u0101m teritorij\u0101m. Migr\u0101cijas mot\u012bvi ar\u012b ir biju\u0161i \u013coti da\u017e\u0101di: sp\u0113ka apzi\u0146a un ekspansijas tieksmes, aizsardz\u012bba un pa\u0161saglab\u0101\u0161an\u0101s nepiecie\u0161am\u012bba, dabas stihijas un klimata izmai\u0146as, valdnieku l\u0113mumi vai g\u0101jputnu ilg\u0101m l\u012bdz\u012bgs sen\u010du aicin\u0101jums, ko var\u0113tu saukt ar\u012b par asins balsi. \u0160o p\u0113d\u0113jo mot\u012bvu redzam izpau\u017eamies pie taut\u0101m, kuras aiziet no v\u0113stures skatuves ar k\u0101du spo\u017eu, visus p\u0101rsteidzo\u0161u uzvaras g\u0101jienu, bet visai dr\u012bz p\u0113c tam beidz eksist\u0113t. \u0160\u012bs asins balss izpausmes varam v\u0113rot pie galliem, heru\u013ciem un vanda\u013ciem.<\/p>\n

No protobaltiem pirmie atdal\u012bj\u0101s galli, kas asimil\u0113ja tagad\u0113j\u0101s Francijas vidien\u0113 dz\u012bvoju\u0161os pr\u016b\u0161us un kur\u0161us, tad da\u013c\u0113ji ar\u012b uz Alpu priek\u0161kaln\u0113m p\u0101rc\u0113lu\u0161os hatus. Hatu kl\u0101tb\u016btne bija par pamatu t\u0101 saukt\u0101s Hall\u0161tates kult\u016bras uzplaukumam, kas deva sp\u0113ku jaunajam gallu etnosam, dodot sp\u0113c\u012bgu impulsu saimniec\u012bbas att\u012bst\u012bbai un l\u012bdz ar to hegemonijai p\u0101r kaimi\u0146u taut\u0101m. No gallu v\u0113stures redzams, ka vi\u0146i iztur\u0113j\u0101s k\u0101 likum\u012bgie kur\u0161u, pr\u016b\u0161u un basku mantinieki, maz r\u0113\u0137inoties ar savu sen\u010du v\u0113lm\u0113m. 5. gs. p.m.\u0113. galli pak\u013cauj sev visu Francijas teritoriju, Angliju un \u012ariju, simts gadus v\u0113l\u0101k \u2013 Ib\u0113rijas un Apen\u012bnu pussalu. Pret zieme\u013cbaltiem vi\u0146u uzm\u0101k\u0161an\u0101s saplok, bet, kop\u0161 C\u0113zars s\u0101k vald\u012bt Rom\u0101, galli no uzvar\u0113t\u0101jiem k\u013c\u016bst par zaud\u0113t\u0101jiem. Ta\u010du v\u0113l pirms tam galli sevi piesaka ar\u012b k\u0101 hatu mantiniekus. Izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101ju\u0161i laimi caur Balk\u0101niem ielauzties Grie\u0137ij\u0101, bet ma\u0137edonie\u0161u atsisti, vi\u0146i caur Tr\u0101\u0137iju iebr\u016bk Maz\u0101zij\u0101 un iekaro fr\u012b\u0123ie\u0161u zemes. It k\u0101 par z\u012bmi, ka ekspansijas m\u0113r\u0137i ir sasniegti, vi\u0146i nodibina galvaspils\u0113tu Ankiru \u2013 enkuru, kur apmetas uz dz\u012bvi. Ta\u010du uzvar\u0113t\u0101ji dr\u012bz non\u0101ca romie\u0161u pak\u013caut\u012bb\u0101. T\u0101 jaukt\u0101 gallu etnosa ekspansij\u0101 atspogu\u013cojas jaukte\u0146u tieksme ieg\u016bt visu savu atsevi\u0161\u0137o sen\u010du tautu mantojumu.<\/p>\n

Lai kaut cik apj\u0113gtu sen\u010du asins balss ietekmi uz vanda\u013cu di\u017eo karag\u0101jienu, kas nosl\u0113dz\u0101s ar seno Kart\u0101gas teritoriju iekaro\u0161anu, vajag apzin\u0101t priek\u0161v\u0113sturi. Feni\u0137ie\u0161u koloniju s\u0101kumi n\u0101ca no D\u0146estras \u2013 toreiz\u0113j\u0101s Tiras baseina, kur Tiras gr\u012bv\u0101 bija uzcelta baltu ostas pils\u0113ta Tira. Tiras baseinu apdz\u012bvoja galvenok\u0101rt venedi, t\u0101tad zieme\u013cbalti, bet uz rietumiem no vi\u0146iem dz\u012bvoja daki. Dibinot ostas un kolonijas tagad\u0113j\u0101s Lib\u0101nas teritorij\u0101, otru T\u012bru un S\u012bdonu, tur iece\u013coja galvenok\u0101rt venedi. Vi\u0146u zieme\u013cniecisk\u0101 sarkan\u012bg\u0101 iedeguma d\u0113\u013c grie\u0137i tos nosauca par feni\u0137ie\u0161iem \u2013 purpur\u0101 t\u0113rptajiem. T\u0101l\u0101k feni\u0137ie\u0161i izveidoja Kart\u0101gas koloniju un citas kolonijas Vidusj\u016bras rietumu piekrast\u0113 un sal\u0101s. To apg\u016b\u0161an\u0101 piedal\u012bj\u0101s ne tikai zieme\u013cbaltiskie venedi, bet ar\u012b dienvidbaltiskie daki. Slavenais karavadonis Hannibals p\u0113c taut\u012bbas bija daks. 120 gadus ilgo p\u016bnie\u0161u karu rezult\u0101t\u0101 romie\u0161i Kart\u0101gu sagr\u0101va. Ar\u012b Eirop\u0101 gallu ekspansijas rezult\u0101t\u0101 venedu tautas da\u013cas tika no\u0161\u0137irtas un da\u013c\u0113ji asimil\u0113tas. Alpu priek\u0161kaln\u0113s palika vindi\u013ci, bet uz Oderas baseinu tika atspiesti vanda\u013ci, Karpatos v\u0113l bija t\u012bri venedi, kurieniem sajauk\u0161an\u0101s nol\u016bk\u0101 kop\u0161 2. gs. beig\u0101m uzm\u0101c\u0101s sarmati \u2013 ir\u0101\u0146u, grie\u0137u, baltu mais\u012bjums. Un, l\u016bk, pirms v\u0113l venedi k\u0101 tauta beidza past\u0101v\u0113t, da\u013c\u0113ji asimil\u0113tie vanda\u013ci ar kur\u0161u un heru\u013cu atbalstu iekaroja to pa\u0161u Romu, kura bija sagr\u0101vusi Kart\u0101gu 146. g.pr.m.\u0113. Tikai ar 80 000 v\u012bru armiju vanda\u013ci Geizeriha vad\u012bb\u0101 p\u0101rce\u013cas uz \u0100friku, iekaro Romas Kart\u0101gas provinci, 439. gad\u0101 pasludina Kart\u0101gu par savu galvaspils\u0113tu, tad 455. gad\u0101 tie\u0161i no Kart\u0101gas ar floti dodas uz Romu, iekaro un izlaupa to. V\u0113l vair\u0101k \u2013 nakts kauj\u0101 vanda\u013ci izn\u012bcina apvienoto Konstantinopoles un Romas floti. Spo\u017es revan\u0161s p\u0113c sak\u0101ves p\u016bnie\u0161u karos p\u0113c 601. gada. Tik lieliska venedu-vanda\u013cu v\u0113sturisk\u0101 atmi\u0146a vai sen\u010du asins balss?<\/p>\n

Uzsv\u0113rti atk\u0101rtoju: venedi bija zieme\u013cbalti, feni\u0137ie\u0161i \u2013 vi\u0146u un ar\u012b daku p\u0113cn\u0101c\u0113ji, vindi\u013ci un vanda\u013ci \u2013 venedu p\u0113cn\u0101c\u0113ji ar mazliet \u0123ermaniz\u0113tu valodu, rietumsl\u0101vi \u2013 venedu un sarmatu jaukte\u0146i. Rietumgotu valdnieks Alarihs c\u0113lies no baltu augstma\u0146u \u0123imenes, t\u0101pat vanda\u013cu valdnieki Radagaiss un Geizerihs; visbeidzot k\u016bru augstmanis Odoakrs ar vanda\u013cu un heru\u013cu karasp\u0113ku 476. gad\u0101 atc\u0113la no tro\u0146a p\u0113d\u0113jo Romas c\u0113zaru Romulu Augustulu.<\/p>\n

T\u0101tad redzams, ka ap m.\u0113. 5. gs. beig\u0101m p\u0113c gallu un romie\u0161u uzm\u0101c\u012bbas Eirop\u0101 baltu tautu etniskie pamati ir sa\u0161\u0137ob\u012bti, bet ne sagrauti. Glu\u017ei otr\u0101di \u2013 tie\u0161i baltu tautas un to karavado\u0146i sagr\u0101va Rietumromas imp\u0113riju, atriebjot gadsimtu gait\u0101 kr\u0101tos vergu laup\u012bt\u0101ju un paverdzin\u0101t\u0101ju nodar\u012bjumus.<\/p>\n

K\u0101 uzupur\u0113\u0161an\u0101s paraugs ir baltisk\u0101s heru\u013cu tautas v\u0113sture. M\u016bsu \u0113ras s\u0101kum\u0101 heru\u013ci apdz\u012bvoja Smolandi un D\u0101nijas salas, t\u0101tad sam\u0113r\u0101 dro\u0161u re\u0123ionu, kur\u0101 var\u0113ja justies sal\u012bdzino\u0161i mier\u012bgi. Ta\u010du p\u0113c tam, kad Traj\u0101ns iekaro Dakiju un no zieme\u013ciem par Dakijas vergu tirgot\u0101jiem piesak\u0101s langobardi, ac\u012bmredzot p\u0113c baltu augst\u0101ko priesteru aicin\u0101juma heru\u013ci pamet mier\u012bgo t\u0113vu zemi un dodas uz dienvidiem pal\u012bg\u0101 paverdzin\u0101tajiem dakiem. Vi\u0146i pak\u013cauj meslu atkar\u012bb\u0101 langobardus un laiku pa laikam kop\u0101 ar pak\u013cautajiem dakiem un tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161iem liek dreb\u0113t Romas imperatoriem, kuri nu uzbrukuma viet\u0101 ir spiesti dom\u0101t par aizsarg\u0101\u0161anos. Pietiekami lielu lomu heru\u013cu karasp\u0113ks sp\u0113l\u0113 ar\u012b austrumgotu \u0137\u0113ni\u0146a Hermanriha lielvalsts izveid\u0113, kur tiek apvienotas baltu un somu tautas no Baltijas l\u012bdz Ur\u0101liem. 375. gad\u0101 gotu valsti satriec hu\u0146\u0146i, bet p\u0113c tam heru\u013cu karasp\u0113ka vien\u012bbas var sastapt vis\u0101 Rietumeirop\u0101. \u013boti sare\u017e\u0123\u012btaj\u0101 un b\u012bstamaj\u0101 situ\u0101cij\u0101 starp romie\u0161iem, gotiem un hu\u0146\u0146iem heru\u013ci, aizsarg\u0101jot dakus un tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161us, v\u0113l 6. gs. ir varena tauta Donavas lejtec\u0113 un Meln\u0101s j\u016bras piekrast\u0113. Tad k\u0101d\u0101 likten\u012bgi neveiksm\u012bg\u0101 sadursm\u0113 ar langobardiem vi\u0146i cie\u0161 smagu sak\u0101vi un, sadal\u012bju\u0161ies atsevi\u0161\u0137\u0101s grup\u0101s, dodas uz zieme\u013ciem. Da\u013ca no vi\u0146iem non\u0101k Lietuv\u0101, citi, ejot sen\u0101s t\u0113vzemes virzien\u0101, apmetas tagad\u0113j\u0101s V\u0101cijas teritorij\u0101 \u2013 Verl\u0101 pie Ilzes up\u012btes ietekas Oker\u0113 un Verl\u0113 Vamovas upes krast\u0101 pie radnieciskajiem Varnovas obriem. \u0145emot v\u0113r\u0101 vair\u0101kus gadsimtus ilgo kop\u012bgo likteni ar dakiem un tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161iem, \u0161is heru\u013cu atlikums turpm\u0101k saucas par verliem, kas joproj\u0101m ir nep\u0101rprotama baltu tauta. Visa heru\u013cu eksistence kop\u0161 izie\u0161anas no Smolandes ir ziedota baltu tautu saglab\u0101\u0161anai. T\u0101 nebeidz\u0101s ar dienestu Odoakra karasp\u0113k\u0101, kas atc\u0113la p\u0113d\u0113jo c\u0113zaru Romulu Augustulu, bet turpin\u0101j\u0101s Lietuv\u0101, st\u0101vot pret v\u0101cu orde\u0146a, po\u013cu panu un krievu k\u0146azu t\u012bkojumiem.<\/p>\n

Ja raug\u0101mies, k\u0101 notika heru\u013cu atk\u0101p\u0161an\u0101s uz zieme\u013ciem, tad ar\u012b j\u016btama sen\u010du asins balss ietekme. Vienus ska\u013c\u0101k sauca sen\u010di no Smolandes, citus tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161u \u2013 lietuvie\u0161u sen\u010di. Ja ar\u012b Smolandi gadsimtu gait\u0101 jau bija piepild\u012bju\u0161i svenu un norm\u0101\u0146u iedz\u012bvot\u0101ji, tad liela da\u013ca no tagad\u0113j\u0101s V\u0101cijas 6. gs. v\u0113l bija t\u012bri baltiska. Rietumsl\u0101vu ekspansija v\u0113l tikai brieda. Ta\u010du tas netrauc\u0113 Dr. Bernhardu Zeifertu verlus pasludin\u0101t par sl\u0101viem. Ukrus, ruj\u0101nus, tollensus un obrus vi\u0146\u0161 gan nesauc par sl\u0101viem, bet neatz\u012bm\u0113 ar\u012b vi\u0146u pieder\u012bbu pie baltiem. T\u0101pat ar\u012b baltiskos drav\u0113nus un no sajauk\u0161an\u0101s izsarg\u0101ju\u0161\u0101s venedu grupas dr. Zeiferts m\u012b\u013cu pr\u0101tu pasludina par sl\u0101viem. Gr\u016bti tic\u0113t, ka tas b\u016btu nezin\u0101\u0161anas d\u0113\u013c, dr\u012bz\u0101k gan uz t\u0101du r\u012bc\u012bbu ir pamudin\u0101jis politisks apr\u0113\u0137ins. Lieta t\u0101, ka jaun\u0101s jaukt\u0101s tautas \u2013 gan \u0123erm\u0101\u0146i, gan sl\u0101vi \u2013 ir dzimu\u0161as senaj\u0101s baltu zem\u0113s un, ja protobalti netiek atz\u012bti par visu indoeiropie\u0161u sen\u010diem, ne \u0123erm\u0101\u0146iem, ne sl\u0101viem savas t\u0113vu zemes nemaz nav un nevar b\u016bt. T\u0101p\u0113c nav \u0113rti atz\u012bt, ka tur dz\u012bvoja baltu tautas un t\u0101s bija baltu zemes. Cita lieta, ka jaun\u0101s \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u tautas izspieda no \u201csavas\u201d teritorijas v\u0113l jaun\u0101kas sl\u0101vu tautas. Tad vismaz virspus\u0113ji viss ir k\u0101rt\u012bb\u0101. T\u0101ds ar t\u0101du ir nok\u0101rtojis r\u0113\u0137inus.<\/p>\n

Dr\u016bms jaut\u0101jums: vai m\u016bsu v\u0113sturnieki no LPSR Zin\u0101t\u0146u akad\u0113mijas b\u016btu biju\u0161i tik akli un nezino\u0161i, lai neredz\u0113tu, ka un k\u0101 v\u0113stures zin\u0101tne ir upur\u0113ta ideolo\u0123ijai, bet paties\u012bba \u2013 meliem? Vai zin\u0101tnes pamatuzdevums nav kalpot paties\u012bbai? V\u0101cijas un Krievijas imp\u0113riju laiki ir pag\u0101ju\u0161i, bet ideolo\u0123ija turpina dz\u012bvot, turkl\u0101t ne tikai dz\u012bvot, bet ar\u012b krop\u013cot zin\u0101tnisko paties\u012bbu. Biedri akad\u0113mi\u0137i turpina t\u0113lot beigtu suni, kas apsarg\u0101 miru\u0161o imp\u0113riju \u201cideolo\u0123iski v\u0113rt\u012bgos melus\u201d\u2026<\/p>\n

Seno baltu mor\u0101les likumu izpausme praktiskaj\u0101 dz\u012bv\u0113<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Oto fon R\u016btenbergs senos latvie\u0161us raksturo k\u0101 gai\u0161as noska\u0146as \u013caudis, kas veic darbus br\u012bv\u0101 gais\u0101, dziesmas dziedot, un m\u0113r\u0137tiec\u012bgi str\u0101d\u0101 ar sp\u0113ku un izveic\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

L\u012bdz 1015. gadam virspriesteris kr\u012bvs caur saviem priesteriem, vaidelo\u0161iem, ar sava zi\u017e\u013ca pal\u012bdz\u012bbu bija uztur\u0113jis tic\u012bbas vien\u012bbu, dievu bij\u0101\u0161anu un paklaus\u012bbu mutiski pasludin\u0101tiem likumiem.<\/p>\n

B\u0113rni un sievas atrad\u0101s \u0123imenes galvas \u2013 t\u0113va neaprobe\u017eot\u0101 var\u0101. Uguns tika uzskat\u012bta par sv\u0113tu un \u0161\u0137\u012bst\u012bjo\u0161u, t\u0101p\u0113c miru\u0161os parasti sadedzin\u0101ja. Ja nomira \u0123imenes galva, vi\u0146a sieva tam dev\u0101s l\u012bdzi n\u0101v\u0113, jo senie balti ne\u0161aub\u012bgi tic\u0113ja m\u016b\u017e\u012bgajai dz\u012bvei. R\u016btenbergs raksta: \u201cJa reli\u0123ijas augst\u0101kais m\u0113r\u0137is b\u016btu dot mieru un prieku mirstam\u0101 stund\u0101, tad seno latvie\u0161u tic\u012bba var\u0113tu m\u0113roties ar jebkuras citas tautas tic\u012bbu.\u201d \u0160\u012bs tic\u012bbas aug\u013cus redzam sadz\u012bves trad\u012bcij\u0101s, ko vi\u0146\u0161 apraksta turpm\u0101k: \u201cSlinko\u0161ana bija visliel\u0101kais kauns, ubago\u0161ana un zag\u0161ana tika stingri sod\u012bta. Bet nevar\u012bgi vec\u012b\u0161i var\u0113ja staig\u0101t no vien\u0101m m\u0101j\u0101m uz otr\u0101m un tos visur uz\u0146\u0113ma ar godu un laipn\u012bbu. Slepkav\u012bbas atrieba nokaut\u0101 radi. Latvie\u0161i m\u012bl\u0113ja pirtis un t\u012br\u012bbu. Viesm\u012bl\u012bba bija un v\u0113l tagad ir \u0161o tautu jauk\u0101kais un visp\u0101r\u0113js tikums. Kr\u012bvs tika uzskat\u012bts par Dieva gribas tulku.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

At\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no indie\u0161iem, senajiem baltiem ar\u012b sievietes var\u0113ja b\u016bt priesterienes un vaidelotes. Te p\u0101r visiem vald\u012bja viens likums<\/strong> un viena dz\u012bves k\u0101rt\u012bba. K\u0101ds bija \u0161is likums<\/strong>? Paral\u0113les varam mekl\u0113t hatu likumos un sanskrita Manu likumos, kuru iev\u0113ro\u0161ana var\u0113tu dot O. fon R\u016btenberga uzr\u0101d\u012btos seno latvie\u0161u tic\u012bbas aug\u013cus. L\u016bk, da\u017ei Manu likumi:<\/p>\n

2. nod. 146. No diviem t\u0113viem \u2013 dz\u012bv\u012bbas dev\u0113ja un v\u0113du saj\u0113gas dev\u0113ja \u2013 v\u0113du saj\u0113gas dev\u0113js ir god\u0101jam\u0101ks, jo caur v\u0113du saj\u0113gu piedzimst \u0161aj\u0101 saul\u0113 un ar\u012b p\u0113c n\u0101ves dz\u012bvo.<\/p>\n

119. S\u0113do\u0161s vai gu\u013co\u0161s, lai ce\u013cas un vec\u0101ko godina, kad tas n\u0101k iek\u0161\u0101.
\n121. Kas paradis vec\u0101kos tur\u0113t god\u0101, tas vairo sev \u010detrus \u2013 m\u016b\u017eu, gudr\u012bbu, slavu un sp\u0113ku.<\/p>\n

3. nod. 72. Kas piecus nepabaro \u2013 dievus, viesus, saimi, sen\u010dus un sevi, tas, kaut ar\u012b elpo, nav pie dz\u012bv\u012bbas.<\/p>\n

4. nod. 246. Paciet\u012bgais un pazem\u012bgais, kas nezaud\u0113 neatlaid\u012bbu, bet vair\u0101s no \u013cauniem \u013caud\u012bm un nedara \u013caunu nevienam, kam vien ir dva\u0161a, \u2013 t\u0101ds, kas vien t\u0101 dz\u012bvo, reiz iemanto debesis, savaldot jutek\u013cus, b\u016bdams dev\u012bgs.<\/p>\n

5. nod. 148. Sievietei b\u0113rn\u012bb\u0101 ir pild\u0101ma t\u0113va griba, jaun\u012bb\u0101 \u2013 v\u012bra, bet vecumdien\u0101s, ja v\u012brs miris, \u2013 d\u0113lu griba \u2013patst\u0101v\u012bba tai m\u016b\u017edien ir liedzama.<\/p>\n

165. Sieva, kura savalda domas, miesu un valodu un nek\u013c\u016bst neuztic\u012bga v\u012bram, p\u0113c n\u0101ves nok\u013c\u016bst turpat, kur non\u0101cis v\u012brs, un ir teicama tikum\u012bgiem par tikum\u012bgu.<\/p>\n

6. nod. 45. Dz\u012bve un n\u0101ve nav izv\u0113les lietas \u2013 j\u0101gaida sava stunda k\u0101 kalpam algas br\u012bdis.<\/p>\n

8. nod. 45. Ties\u0101jot p\u0113c likuma, j\u0101iev\u0113ro gan paties\u012bba, gan s\u016bdz\u012bba, gan ar\u012b pa\u0161a gods, t\u0101pat liecinieks, laiks, vieta un apst\u0101k\u013ci.<\/p>\n

111. Pr\u0101t\u012bgs cilv\u0113ks pie tiesas nevar nepatiesi zv\u0113r\u0113t, jo mel\u012bgi zv\u0113r\u0113ju\u0161u piemekl\u0113 pazudin\u0101\u0161ana \u0161eit un p\u0113c n\u0101ves.
\n350. Uzbr\u016bko\u0161s slepkava nogalin\u0101ms uz vietas bez kav\u0113\u0161an\u0101s, neskatoties uz to, kas vi\u0146\u0161 ir.
\n352. Sievu pavedin\u0101t\u0101ji valdniekam j\u0101soda bargi, lai visiem iedvestu \u0161ausmas, un izraid\u0101mi.
\n394. Nodok\u013cu maks\u0101\u0161anu nedr\u012bkst pras\u012bt no akliem, kropliem, pl\u0101npr\u0101t\u012bgiem, septi\u0146desmitgad\u012bgiem sirmgalvjiem un labdariem, kuri atbalsta v\u0113du sludin\u0101t\u0101jus.<\/p>\n

9. nod. 225. Sp\u0113lma\u0146i, klejojo\u0161i aktieri, \u013caundari, viltus m\u0101c\u012bbu piekrit\u0113ji, dzertuvju tur\u0113t\u0101ji un netikum\u012bgie no pils\u0113tas padzenami uz l\u012bdzenas vietas, tas ir, bez tiesas.<\/p>\n

10. nod. 112. Tr\u016bkum\u0101 palicis brahmanis dr\u012bkst iev\u0101kt v\u0101rpas no katra lauka \u2013 v\u0101rpu v\u0101k\u0161ana ir cien\u012bjam\u0101ka nek\u0101 ubago\u0161ana un pat god\u0101jama.<\/p>\n

L\u012bdz\u012bg\u0101 veid\u0101 tautas tikum\u012bbu sarg\u0101ja ar\u012b senie balti, ta\u010du ar\u012b vi\u0146iem tikum\u012bba bija tikai l\u012bdzeklis dz\u012bv\u012bbas saglab\u0101\u0161anai p\u0113c miesas n\u0101ves. L\u012bdz nej\u0113dz\u012bbai pagrimusi modern\u0101 pasaule ne vien aizst\u0101v netikum\u012bbu, bet pat ar varu un viltu cen\u0161as uzspiest netikumus tikum\u012bgajai tautas da\u013cai.<\/p>\n

P\u0113c m\u016bsdienu pasaules izpratnes senie sodu likumi ir biju\u0161i p\u0101r\u0101k drastiski un ne\u017e\u0113l\u012bgi. Toties tie efekt\u012bvi sarg\u0101ja tikum\u012bbu k\u0101 visaugst\u0101ko v\u0113rt\u012bbu, kas ir priek\u0161noteikums tautas dz\u012bv\u012bbai. V\u0113sture ir pier\u0101d\u012bjusi, ka \u0161aj\u0101 zi\u0146\u0101 \u201cm\u0113r\u0137is attaisno l\u012bdzek\u013cus\u201d.<\/p>\n

9. nod. 237. Guru laul\u012bbas gultas apg\u0101n\u012bt\u0101jam uz pieres iededzin\u0101ma sievietes dzimuma z\u012bme, \u017e\u016bp\u0101m \u2013 dz\u0113riena kauss, zaglim \u2013 su\u0146a k\u0101ja, bet gar\u012bdznieka slepkavam \u2013 l\u012b\u0137a z\u012bme bez galvas.<\/p>\n

238. Ar t\u0101diem neviens nedr\u012bkst s\u0113d\u0113t pie viena galda, tie no sabiedr\u012bbas izsl\u0113dzami.
\n276. Tiem, kuri zog, nakt\u012bs ielau\u017eoties telp\u0101s, ir j\u0101pav\u0113l nocirst rokas un pa\u0161us uzs\u0113din\u0101t uz mieta.
\n277. Pirm\u0101 z\u0101dz\u012bb\u0101 pie\u0137ertam zaglim noc\u0113rtami divi pirksti, otrreiz pie\u0137ertam \u2013 k\u0101ja un roka, bet tre\u0161oreiz zaglis ir sod\u0101ms ar n\u0101vi.<\/p>\n

O. fon R\u016btenbergs liecina, ka pie senajiem baltiem ubago\u0161ana un zag\u0161ana tika bargi sod\u012bta. T\u0101 ir v\u0113sturiska paties\u012bba, un paties\u012bba ir ar\u012b fakts, ka seno baltu vid\u016b zag\u013cu faktiski nebija. L\u012bdz klejojo\u0161o laup\u012bt\u0101ju \u2013 vikingu laikiem baltu m\u0101jok\u013ciem durvis nebija sl\u0113dzamas. Tas glu\u017ei vienk\u0101r\u0161i bija nevajadz\u012bgi, jo vislab\u0101k\u0101 atsl\u0113ga tautas dro\u0161\u012bbai ir stingri ieaudzin\u0101ts godapr\u0101ts.<\/p>\n

Galu gal\u0101 sodu likumi tikai pau\u017e sabiedr\u012bbas attieksmi pret netikumiem. Ja tie ir izsv\u0113rti un bargi, tad sabiedr\u012bba var iztikt bez cietumiem un nav j\u0101maks\u0101 par netikum\u012bgo izol\u0113\u0161anu un uztur\u0113\u0161anu. Bet mu\u013c\u0137i vienm\u0113r maks\u0101 par savu mu\u013c\u0137\u012bbu, ja neprot likt nelie\u0161iem maks\u0101t par vi\u0146u neliet\u012bbu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Baltu dievatzi\u0146as mot\u012bvi
\nSalamana pam\u0101c\u012bb\u0101s<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Salamana pam\u0101c\u012bbas nosl\u0113dzas ar 31. noda\u013cu: \u0161ie ir Lemu\u0113la \u2013 Masas \u0137\u0113ni\u0146a v\u0101rdi un pam\u0101c\u012bbas, ko vi\u0146am devusi m\u0101te. Salamana m\u0101te savuk\u0101rt bija dienvidbaltu \u2013 hetu skaistule Batseba, kuras baltisk\u0101 dievatzi\u0146a un r\u0113\u0137in\u0101\u0161an\u0101s ar dz\u012bvo Dievu rada izpausmi Salamana pam\u0101c\u012bb\u0101s.<\/p>\n

L\u016bk, Dieva atzi\u0146as izpausmes<\/strong>: SP, 1,7. Bij\u012bba t\u0101 Kunga priek\u0161\u0101 ir atzi\u0146as s\u0101kums. 16,22. Gudr\u012bba ir dz\u012bv\u012bbas avots tam, kam t\u0101 ir. 9,10. \u012bsten\u0101s atzi\u0146as s\u0101kums ir t\u0101 Kunga bij\u0101\u0161ana, un sv\u0113tuma j\u0113dziena pareiza izpratne ir dzi\u013ca pr\u0101ta darb\u012bba. 10,22. T\u0101 Kunga sv\u0113t\u012bba dara cilv\u0113ku bag\u0101tu bez vi\u0146a pa\u0161a sevi\u0161\u0137\u0101m p\u016bl\u0113m. 14,11. Bezdiev\u012bgo nams tiks izdeld\u0113ts, bet rimto b\u016bdi\u0146a za\u013cos. 15,11. Elle un bezdibe\u0146i st\u0101v atkl\u0101ti t\u0101 Kunga priek\u0161\u0101, un v\u0113l jo vair\u0101k cilv\u0113ku b\u0113rnu sirdis. 21,2. Ikvienam cilv\u0113kam savi ce\u013ci \u0161\u0137iet taisni, bet tas Kungs sver sirdis. 3,12. Ko tas Kungs m\u012bl, to Vi\u0146\u0161 p\u0101rm\u0101ca, tom\u0113r tur\u0113dams labu pr\u0101tu uz to k\u0101 t\u0113vs pret d\u0113lu. 3,5. No visas sirds pa\u013caujies uz to Kungu, bet ne uz sava pr\u0101ta gudr\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

Dieva likumu izpausmes dz\u012bv\u0113<\/strong>: SP, 6,23. Bauslis ir gaismeklis, un likums ir gaisma, bet p\u0101rm\u0101c\u012bbas sods ir dz\u012bv\u012bbas ce\u013c\u0161. 11,25. Dv\u0113sele, kas bag\u0101t\u012bgi sv\u0113t\u012b citus, taps stiprin\u0101ta, un kas bag\u0101t\u012bgi veldz\u0113 citus, ar\u012b pats tiks veldz\u0113ts. 16,18. Augstpr\u0101t\u012bba n\u0101k pirms boj\u0101 ejas. 17,13. Kas labu atl\u012bdzina ar \u013caunu, no t\u0101 nama \u013caunums neatst\u0101sies. 21,13. Kas savas ausis aizb\u0101\u017e pret nabago, tas pats k\u0101dreiz l\u016bgs, bet neviens uz vi\u0146u neklaus\u012bsies. 21,18. Bezdievim j\u0101k\u013c\u016bst atdotam taisn\u012bgo, bet nelietim \u2013 sirdsskaidro ties\u0101. 22,8. Kas netaisn\u012bbu s\u0113j, tas b\u0113das p\u013caus un ies boj\u0101 no savas bl\u0113d\u012bbas r\u012bkstes. 26,27. Kas citam rok bedri, pats taj\u0101 iekritis, un kas ve\u013c kalnup akmeni, to pa\u0161u \u0161is akmens nospiedis.<\/p>\n

Attieksme pret vec\u0101kiem<\/strong>: SP, 1,8. Mans b\u0113rns, paliec uztic\u012bgs sava t\u0113va pam\u0101c\u012bbu gar\u012bgajam saturam un nepamet savas m\u0101tes m\u0101c\u012bbas! Un v\u0113l 6,20. Mans d\u0113ls, glab\u0101 sava t\u0113va bau\u0161\u013cus un ar visiem sp\u0113kiem centies nepiemirst tavas m\u0101tes tevi ied\u0113st\u012btos sadz\u012bves likumus! 15,32. Kas uzklausa pam\u0101c\u012bbas, tas pie\u0146emas gudr\u012bb\u0101. 17,6. Vecu cilv\u0113ku vainagojums ir vi\u0146u b\u0113rni, un b\u0113rnu gods ir vi\u0146u t\u0113vi. 19,26. Kas posta t\u0113vu un padzen m\u0101ti, tas ir bezkaun\u012bgs un nol\u0101d\u0113ts b\u0113rns. 20,29. Jaunek\u013cu gods ir vi\u0146u sp\u0113ks, bet sirmi mati ir vecuma goda rota. 29,3. Kas m\u012bl dzi\u013c\u0101ku gudr\u012bbu, iepriecina savu t\u0113vu, bet kas ar netikl\u0113m pinas, nodz\u012bvo mantu.<\/p>\n

Laul\u012bbas dz\u012bves paties\u012bbas<\/strong>: SP, 19,14. Namu un mantu manto no vec\u0101kiem, bet sapr\u0101t\u012bgu sievu no t\u0101 Kunga. 14,1. Zin\u012bga sieva stiprina savu namu, bet trakul\u012bga nepr\u0101te to izposta. 6,32. Bet kas ar cita sievu p\u0101rk\u0101pj laul\u012bbu, ir nepr\u0101tis un savu dz\u012bv\u012bbu ved pazudin\u0101\u0161an\u0101. 12,4. Tikum\u012bga sieva ir sava v\u012bra kr\u0101\u0161\u0146s vainags, bet \u013cauna ir k\u0101 sastrutojums vi\u0146a kaulos. 23,27. Jo netikle ir dzi\u013ca bedre, un laul\u012bbas p\u0101rk\u0101p\u0113ja ir \u0161aura aka.<\/p>\n

Attiec\u012bbas ar l\u012bdzcilv\u0113kiem<\/strong>: 1,10. Mans b\u0113rns, ja \u013cauni gr\u0113cinieki tevi vilina, tad neseko vi\u0146iem. 3,27. Neliedzies labu dar\u012bt ikvienam, kam tas nepiecie\u0161ams, jo Dievs tev pie\u0161\u0137\u012bris visu, lai tu to dar\u012btu. 11,27. \u017d\u0113lsird\u012bgs cilv\u0113ks dara labu ar\u012b pats sev. 22,26. Neesi starp tiem, kas, roku spie\u017eot, galvo par citu un k\u013c\u016bst par galvinieku vi\u0146a par\u0101dam. 23,10. Nep\u0101rcel atraitnes robe\u017eas un nelauzies b\u0101ri\u0146u t\u012brum\u0101, jo vi\u0146u taisn\u012bbu aizst\u0101v Visvarenais, kas izved\u012bs lietu pret tevi. 24,11. Gl\u0101b tos, kurus bez vainas grib non\u0101v\u0113t, un neatraujies no tiem, kurus paredz nom\u0101kt un no\u017e\u0146augt. 25,26. Taisnais, kas zemojas bezdiev\u012bg\u0101 priek\u0161\u0101, ir k\u0101 du\u013c\u0137aina aka un sajaukts avots. 25,21-22. Ja tavs ienaidnieks cie\u0161 badu, tad pa\u0113dini vi\u0146u ar maizi; ja vi\u0146am sl\u0101pst, tad atspirdzini vi\u0146u ar \u016bdeni, jo ar to tu sakr\u0101si kv\u0113lo\u0161as ogles uz vi\u0146a galvas, un tas Kungs tev to atl\u012bdzin\u0101s.<\/p>\n

Attieksme pret bag\u0101t\u012bbu<\/strong>: SP, 10,2-3. Netaisna manta neko nepal\u012bdz, bet taisnajam tas Kungs neliek badu ciest. 15,16-17. Lab\u0101ks ir mazumi\u0146\u0161 ar t\u0101 Kunga bij\u0101\u0161anu nek\u0101 liela manta, kam nemiers un raizes kl\u0101t, un lab\u0101ks ir k\u0101postu virums ar m\u012blest\u012bbu nek\u0101 barots v\u0113rsis ar naidu. 17,1. Sauss kumoss pietic\u012bg\u0101 mier\u0101 ir lab\u0101ks nek\u0101 pilns nams ar ga\u013cu, bet kop\u0101 ar b\u0101r\u0161anos un nesaska\u0146\u0101m. 28,6. Lab\u0101ks ir nabags, kas staig\u0101 skaidr\u012bb\u0101, nek\u0101 bag\u0101tnieks, kas staig\u0101 aplamus ce\u013cus. 30.8. Elku kalp\u012bba un meli, lai b\u016btu t\u0101lu proj\u0101m no manis; nabadz\u012bbu un bag\u0101t\u012bbu nepie\u0161\u0137ir man! Bet at\u013cauj man tom\u0113r mier\u012bgi baud\u012bt manu dieni\u0161\u0137o maizi.<\/p>\n

Attieksme pret darbu<\/strong>: SP, 6,6. Dodies pie skudr\u0101m tu, sli\u0146\u0137i, nov\u0113ro vi\u0146u r\u012bc\u012bbu un m\u0101cies! 12,11. Kas savu zemi kopj, tam maizes b\u016bs papilnam, bet kas nevajadz\u012bg\u0101m liet\u0101m paka\u013c dzenas, tas ir nepr\u0101tis. 12,27. Sli\u0146\u0137is neceps savu med\u012bjumu, bet \u010dakls cilv\u0113ks k\u013c\u016bst bag\u0101ts. 11,28. Kas pa\u013caujas uz savu bag\u0101t\u012bbu, tas ies boj\u0101, bet taisn\u012bgie za\u013cos k\u0101 augo\u0161a koka lapas. 21,25. Sli\u0146\u0137is mirst, netikdams t\u0101l\u0101k par sav\u0101m iegrib\u0101m, jo vi\u0146a rokas vair\u0101s no darba. Tikum\u012bgas sievas darba m\u012blest\u012bbu slav\u0113 (SP 31. noda\u013ca).<\/p>\n

Kritiska attieksme pret aug\u013co\u0161anu<\/strong>: SP, 28,8. Kas savu mantu vairo ar aug\u013co\u0161anu, p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgi augstus procentus (pagaidas) naud\u0101 un graud\u0101 \u0146emdams, tas kr\u0101j to t\u0101dam, kur\u0161 par nabagiem ap\u017e\u0113lojas. Proti, t\u0101da bag\u0101t\u012bba nenes sv\u0113t\u012bbu. P\u0113c seno baltu likumiem par aizdevumiem (pagaidas) procentus \u0146emt bija aizliegts, turpret\u012b \u017e\u012bdi k\u013cuva par k\u0101riem aug\u013cot\u0101jiem un nemaz neseko Salamana no m\u0101tes Batsebas mantotajai gudr\u012bbai.<\/p>\n

Seno baltu reli\u0123ij\u0101 augst\u0101ko vietu ie\u0146\u0113ma Sv\u0113tais un Dz\u012bvais Dievs \u2013 Svantevits jeb pelasgu un umbru Dzeivs, no kura atvasin\u0101ts grie\u0137u Dzevs \u2013 Zevs. Sv\u0113to un Dz\u012bvo Dievu sauca ar\u012b par Debesu T\u0113vu un pat par Kungu, jo vi\u0146a neredzamo varu senie balti apzin\u0101j\u0101s \u013coti perfekti. Salemas \u0137\u0113ni\u0146\u0161, Visaugst\u0101 Dieva priesteris Melhisedeks nevar\u0113ja b\u016bt j\u016bdu Jehovas kalps, bet nebija ar\u012b nek\u0101d\u0101 sakar\u0101 ar elku dieviem baaliem. Vi\u0146\u0161 vienk\u0101r\u0161i bija Dz\u012bv\u0101, jau seno baltu \u2013 hetu atz\u012bt\u0101 Dieva kalps.<\/p>\n

P\u0113rkons, P\u012bkols, Potrimps, Laima, M\u0101ra, Praurima u.c. vi\u0146iem l\u012bdz\u012bgie ir tikai dievi\u0161\u0137o sp\u0113ku personifik\u0101cijas. T\u0101p\u0113c pr\u016b\u0161u Romoves sv\u0113tn\u012bca un Ruj\u0101nu Svantevita sv\u0113tn\u012bca R\u012bgenes sal\u0101 vismaz 1000 gadus ilgi sadz\u012bvoja tuvos kaimi\u0146os mier\u0101 un saska\u0146\u0101. Baali dienvidbaltu zem\u0113s bija p\u0113c n\u0101ves dievu k\u0101rt\u0101 ieskait\u012bti priesteri, kas dz\u012bvoju\u0161i cilv\u0113c\u012bgu dz\u012bvi, kam bijusi \u0123imene u.t.t.. Piem\u0113ram, t\u0101 \u201cp\u0101rbaalots\u201d k\u013cuva fr\u012b\u0123ie\u0161u priesteris Salmokslis. J\u0101dom\u0101, ka tie\u0161i vi\u0146\u0161 bija aukstuma rad\u012b\u0161anas nosl\u0113puma atkl\u0101j\u0113js un \u0161\u012b izcil\u0101 nopelna d\u0113\u013c tika ieskait\u012bts dievu k\u0101rt\u0101.<\/p>\n

K\u0101dus uzskatus tad pau\u017e Salamana pam\u0101c\u012bbas, un vai t\u0101s nepieder Batsebai \u2013 vi\u0146a m\u0101tei? Dieva bij\u0101\u0161ana un sv\u0113tuma pareiza izpratne ir dzi\u013ca pr\u0101ta darb\u012bba \u2013 \u0161is atzinums vair\u0101k atbilst indie\u0161u reli\u0123iskajiem mekl\u0113jumiem v\u0113d\u0101s un upani\u0161ad\u0101s, nevis j\u016bdu pravie\u0161u atkl\u0101smju reli\u0123ijai. Bet \u0161\u012bs pasaules uztveres s\u0101kumi mekl\u0113jami pie hetu taut\u0101m, kas, v\u0113rojot neredzam\u0101 Dieva varas izpausmes cilv\u0113ku dz\u012bv\u0113, sapr\u0101ta anal\u012bzes ce\u013c\u0101 izsecin\u0101ja Dieva likumus un visupirms atzi\u0146u, ka Dz\u012bvajam Dievam neko nevar apsl\u0113pt.<\/p>\n

\u201cMans b\u0113rns, paliec uztic\u012bgs sava t\u0113va pam\u0101c\u012bbu gar\u012bgajam saturam un nepiemirsti tavas m\u0101tes tev\u012b ied\u0113st\u012btos sadz\u012bves likumus!\u201d \u0160ie v\u0101rdi prec\u012bzi raksturo seno baltu un ar\u012b hinduistu \u0123imenes k\u0101rt\u012bbu. T\u0113vs ir \u0123imenes gar\u012bg\u0101 autorit\u0101te (ind. \u2013 guru), bet m\u0101te \u2013 gar\u012bgo likumu sadz\u012bvisk\u0101 mode\u013ca veidot\u0101ja savos b\u0113rnos. Laul\u0101to kopdz\u012bvi seno baltu likumi sarg\u0101ja modri un bargi, un Salamana pam\u0101c\u012bbas \u0161in\u012b da\u013c\u0101 ir piln\u012bgi identiskas.<\/p>\n

Salamana pam\u0101c\u012bbu attieksme pret bag\u0101t\u012bbu ir tikpat noraido\u0161a k\u0101 pret nabadz\u012bbu. Tas nek\u0101di neatbilst j\u016bdu tieksmei p\u0113c bag\u0101t\u012bbas, bet labi sasaucas ar baltu darba tikumu un godpr\u0101t\u012bgi ieg\u016btu tur\u012bbu. Pav\u0113le m\u0101c\u012bties darba tikumu pie skudr\u0101m un apsol\u012bjums, ka savas zemes kop\u0113jam maizes b\u016bs papilnam, ir lietas, kas daudz vair\u0101k iev\u0113rotas pie baltu taut\u0101m, nevis pie j\u016bdiem. Ar\u012b \u013coti kritisk\u0101 attieksme pret tiem, kas savu mantu vairo ar aug\u013co\u0161anu, sasaucas ar baltu likumiem, kas aizdev\u0113jiem visp\u0101r aizliedz \u0146emt aug\u013cus (pagaidas) jeb procentus. T\u0101 nu izr\u0101d\u0101s, ka Salamana gudr\u012bba ir vair\u0101k mantota no hetu taut\u012bbas m\u0101tes un tikai epizodiski atbilst j\u016bdu pasaules uztverei un sadz\u012bviskaj\u0101m tieksm\u0113m.<\/p>\n

Un visp\u0101r \u0100brah\u0101ma klans liel\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 ir izaudzis no hetu sieviet\u0113m. Tikai apsol\u012bjuma d\u0113ls \u012azaks ir S\u0101ras d\u0113ls. \u012azakam ir divi d\u0113li \u2013 \u0112zavs un J\u0113kabs. Vismaz tr\u012bs no \u0112zava siev\u0101m ir hetietes un tika viena Isma\u0113la meita. So\u0123u laik\u0101 par noz\u012bm\u012bgu ciltsm\u0101ti k\u013c\u016bst mo\u0101biete R\u016bte, bet \u0137\u0113ni\u0146\u0161 D\u0101vids par tro\u0146mantnieku izraug\u0101s tie\u0161i hetu sievas Batsebas d\u0113lu Salamanu. Cik liel\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 \u0100brah\u0101ma habira p\u0113cn\u0101c\u0113ji ir balti un cik \u2013 \u017e\u012bdi? Bet habiri noz\u012bm\u0113ja tikai klanu, un no \u0161\u012b v\u0101rda nevar atvasin\u0101t ebreju taut\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

Piez\u012bmes pie gr\u0101fa \u017d. A. de Gobino darba par cilv\u0113ku rasu nevienl\u012bdz\u012bbu<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Gr\u0101fam de Gobino pieder rasu teorijas rad\u012bt\u0101ja gods, smalka dom\u0101t\u0101ja un talant\u012bga rakstnieka slava. Tam var tikai piekrist, ta\u010du tas negarant\u0113 absol\u016btu nek\u013c\u016bd\u012bbu vi\u0146a darbam.<\/p>\n

Piem\u0113ram, vi\u0146a atzinums, ka \u201cvalodu izmai\u0146as nav ilgas laika pl\u016bsmas rezult\u0101ts, bet gan nacion\u0101l\u0101s t\u012br\u012bbas vai tautu sajauk\u0161an\u0101s produkts<\/strong>\u201c, patiesi ir smalkas un dzi\u013cas dom\u0101\u0161anas auglis, ko vi\u0146a slav\u0113t\u0101ji diez vai \u0146em v\u0113r\u0101. Ta\u010du, tikai izejot no \u0161\u0101das atzi\u0146as, var saprast, k\u0101p\u0113c pelasgu-umbru-obru-mal\u0113nie\u0161u valodu liel\u0101 l\u012bdz\u012bba past\u0101v apm\u0113ram 6000 gadu un, mainoties tautu nosaukumiem, to valoda paliek gandr\u012bz nemain\u012bga. Vai glu\u017ei pret\u0113ji \u2013 at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas starp jaunaj\u0101m v\u0101cu un ang\u013cu vai po\u013cu un krievu valod\u0101m ir visai izteiktas, kaut gan to veido\u0161an\u0101s notika paral\u0113li un vecums ir tikai aptuveni t\u016bksto\u0161 gadu. Ar\u012b fran\u010du valoda un vide, no kuras n\u0101k pats Gobino, ir m\u016bsu \u0113ras otr\u0101 gadu t\u016bksto\u0161a produkts. Ar\u012b uz Gobino var\u0113tu attiecin\u0101t v\u0101rdus, kurus Solonam teicis \u0113\u0123iptie\u0161u priesteris no Saisas, ka grie\u0137i ir k\u0101 b\u0113rni, kuri neko nezina par senatni un to, kas attiecas uz vi\u0146iem pa\u0161iem. T\u0101pat ir ar jaunaj\u0101m taut\u0101m Eirop\u0101. T\u0101s zina diezgan daudz par telp\u0101 un laik\u0101 att\u0101lin\u0101t\u0101m taut\u0101m, bet pa\u0161as savu izcelsmi neapj\u0113dz.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Gobino piemin pelasgus, umbrus, etruskus, hetus, ketus un kuretus, s\u012bkulus un sab\u012b\u0146us, bet neapj\u0113dz, ka visas \u0161\u012bs tautas pieder pie baltu valodu grupas, no kuras liel\u0101k\u0101 vai maz\u0101k\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 veidoju\u0161\u0101s jaun\u0101s valodas<\/strong>. Lietuvie\u0161us gan Gobino piemin, bet ne to, ka vi\u0146u valoda v\u0113l \u0161odien glab\u0101 gan hetu, gan tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161u un umbru saknes. \u0160o baltu tautu nepaz\u012b\u0161anu vi\u0146\u0161 kompens\u0113 ar \u0137eltu un sl\u0101vu min\u0113\u0161anu baltu viet\u0101.<\/p>\n

186. lpp. Gobino raksta, ka 1. gadsimt\u0101 Gallij\u0101 run\u0101ja \u0137eltu un gallu valod\u0101. Paties\u012bb\u0101 tur run\u0101ja baltu valod\u0101s un jaunaj\u0101 gallu valod\u0101. Kop\u0161 t\u0101 laika gallu etnosam ir divi nosaukumi \u2013 galli un \u0137elti. Paties\u012bb\u0101 par \u0137eltiem sauca gallu un baltu apvienoto karasp\u0113ku, kas bija bru\u0146ots ar \u0136eltoj\u0101 kaltiem kaujas cirvjiem \u2013 \u0137el\u010diem, kurus lietoja p\u0113c komandas: \u201c\u0160\u0137elt\u201d! Umbru atzaru \u2013 kimbrus Gobino pieskaita pie \u0137eltiem, bet, ja izsekojam vi\u0146u dz\u012bvesviet\u0101s atst\u0101tiem vietv\u0101rdiem vai \u016bde\u0146u nosaukumiem, tad izr\u0101d\u0101s, ka kimbru-umbru un obru valodas ir visai tuvas latvie\u0161u valodas mal\u0113nie\u0161u izloksnei. Bet \u0161\u012bs tr\u012bs piemin\u0113t\u0101s valodas ir Eiropas pirmiedz\u012bvot\u0101ju \u2013 pelasgu valodas dialekti. T\u0101tad Gobino \u0137elti ir vissen\u0101k\u0101s baltu tautas<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

476. lpp. Gobino apgalvo, ka 8. gs. pr.Kr. \u012bstie Eiropas mantinieki esot biju\u0161i sl\u0101vi. Ta\u010du taj\u0101 laik\u0101 tikai aizs\u0101k\u0101s skitu, persu un grie\u0137u sajauk\u0161an\u0101s sarmatos Donas un D\u0146epras lejtec\u0113. Sarmatu nosaukumu Gobino tulko k\u0101 \u201ctautu izn\u012bcin\u0101t\u0101ji\u201d, balstoties uz sanskritu, bet lietuviski sarmata noz\u012bm\u0113 \u201ckauns\u201d. T\u0101 nu izn\u0101k, ka \u0161is baltu tautu kauns un posts 8. gs. pr.Kr. v\u0113l nek\u0101di nevar\u0113ja saimniekot Eirop\u0101. Ar\u012b 300 gadus v\u0113l\u0101k H\u0113rodota laik\u0101 sarmati bija v\u0101ja vien\u012bba Donas lejtec\u0113. Ta\u010du Gobino min\u0113taj\u0101 laik\u0101 Eiropas nedal\u012bti saimnieki bija balti<\/strong>, jo ar\u012b jauktais gallu etnoss Francijas vidien\u0113 v\u0113l tikai s\u0101ka form\u0113ties, lai ap 5. gs. pr.Kr. atkl\u0101tu savas ekspans\u012bv\u0101s tieksmes. 497. lpp. Gobino pavisam nepamatoti ar\u012b ib\u0113rus nosauc par sl\u0101viem. It k\u0101 kroni visam uzliek apgalvojums 687. lpp.: \u201cSl\u0101vi pieder pie vissen\u0101kaj\u0101m, visvair\u0101k sajauktaj\u0101m un visizdzimu\u0161\u0101kaj\u0101m taut\u0101m virs zemes\u2026 Savas iesp\u0113jas vi\u0146i izsm\u0113la v\u0113l pirms \u0137eltiem. Norm\u0101\u0146i atjaunoja vi\u0146os vienot\u012bbas j\u016btas, kas bija zudu\u0161as.\u201d<\/strong> Sl\u0101vi rad\u0101s tikai m\u016bsu \u0113ras tre\u0161aj\u0101 gadsimt\u0101 tr\u012bsk\u0101r\u0161ajiem \u2013 baltu, persu, grie\u0137u jaukte\u0146iem sarmatiem sajaucoties ar Karpatu venediem. P\u0113c tam t\u0101 sauktaj\u0101s sl\u0101vu taut\u0101s at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas nosaka sarmatu un sl\u0101vu ietekmes proporcijas. T\u0101p\u0113c sl\u0101vus nevar pieskait\u012bt pie sen\u0101kaj\u0101m taut\u0101m, kaut gan visizdzimu\u0161\u0101k\u0101s t\u0101s neizb\u0113gami ir. V\u0113l j\u0101piebilst, ka ne sl\u0101vi, ne \u0137elti par sevi \u0100zij\u0101 nav atst\u0101ju\u0161i nek\u0101das senatnes liec\u012bbas, toties balti \u2013 \u013coti bag\u0101t\u012bgi.<\/p>\n

309. lpp. Gobino cent\u0101s pier\u0101d\u012bt \u0101rie\u0161u rases esam\u012bbu<\/strong>, kas sav\u0101 etniskaj\u0101 pa\u0161apzi\u0146\u0101 saukta par \u0101rie\u0161iem, bet vi\u0146u zeme Indija \u2013 par \u0100rj\u0101vartu jeb god\u0101jamo \u013cau\u017eu zemi. Sanskrit\u0101, umbru, obru vai mal\u0113nie\u0161u valod\u0101 \u201cv\u0101rta\u201d noz\u012bm\u0113 v\u0113rt\u012bga. T\u0101tad Indija sauc\u0101s par v\u0113rt\u012bgu zemi. Vai zeme ir v\u0113rt\u012bga t\u0101p\u0113c, ka to p\u0101rvalda v\u0113rt\u012bgi \u013caudis? Vai zemes nosaukum\u0101 izteikta t\u0101s pa\u0161v\u0113rt\u012bba? Tas paliek nenoskaidrots. Ir\u0101\u0146i ar\u012b sevi sauku\u0161i par artoi, bet persie\u0161i \u2013 artaioi. \u0160\u012b sakne ir ar\u012b v\u0101rd\u0101 \u201caramai\u201d \u2013 aramie\u0161i, kas pieder pie sem\u012btu rases. Visas t\u0101l\u0101k\u0101s spekul\u0101cijas ar sakn\u0113m \u201car\u201d, \u201cir\u201d, \u201cer\u201d neko \u0161in\u012b jaut\u0101jum\u0101 nesp\u0113j pamatot. Zemes v\u0113rt\u012bg\u0101kie jeb god\u0101jamie \u013caudis j\u0113dzieniski atbilst kastu iedibin\u0101\u0161anas m\u0113r\u0137im, nevis n\u0101cijas vai etnosa nosaukumam. T\u0101tad par \u0100rj\u0101vartu var\u0113tu<\/strong> god\u0101t augst\u0101k\u0101s kastas \u013caudis, kas p\u0113c etnisk\u0101s pieder\u012bbas var\u0113tu b\u016bt baltu tauta sindi<\/strong> jeb tagad\u0113jie indusi.<\/p>\n

Ja \u0101rie\u0161i b\u016btu biju\u0161i konkr\u0113ts etnoss, tad \u0100zijas kontinent\u0101 v\u0113l \u0161odien b\u016btu sastopami topon\u012bmi un hidron\u012bmi, kas atvasin\u0101ti no saknes \u201car\u201d, ta\u010du t\u0101du nav. Toties bag\u0101t\u012bgi sastopami k\u016bru, s\u0113\u013cu, hetu, ketu un vari\u0146u k\u0101dreiz\u0113jo dz\u012bvo\u0161anu \u0100zij\u0101 apstiprino\u0161i hidron\u012bmi un topon\u012bmi. Bet t\u0101s ir baltu tautas, kam \u201cindoeiropie\u0161u ciltis\u201d ir tikai pakl\u012bdu\u0161i mazb\u0113rni<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Gr\u0101fam Gobino ir biju\u0161i pieejami pla\u0161i v\u0113stures avoti, kurus vi\u0146\u0161 labpr\u0101t cit\u0113, t\u0101 dodams iesp\u0113ju las\u012bt\u0101jiem v\u0113rt\u0113t ar\u012b pa\u0161a autora secin\u0101jumus un sl\u0113dzienus. Vi\u0146\u0161 diezgan reti ap\u0161auba seno v\u0113sturnieku inform\u0101ciju, un to var v\u0113rt\u0113t tikai pozit\u012bvi. Tom\u0113r \u0137eltu un sl\u0101vu taut\u0101m vi\u0146\u0161 bez pamata pie\u0161\u0137ir nebiju\u0161u senatn\u012bgumu, bet par \u0101rie\u0161iem at\u013caujas ar\u012b pafantaz\u0113t. 308. lpp. vi\u0146\u0161 raksta: \u201c\u0100rie\u0161i atdal\u012bj\u0101s no \u0137eltu taut\u0101m, kuras virz\u012bj\u0101s uz zieme\u013crietumiem, apejot Kaspijas j\u016bras zieme\u013ckrastu, kad sl\u0101vi, kuri maz at\u0161\u0137\u012br\u0101s no \u0161\u012bs p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101s daudzskaitl\u012bg\u0101s tautu saimes, p\u0101rvietoj\u0101s uz Eiropu pa t\u0101l\u0101ku zieme\u013cu ce\u013cu.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0160in\u012b gad\u012bjum\u0101 ar \u0137eltu v\u0101rdu tiek apz\u012bm\u0113ts nevis etnoss, bet rase \u2013 daudzskaitl\u012bg\u0101 tautu saime, ta\u010du Gobino sl\u0101vi ir tikai no \u0161\u012bs tautu saimes maz at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bga grupa. Tom\u0113r galveno uzman\u012bbu vi\u0146\u0161 piev\u0113r\u0161 \u0101rie\u0161iem. Te j\u0101atg\u0101dina, ka indo\u0101rie\u0161u sen\u0101kais rakstu piemineklis \u201cRigv\u0113da\u201d visliel\u0101ko valodas l\u012bdz\u012bbu uzr\u0101da ar latvie\u0161u un tad ar lietuvie\u0161u valodu. L\u016bk, jums \u0137elti un sl\u0101vi! Izr\u0101d\u0101s, ka vismaz toreiz tie bija tikai balti<\/strong>. J\u0101, daudzskaitl\u012bg\u0101 tautu saime, k\u0101 to raksta Gobino; k\u016bri, s\u0113\u013ci, heti, keti un vari\u0146i pieder\u0113ja pie t\u0101 sen\u0101k\u0101 baltu tautu sl\u0101\u0146a, kas savu v\u0113sturisko eksistenci iem\u016b\u017ein\u0101jis bag\u0101t\u012bg\u0101 \u0100zijas hidron\u012bmu un topon\u012bmu kl\u0101st\u0101. Ne \u0137eltu, ne sl\u0101vu toreiz v\u0113l nebija, bet par \u0101rie\u0161iem sauc\u0101s tikai Indijas kastu sabiedr\u012bbas augst\u0101k\u0101 \u2013 valdo\u0161\u0101 kasta.<\/p>\n

Gobino k\u013c\u016bdas ir viegli saprast. Sl\u0101vu strauj\u0101 vairo\u0161an\u0101s gan bija jauna etnosa paz\u012bme, bet vi\u0146u lielais kopskaits vedin\u0101ja dom\u0101t, ka tie savairoju\u0161ies kop\u0161 dzi\u013cas senatnes. Bet gallu-baltu apvienotaj\u0101 karasp\u0113k\u0101 \u0137eltu loma Romas imp\u0113rijas t\u012bkojumu ierobe\u017eo\u0161an\u0101 lika dom\u0101t, ka \u0137elti ir sena un varena tauta. Tas t\u0101 bija, tikai \u0161ie \u0137elti bija balti, kas uz Gobino dz\u012bves laiku bija atspiesti uz \u0161auro Baltijas re\u0123ionu un gandr\u012bz izsl\u0113gti no akt\u012bv\u0101s v\u0113stures veido\u0161anas.<\/p>\n

Pat m\u0113\u0123inot atrast iesp\u0113jam\u0101s sindu grupas, kas varb\u016bt sevi sauca par \u0101rie\u0161iem, \u201caria\u201d vai \u201c\u0101rj\u0101\u201d, piesaist\u012bt t\u0101s \u0123eogr\u0101fisk\u0101m viet\u0101m, visl\u012bdz\u012bg\u0101kais topon\u012bms b\u016bs \u0100rai\u0161i tepat Latvij\u0101 un Arai\u0161as pils\u0113ti\u0146a Marok\u0101. Ta\u010du t\u0101s atrodas t\u0101lu no Gobino min\u0113t\u0101 \u0101rie\u0161u ce\u013ca uz Indiju. Turkl\u0101t ne Indij\u0101, ne Pakist\u0101n\u0101 \u0101rie\u0161i nek\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 savu kl\u0101tb\u016btni nav iem\u016b\u017ein\u0101ju\u0161i. Vien\u012bgi Kazahijas dienvidos atrodam Arisas up\u012bti un Arises pils\u0113ti\u0146u t\u0101s krast\u0101. Var\u0113tu pie\u013caut, ka tur ilg\u0101ku laiku dz\u012bvojusi di\u017ecilt\u012bgu sindu grupa, kas sevi sauca par \u0101rie\u0161iem un kas v\u0113l\u0101k devusies uz Indas baseinu, kur p\u0101rtapa par indusu jeb tagad\u0113jo hindust\u0101\u0146u tautu.<\/p>\n

T\u0101 nu no di\u017ecilt\u012bg\u0101s \u0101rie\u0161u rases izn\u0101k tikai Indij\u0101 valdo\u0161\u0101 kasta.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

P\u0113cv\u0101rds<\/strong><\/p>\n

Latvijas Valsts un Ministru prezidents K\u0101rlis Ulmanis sav\u0101 laik\u0101 rakst\u012bja: \u201cTagad pasaul\u0113 valda uzskats, ka katra tauta pati raksta savu v\u0113sturi un tikai vi\u0146a var savu v\u0113sturi uzrakst\u012bt<\/strong>. T\u0101d\u0113\u013c ar\u012b mums vajadz\u012bgs \u0137erties pie avotu p\u0113t\u012b\u0161anas un rakst\u012bt savas zemes v\u0113sturi.\u201d Ar darbiem un jauncelsmi tauta uzrakst\u012bja Ulma\u0146laiku v\u0113sturi, bet avotus izp\u0113t\u012bt v\u0113l nepasp\u0113ja. Latvijas Universit\u0101t\u0113 par v\u0113stures profesoru str\u0101d\u0101ja uzticamais Krievijas imp\u0113rijas vergs Arbuzovs. Vi\u0146\u0161 uztur\u0113ja sp\u0113k\u0101 Krievij\u0101 veidoto mel\u012bgo v\u0113stures versiju, ko t\u0101l\u0101k balst\u012bja padomju okup\u0101cijas sp\u0113ki un komunistu veidot\u0101 Latvijas Zin\u0101t\u0146u akad\u0113mija. Latvie\u0161u v\u0113sturnieki Balodis un dr. Spekke bija k\u013cuvu\u0161i par trimdiniekiem, bet Latvij\u0101 paliku\u0161ie verdziski kalpoja okup\u0101cijas varai un neiebilda pret absurdu, ka vec\u0101ko Eiropas tautu v\u0113sture s\u0101kas tikai ar m\u016bsu \u0113ras otro gadu t\u016bkstoti\u2026<\/p>\n

Baltu senv\u0113stur\u0113 paust\u0101 inform\u0101cija pamatojas burtnieku mutv\u0101rdu trad\u012bcij\u0101, kas labi saskan ar godpr\u0101t\u012bg\u0101ko ofici\u0101l\u0101s, rakst\u012bt\u0101s v\u0113stures autoru liec\u012bb\u0101m. Ta\u010du \u0161aj\u0101 konkr\u0113taj\u0101 materi\u0101l\u0101 izmantota tikai maza da\u013ca no mutv\u0101rdu trad\u012bcij\u0101 glab\u0101t\u0101s senv\u0113stures, kuru nepamatoti un ietiep\u012bgi turpina ignor\u0113t LZA titul\u0113tie \u201cv\u0113sturnieki\u201d. Tas ir vair\u0101k nek\u0101 d\u012bvaini, jo rakst\u012bt\u0101s v\u0113stures t\u0113vs H\u0113rodots savu bag\u0101t\u012bgo inform\u0101ciju ar\u012b sm\u0113l\u0101s no mutv\u0101rdos glab\u0101t\u0101m liec\u012bb\u0101m un tai ir nez\u016bdo\u0161a v\u0113rt\u012bba.<\/p>\n

T\u0101pat no Zemes vaiga neizdz\u0113stie topon\u012bmi un hidron\u012bmi apstiprina baltu tautu senatn\u012bgumu un to apdz\u012bvoto teritoriju pla\u0161umu. \u0160o labi saglab\u0101to liec\u012bbu daudzums piln\u012bgi izsl\u0113dz \u0161aubas par iesp\u0113jam\u0101m gad\u012bjuma rakstura sakrit\u012bb\u0101m. Man var p\u0101rmest J\u0101koba Grimma ska\u0146u p\u0101rv\u0113rt\u012bbu likuma neiev\u0113ro\u0161anu un mazu interesi par v\u0101rdisko liec\u012bbu izcelsmes p\u0113t\u012b\u0161anu. Uz to atbild\u0113\u0161u \u0161\u0101di: \u201cGrimma likums var b\u016bt noder\u012bgs jauno valodu tap\u0161anas p\u0113tniec\u012bb\u0101, bet tas ir nenoz\u012bm\u012bgs attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz senaj\u0101m konservat\u012bvaj\u0101m baltu valod\u0101m. Ar\u012b katra cita topon\u012bmu un hidron\u012bmu izcelsmes p\u0113tniec\u012bba gad\u012bjumos, kad interes\u0113jo\u0161ais v\u0101rds ir lo\u0123iski motiv\u0113ts un pa\u0161saprotams k\u0101d\u0101 no baltu valod\u0101m vai dialektiem, ir lieka un nevajadz\u012bga.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ikvienam t\u0101dam zin\u0101tnisko meto\u017eu aizst\u0101vim es ieteiktu atrast k\u0101du no jaunaj\u0101m valod\u0101m, kur\u0101 lo\u0123iski motiv\u0113ti un pa\u0161saprotami b\u016btu tikpat daudzi hidron\u012bmi un topon\u012bmi tikpat pla\u0161\u0101 teritorij\u0101.<\/p>\n

T\u0101pat gribu aizr\u0101d\u012bt, ka Grimma ska\u0146u p\u0101rv\u0113rt\u012bbu likums tapa jaunveidojam\u0101s v\u0101cu valodas are\u0101l\u0101 un to \u013coti akt\u012bvi propagand\u0113ja Kober\u0161teins Pfortas koled\u017e\u0101, tan\u012b pa\u0161\u0101 Pfortas kloster\u012b, no kura da\u017eus gadsimtus agr\u0101k, p\u0113c Dr. Zeiferta liec\u012bb\u0101m, tika koordin\u0113ta un vad\u012bta Baltijas iekaro\u0161ana. Zin\u0101tnes metodes var kalpot ar\u012b politikai k\u0101 l\u012bdzeklis, ar kuru piesegt ac\u012bm redzamu citas tautas teritorijas piesavin\u0101\u0161anos.<\/p>\n

Paties\u012bba tom\u0113r ir k\u0101 \u012blens mais\u0101. To nevar nosl\u0113pt, t\u0101 lien \u0101r\u0101 un top redzama. Visas nezi\u0146as tums\u0101 t\u012bt\u0101s lietas n\u0101k gaism\u0101 \u2013 un j\u0101sabr\u016bk gan naivai nezin\u0101\u0161anai, gan apzin\u0101tai kr\u0101p\u0161anai. Tas piln\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 attiecas ar\u012b uz baltu senv\u0113sturi. M\u016bsu senv\u0113stures zag\u013ci ir zin\u0101mi, un paties\u0101 v\u0113sture vi\u0146us pienaglo pie kauna staba.<\/p>\n

Lai sirsn\u012bga pateic\u012bba Lienei Apinei un visiem patiesajiem \u201cViedas\u201d kolekt\u012bva latvie\u0161iem par k\u0101rt\u0113jo pal\u012bdz\u012bbu n\u0101kt gaism\u0101 paties\u012bbai! Lai Dievs sv\u0113t\u012b vi\u0146u darbu un m\u016bsu tautu, ka t\u0101 sp\u0113tu izslieties taisni un atg\u016bt pa\u0161cie\u0146u, sp\u0113ju c\u012bn\u012bties un uzvar\u0113t!<\/p>\n

A. Kavacis<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

v<\/p>\n

Izmantot\u0101 literat\u016bra<\/strong><\/p>\n

0.Zi\u013cickis.<\/em> Baltu tautu civiliz\u0101cija
\nIndri\u0137a Livonijas hronika
\nAtska\u0146u hronika
\nM. Gimbutiene.<\/em> Balti aizv\u0113sturiskajos laikos
\nL. Birgins.<\/em> Noklus\u0113tie arheolo\u0123ijas atkl\u0101jumi
\nF. Schlette.<\/em> Kelten zwischen Alesia und Pergamon
\nB. Seyfert<\/em>. Geschichte im Bilde
\nA. Spekke. Latvijas v\u0113sture
\nOto fon R\u016btenbergs.<\/em> Baltijas v\u0113sture
\nA. Gr\u012bns.<\/em> Pasaules v\u0113sture
\nA. \u0145emirovskis<\/em> un A. Harsekins<\/em>. Etruski
\nS. K. \u010caterd\u017ei.<\/em> Balti un \u0101rie\u0161i
\nP. Theeuws<\/em>. B\u012bbele
\nAristotelis.<\/em> Raksti
\nP. U. Dini.<\/em> Baltu valodas
\nDe Gobino. \u041e\u043f\u0438\u0442 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441
\nEnciklop\u0113dija \u201cPlan\u0113ta\u201d
\nI. V\u012bks.<\/em> M\u016bsu di\u017e\u0101 senatne
\nU. Saarniv\u0101ra.<\/em> Vai B\u012bbelei var uztic\u0113ties?
\nA. Gorbovskis.<\/em> Fakti, min\u0113jumi, hipot\u0113zes<\/p>\n

Papildin\u0101jums<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nemain\u012bgais mor\u0101les likums un reli\u0123iju kop\u012bg\u0101s saknes<\/strong><\/p>\n

21. gadsimta mor\u0101lajam pagrimumam sabiedr\u012bb\u0101 Romas kato\u013cu Bazn\u012bca ir de\u00advusi tr\u0101p\u012bgu apz\u012bm\u0113jumu \u2013 n\u0101ves kult\u016bra. C\u012b\u0146a starp pozit\u012bvo, dievi\u0161\u0137o mo\u00adr\u0101li, kas ir caurcaur\u0113m dabiska un dz\u012bv\u012bbu uzturo\u0161a, un negat\u012bvo, pretda\u00adbisko, dz\u012bv\u012bbu \u0101rdo\u0161o un paties\u012bbu zaimojo\u0161o amoralit\u0101ti ir tikpat sena, cik sena ir cilv\u0113ce. Neviena lielvalsts nevar ilgsto\u0161i past\u0101v\u0113t uz n\u0101\u00adves kult\u016bras pamatiem. Kol\u012bdz sabiedr\u012bb\u0101 s\u0101k \u0161\u0137ob\u012bties mor\u0101lie pamati, t\u0101 pagurst tautas un izn\u012bkst valstis. Vienk\u0101r\u0161\u0101 paties\u012bba: \u00abKur t\u0113vu t\u0113vu tikums irst, tur tauta n\u012bkst un tauta mirst\u00bb ir sp\u0113k\u0101 no dzi\u013cas aizv\u0113stu\u00adres l\u012bdz m\u016bsu dien\u0101m. \u0145emot v\u0113r\u0101 \u0161o paties\u012bbu j\u0101atz\u012bst, ka aizv\u0113sturisk\u0101 K\u016bru lielvalsts, kas aptv\u0113ra tr\u012bs kontinentus, var\u0113ja izaugt tikai uz \u013co\u00adti stingra mor\u0101les pamata.<\/p>\n

T\u0101pat j\u0101atz\u012bst, ka v\u0101jinoties un sabr\u016bkot dievi\u0161\u0137ajam mor\u0101les pamatam ar\u012b K\u016bru lielvalsts sabruka. Starp vi\u0146as p\u0113d\u012bgaj\u0101m atl\u016bz\u0101m j\u0101min Sodoma un Gomora, kas ir k\u013cuvu\u0161as par de\u0123ener\u0101cijas un izvirt\u012bbas simboliem vi\u00adsai pasaulei. T\u0101tad bija augstu k\u0101pts un zemu krists\u2026<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Lai cik daudzveid\u012bgas un da\u017e\u0101das reli\u0123ijas ir paz\u012bstamas no dzi\u013cas aizv\u0113stures l\u012bdz m\u016bsdien\u0101m, nav gr\u016bti konstat\u0113t to kop\u012bgo mor\u0101lisko pama\u00adtu, ko visp\u0101rin\u0101ti sauc par Dieva likumu. Da\u017e\u0101di formul\u0113ts \u0161is likums pa\u00adst\u0101v cilv\u0113ku sabiedr\u012bb\u0101 un atrod nemain\u012bgas izpausmes vis\u0101 rad\u012bb\u0101.<\/p>\n

Mor\u0101les likumus iesp\u0113jams formul\u0113t \u012bsi un nep\u0101rprotami, jo Dieva pa\u00adties\u012bba izpau\u017eas \u012bsi un skaidri. Nedari otram to, ko pats negrib\u0113tu sev un to, ko tu grib\u0113tu sev, to dari ar\u012b citiem! \u0160\u012b mor\u0101les formula nepieder nevienai reli\u0123ijai atsevi\u0161\u0137i, bet pieder vis\u0101m kop\u0101. Mazliet izv\u0113rst\u0101ku mor\u0101les likumu atrodam 10 Mozus bau\u0161\u013cos. Mozus, protams, nav Dieva likumu autors, bet tikai cilv\u0113ks. caur kuru visai samud\u017ein\u0101to un kazuistisko mo\u00adr\u0101les skaidrojumu viet\u0101 tika atjaunota skaidra un nep\u0101rprotama bausl\u012bba. Tas ir mor\u0101les likums ar kategoriskas pav\u0113les raksturu.<\/p>\n

Daudz sen\u0101ki par Mozus bausl\u012bbu ir Manu likumi. Manu ir Ad\u0101ma proto\u00adtips no sen\u0101s k\u016bru reli\u0123ijas ar pirmt\u0113va autorit\u0101ti. T\u0101p\u0113c vi\u0146a v\u0101rd\u0101 nosaukti ar\u012b indie\u0161u brahma\u0146u redi\u0123\u0113tie un l\u012bdz bezj\u0113dz\u012bgai kazuistikai izv\u0113rstie Manu likumi. Brahma\u0146u cilv\u0113c\u012bgo p\u016bli\u0146u rezult\u0101t\u0101 ir deform\u0113ts Dieva taisn\u012bgums, jo senais Dieva likums ir piel\u0101gots kastu sist\u0113mas va\u00adjadz\u012bb\u0101m. Taisn\u012bgi b\u016btu zino\u0161u brahmanl par l\u012bdz\u012bgu p\u0101rk\u0101pumu sod\u012bt bar\u00adg\u0101k par nezino\u0161u \u0161udru, ta\u010du Manu likumi te ir \u201esaloc\u012bti\u201d par labu brahma\u0146iem. Taisn\u012bgums ir p\u0101rv\u0113rsts netaisn\u012bb\u0101.<\/p>\n

Tom\u0113r Manu likumos ir saglab\u0101ti ar\u012b m\u016b\u017e\u012bgie Dieva taisn\u012bbas principi. Manu likumu 10. noda\u013cas 63. pants: \u201e\u013baunuma nedar\u012b\u0161ana, paties\u012bgums, sve\u0161as mantas nepiesavin\u0101\u0161ana, jutek\u013cu t\u012br\u012bba un to savald\u012b\u0161ana\u201d \u2013 t\u0101da, l\u016bk, ir Manu nolikt\u0101 drahma. To pa\u0161u var izteikt ar Mozus bausl\u012bbas v\u0101rdiem: \u201eTev neb\u016bs nokaut, tev neb\u016bs melot, tev neb\u016bs zagt, tev neb\u016bs iek\u0101rot, tev neb\u016bs laul\u012b\u00adbu p\u0101rk\u0101pt!\u201d 11. noda\u013cas 242. Manu likums gr\u0113kus konstat\u0113 dom\u0101s, v\u0101rdos un darbos. To pa\u0161u izpratni par gr\u0113ku dabu ir m\u0101c\u012bjis ar\u012b J\u0113zus Kristus.<\/p>\n

Var dro\u0161i sac\u012bt, ka aizv\u0113sturiskajos Manu likumos bija dz\u012bvas un prec\u012b\u00adzi formul\u0113tas dievi\u0161\u0137\u0101s, dz\u012bv\u012bbu uzturo\u0161\u0101s mor\u0101les paties\u012bbas. Brahma\u0146i t\u0101s pielaikoja kastu sabiedr\u012bbas vajadz\u012bb\u0101m, bet no pamatpostul\u0101tiem att\u00adeikties tom\u0113r neiedro\u0161in\u0101j\u0101s. Un t\u0101 redzam, ka vien\u0101 no jaun\u0101kaj\u0101m reli\u00ad\u0123iskaj\u0101m p\u0101rliec\u012bb\u0101m \u2013 krist\u012bgaj\u0101 tic\u012bb\u0101 ir tikai atjaunotas K\u016bru lielvalsts reli\u0123ijas pamatv\u0113rt\u012bbas. Salamans pareizi uzsver: \u201eNav nek\u0101 jauna zem sau\u00adles. Viss, kas tagad ir, ir jau sen bijis\u201d\u2026<\/p>\n

Bazn\u012bca apzinoties 10 bau\u0161\u013cu dievi\u0161\u0137o dabu pamatoti run\u0101 par bau\u0161\u013cu l\u0101stiem, kas piemekl\u0113 katru p\u0101rk\u0101p\u0113ju. T\u0101p\u0113c Dievs tiek saukts par Kungu, jo pret vi\u0146a neredzamo varu nav l\u012bdzek\u013cu, \u2013 atliek vien\u012bgi paklaus\u012bt vai sa\u0146emt sodu, kas ir iedarb\u012bgs l\u012bdz ceturtajai p\u0113cn\u0101c\u0113ju paaudzei.<\/p>\n

Ar\u012b aizv\u0113stur\u0113, K\u016bru lielvalsts ziedu laikos, Dievs tika saukts par Kun\u00adgu un vi\u0146a v\u0101rd\u0101 nosauca di\u017e\u0101k\u0101s upes \u0100zij\u0101 un \u0100frik\u0101. Konga, Mekonga un Kongo v\u0113l \u0161odien apliecina Dieva god\u0101\u0161anu par Kungu seno baltu izpratn\u0113 un valod\u0101. Debesu T\u0113vs bija vien\u012bgais Kungs, Rad\u012bt\u0101js un Likumdev\u0113js. kas run\u0101ja p\u0113rkona bals\u012b un bija j\u0101klausa vis\u0101s liet\u0101s.<\/p>\n

P\u0113c K\u016bru lielvalsts sabrukuma un B\u0101beles posta lok\u0101laj\u0101s atl\u016bzu kul\u00adt\u016br\u0101s neviena reli\u0123ija l\u012bdz skaidram monoteismam nenon\u0101k. Kaut kas no sen\u0101 mantojuma saglab\u0101jas pie umbru un hetu priesteriem, bet taut\u0101 reli\u00ad\u0123isk\u0101s atzin\u0101s apaug ar folklorisk\u0101m fant\u0101zij\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Tilts no umbru Dzeiva un hetu Svantevita uz j\u016bdaismu un krist\u012bgo ti\u00adc\u012bbu saglab\u0101jas Salem\u0101, kur valda hetu priesteris, ko j\u016bdu rakstos sauc par Melhisedeku. Vi\u0146a tronis darin\u0101ts no \u0101beles koka, kas simboliz\u0113 dz\u012b\u00adv\u012bbu un augl\u012bbu. T\u0101laika elku dievu pasaul\u0113 vi\u0146\u0161 ir vien\u012bgais v\u0113sturiski fiks\u0113tais Dz\u012bv\u0101 Dieva priesteris, kas, starp citu, sv\u0113t\u012bjis ari j\u016bdu cilts\u00adt\u0113vu \u0100bramu, kur\u0161 kop\u0161 \u0161\u012bs sv\u0113t\u012bbas sa\u0146em\u0161anas k\u013cuva par Abrah\u0101mu. Vi\u0146a v\u0101rds nav zin\u0101ms, bet tituls Melhisedeks noz\u012bm\u0113 dz\u012bv\u012bbas troni.<\/p>\n

Un t\u0101 l\u012bdz Kristus dzim\u0161anai pasaul\u0113 izplat\u012bj\u0101s politeiska elkudiev\u012bba, bet tic\u012bba Dz\u012bvajam Dievam bija iekapsul\u0113ta tikai vien\u0101 j\u016bdu prieste\u00adru da\u013c\u0101, bet ne tautas mas\u0101s. Romas lielvaras laik\u0101 apustulis P\u0101vils pa\u00admatoti rakst\u012bja: \u201eVi\u0146i dievi\u0161\u0137o paties\u012bbu apmain\u012bju\u0161i pret meliem, s\u0101ku\u0161i piel\u016bgt un dievin\u0101t rad\u012bbu, atst\u0101jot nov\u0101rt\u0101 Rad\u012bt\u0101ju, \u2013 Vi\u0146\u0161 lai ir sla\u00adv\u0113ts visos m\u016b\u017eos!\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u0101 ar\u012b reli\u0123ij\u0101 no dzi\u013cas aizv\u0113stures l\u012bdz m\u016bsdien\u0101m nav nek\u0101 \u012bsti jauna un viss jaunais ir tikai labi aizmirsts vecais. Ja kaut kas no Dz\u012b\u00adv\u0101 Dieva likumiem tiek aizmirsts vai saboj\u0101ts, n\u0101k posts un cilv\u0113ki ir spiesti par jaunu atrast to eksistencei nepiecie\u0161amo gar\u012bgo pamatu, kur\u0101 nav un nevar b\u016bt nek\u0101das izmai\u0146u un p\u0101rgroz\u012bbu \u0113nas.<\/p>\n

Kas attiecas uz aizv\u0113sturisko K\u016bru lielvalsti \u2013 Triloku, tad reli\u0123iskais sabrukums viskras\u0101k izpaud\u0101s t\u0101s dienvidu re\u0123ionos, kur daba no cilv\u0113ka pras\u012bja maz\u0101k p\u016b\u013cu eksistences nodro\u0161in\u0101\u0161anai. Zieme\u013cbaltu priesteri to s\u0101nskat\u0101 redz\u0113ja vislab\u0101k un pirmie saprata, ka gaid\u0101ms sabrukums. Ierosme rakstiski iem\u016b\u017ein\u0101t zi\u0146as par gar\u012bg\u0101m v\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101m un K\u016bru lielvalsti n\u0101ca no zieme\u013ciem. T\u0101p\u0113c vissen\u0101kajos sanskrita rakstos, Rigv\u0113das 1. himn\u0101 at\u00adrodama visliel\u0101k\u0101 valodas l\u012bdz\u012bba ar latvie\u0161u valodu, kas ir vistuv\u0101k\u0101 aizv\u0113sturiskajai k\u016bru-umbru valodai. V\u0113l\u0101kajos sanskrita rakstos pieaug l\u012bdz\u012bba ar hetu valodu, kas bija vair\u0101k izplat\u012bta dienvidu re\u0123ionos.<\/p>\n

\u012ass kopsavilkums:<\/strong> Uz dievi\u0161\u0137a pamata l\u012bdz Trilokas pla\u0161umiem, bet bez t\u0101 tikai Sodomas un Gomoras ugun\u012bs, tums\u0101 un post\u0101, lai s\u0101ktos visa no gala.<\/p>\n

Andrejs Kavacis,<\/em><\/strong>
\n<\/em><\/strong>16.08.2009.<\/em><\/p>\n

K\u016bru lielvaras atbalsis valdnieku titulos p\u0113c B\u0101beles posta<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gr\u0101fs de Gobino atz\u012bm\u0113, ka persie\u0161i bija tauta ar gai\u0161iem matiem un zil\u0101m ac\u012bm un vi\u0146u Ahamen\u012bdu dinastijas t\u0113vs esot bijis Kuru, t\u0101pat k\u0101 kuravu vadonis, kas senatn\u0113 iekarojis Indiju. Turkl\u0101t Darijs nebija personas v\u0101rds, bet valdnieka tituls: Darivu\u0161 \u2013 visa dar\u012bt\u0101js, sav\u0101 r\u012bc\u012bb\u0101 suver\u0113ns valdnieks. L\u012bdz ar to lo\u0123isku j\u0113gu ieg\u016bst t\u0101das suver\u0113n\u0101s varas nes\u0113ju k\u0101rtas numuri.<\/p>\n

L\u012bdz\u012bg\u0101 k\u0101rt\u0101 jau pirms persie\u0161iem no K\u016bru lielvalsts baltisku vald\u00adnieka titulu bija mantojusi t\u0101s vec\u0101k\u0101 atl\u016bza \u2013 \u0161umeru valsts, kas savus valdniekus sauca par Sargoniem \u2013 sargiem, kas ar\u012b tika apvelt\u012bti ar k\u0101rtas numuriem. Valdnieku titulos tika izteikts to varas apjoms vai ar\u012b galven\u0101s varas funkcijas.<\/p>\n

\u0112\u0123iptes valdniekus sauca ne tikai par faraoniem, bet ar\u012b par v\u0101raviem. V\u0101ravs \u2013 varenais jeb uzvar\u0113ju\u0161ais bija valsts varas nes\u0113ju tituls \u0112\u0123ipt\u0113. \u013boti l\u012bdz\u012bgi veidots zieme\u013cbaltu valdnieku tituls \u2013 valdavs. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113 valdo\u0161ais vai vald\u012bt\u0101js. \u0160o titulu gramatisk\u0101s formas \u013coti l\u012bdz\u012bgas, kaut gan tie akcent\u0113 mazliet at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgas varas funkcijas.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Zieme\u013cbaltu vid\u0113 popul\u0101rs valdnieku tituls bija reiks. Reiks \u2013 r\u012bkot\u0101js, suver\u0113ns varas nes\u0113js, komandieris kar\u0101. No \u0161\u012b reika atvasin\u0101ts lati\u0146u rex, bet t\u012br\u0101, pirmatn\u0113j\u0101 veid\u0101 tas saglab\u0101ts Islandes galvaspils\u0113tas no\u00adsaukum\u0101 Reikjav\u012bka \u2013 valdnieka novads. V\u0113l\u0101k \u0161o valdnieka titulu lietoja savienojum\u0101 ar \u012bpa\u0161v\u0101rdu, piem\u0113r\u0101m: Geizerihs, Alarihs un ar\u012b gotu Hermanrihs.<\/p>\n

Vaidavu v\u0101rdu glab\u0101 Valdaja augstiene, kas ir ne tikai valdo\u0161\u0101, bet ar\u012b valdnieka augstiene. \u0160\u012b v\u0101rda sen\u0101s saknes m\u016bs aizved pat l\u012bdz Etiopijai, kuras centr\u0101 aizv\u0113sturiska ce\u013ca mal\u0101 joproj\u0101m st\u0101v pils\u0113ta Voldija\u2026 T\u0101tad valdavi un v\u0101ravi ir pazinu\u0161i pla\u0161as teritorijas aizv\u0113sturiskaj\u0101 Trilok\u0101 jau pirms un dro\u0161i vien ar\u012b p\u0113c B\u0101beles sajukuma\u2026<\/p>\n

\u0160eit min\u0113tie valdnieku tituli ir tikai maza da\u013ca no t\u0101 kult\u016brv\u0113sturisk\u0101 k\u0101 mantojuma, ko aiz sevis atst\u0101ja aizv\u0113sturisk\u0101 K\u016bru lielvalsts. Papildus \u0123eogr\u0101fiskajiem nosaukumiem ar\u012b valdnieku tituli pal\u012bdz saskat\u012bt Trilokas teritoriju baltiskumu un saprast to, ka p\u0113cb\u0101beles laiku lok\u0101l\u0101s ci\u00adviliz\u0101cijas ir tikai K\u016bru lielvalsts atl\u016bzas.<\/p>\n

Cit\u0101 aspekt\u0101 \u0161e min\u0113tie valdnieku tituli nostiprina p\u0101rliec\u012bbu, ka K\u016bru lielvalsts valoda ir bijusi \u013coti l\u012bdz\u012bga umbru valodai, kuras l\u012bdz\u012b\u00adbu vislab\u0101k sev\u012b ir saglab\u0101jusi latvie\u0161u valodas mal\u0113nie\u0161u izloksne.<\/p>\n

Andrejs Kavacis,<\/em><\/strong>
\n<\/em><\/strong>16.08.2009.<\/em><\/p>\n

Gr\u0101fa de Gobino sl\u0113dzieni<\/strong><\/p>\n

179. lpp.<\/em> Kefer\u0161teins v\u0101cu valodu uzskat\u012bja par \u0137eltu (baltu) un gotu valodu mais\u012bjumu<\/strong>.
\n186. Ipp.<\/em> Apustu\u013ca P\u0101vila laik\u0101 Gallij\u0101 run\u0101ja divas vulg\u0101raj\u0101s valod\u0101s \u2013 gallu un \u0137eltu (baltu)<\/strong>.
\n190. lpp.<\/em> Valodu izmai\u0146as nav laika pl\u016bsmas, bet ir nacion\u0101l\u0101s sajauk\u0161an\u0101s rezult\u0101ts.
\n218. lpp.<\/em> Vana ezera apkaim\u0113 eso\u0161ie milzu kurg\u0101ni l\u012bdz\u012bgi Indijas un \u0137eltu (baltu) kurg\u0101niem, kas izplat\u012bti no Je\u0146isejas un Am\u016bras l\u012bdz Parnasam Eirop\u0101 un Meksikai<\/strong>.
\n264. lpp.<\/em> \u0112\u0123iptes apvienot\u0101js Meness un sen\u0101s Indijas likumdev\u0113js Manu var\u0113tu b\u016bt viena persona.
\n273. lpp.<\/em> Hiksi bija balt\u0101s rases tauta\u2026<\/strong>
\n309. lpp.<\/em> Indija saukta par Aria Varta \u2013 god\u0101jamo \u013cau\u017eu zemi.
\n324. lpp.<\/em> Manu likumi karav\u012briem \u2013 godpr\u0101t\u012bbas paraugs.
\n387. lpp.<\/em> Tjurku, mongo\u013cu, tungusu un mand\u017e\u016bru valod\u0101s daudz indoeiropisku piemaisu, bet kirg\u012bzi no balto asins mantojusi visvair\u0101k<\/strong>.
\n400. lpp.<\/em> Utara-Kuru \u2013 K\u016bru lielvalsts, kuras s\u0101kumi gal\u0113jos zieme\u013cos \u2013 hiperboreju zem\u0113.
\n418. lpp.<\/em> Kimbri-kimeriesi vai \u0137elti (balti)<\/strong> no step\u0113m iebruka Maz\u0101zij\u0101 un ie\u0146\u0113ma Sardu pils\u0113tu. Vi\u0146u vietu aiz\u0146\u0113ma jaukte\u0146i \u2013 sarmati p\u0113c 8.gds.pr.m.\u0113. Bet skiti As\u012brij\u0101 sak\u0101va Kserksa armiju un aizg\u0101ja l\u012bdz \u0112\u0123iptei.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

420. lpp.<\/em> Persie\u0161u valdnieku v\u0101rdi atvasin\u0101ti no seno K\u016bru dinastij\u0101m<\/strong>.
\n431. lpp.<\/em> Grie\u0137u valod\u0101 daudz tr\u0101\u0137ie\u0161u un ill\u012brie\u0161u sak\u0146u, bet kult\u016bras mantojums p\u0101rsvar\u0101 tr\u0101\u0137iskas izcelsmes<\/strong> plus s\u0113\u013cu.
\n445. lpp.<\/em> Gobino atz\u012bst, ka Dodonas or\u0101kuls pieder\u0113jis zieme\u013cu kult\u016brai.
\n477. lpp.<\/em> \u201dSl\u0101vi\u201d esot apmetusies Eirop\u0101 vismaz pirms 14 000 gadiem, bet \u0137elti (balti) Garonnas krastos karoju\u0161i 1800 gadus pr.m.\u0113., bet akmens laikmeta pieminek\u013ci rad\u012bti 3000 gadus pr.m.\u0113. (par k\u0101diem sl\u0101viem vi\u0146\u0161 te run\u0101?)!
\n492. lpp.<\/em> Herodots ne\u0161aub\u012bj\u0101s, ka tra\u0137ie\u0161i ir hetu tauta<\/strong> un pie tam otr\u0101 liel\u0101k\u0101 pasaul\u0113 p\u0113c indie\u0161iem. (500 g.pr.m.\u0113.)
\n501. lpp.<\/em> Herodots lidie\u0161us un etruskus uzskat\u012bja par vienu tautu<\/strong>.
\n514. lpp<\/em>. Pier\u0101d\u012bts, ka pirms Romas laikiem rakst\u012bba bija izplat\u012bta aiz Alpiem Ronas un Donavas baseinos.
\n517. lpp.<\/em> Gobino atz\u012bst, ka alfab\u0113ta izcelsme v\u0113l neb\u016bt nav noskaidrota.
\n541. lpp. Atz\u012bst, ka no umbriem izg\u0101ja sab\u012b\u0146i un oski no kuriem c\u0113l\u0101s lat\u012b\u0146i<\/strong>. Bet umbri ir tie pa\u0161i pelasgi un tuvi kimbru radinieki.
\n611. lpp.<\/em> Ta-jueti, \u0137\u012bnie\u0161u piemin\u0113tie lielie heti<\/strong> dz\u012bvoja Indo\u0137\u012bn\u0101 un \u0136\u012bnas rietumos, no kurienes v\u0113l 2.gds.pr.m.\u0113. sav\u0101c\u0101s Baktrij\u0101 un nodibin\u0101ja savu valsti.
\n612. lpp<\/em>. Gobino non\u0101k pie baltu valodu saknes patska\u0146u mai\u0146as konstat\u0113juma apgalvojot, ka hoti un heti<\/strong> vai goti un geti<\/strong> ir viena un t\u0101 pati tauta (t\u0101pat ir ar skitiem un skotiem \u2013 skotiem).<\/p>\n

==================================<\/p>\n

Viss pareizi, iz\u0146emot to, ka Gobino k\u016bru-umbru tautas reiz\u0113m sauc par \u0137eltiem, bet citreiz par sl\u0101viem, kuri rad\u0101s ne agr\u0101k par m\u016bsu \u0113ras 3. gadsimtu, k\u0101 sarmatu un venedu mais\u012bjums.<\/p>\n

A. Kavacis,<\/em><\/strong>
\n<\/em><\/strong>2009. gada 08. oktobr\u012b.<\/em><\/p>\n

CE\u013bOJUMS PA APZ\u012aMOGOTO ZEMI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Divdesmit pirmais gadsimts ir atnesis daudzas sabiedr\u012bbas att\u012bst\u012bbai nev\u0113lamas tendences. Taj\u0101 skait\u0101 robe\u017eu nojauk\u0161anas un tautu sajauk\u0161anas tieksmi. Par p\u0113d\u0113jo neviena tauta nej\u016bt prieku, jo katrai sava identit\u0101te ir d\u0101rga. Kas attiecas uz att\u012bst\u012btu t\u016brismu, tad tas var b\u016bt gan no\u017e\u0113lojams un negat\u012bvs, gan ar\u012b apsveicams un pozit\u012bvs. Jo t\u016brisma v\u0113rt\u012bba ir tie\u0161i atkar\u012bga no pa\u0161u ce\u013cot\u0101ju tieksm\u0113m. Dz\u0113r\u0101jus un izvirtu\u013cus interes\u0113 krogi un borde\u013ci, komersantus \u2013 veikali un ra\u017eotnes, dabas draugus \u2013 ainavas, \u016bde\u0146i un kalni, kult\u016bras cilv\u0113kus \u2013 m\u0101ksla, m\u016bzika un v\u0113sture. Par laim\u012bgiem var saukt cilv\u0113kus, kuri ar t\u016brisma iesp\u0113j\u0101m prot bag\u0101tin\u0101t savu dv\u0113seli, uzkr\u0101t zin\u0101\u0161anas un gudr\u012bbu, padzi\u013cin\u0101t atzi\u0146u. Tom\u0113r liela da\u013ca ir to, kuri tikai kl\u012bst pa pasauli, gan daudz ko redz\u0113dami, bet ne nieka nesaprazdami, mierina sevi ar domu: es esmu daudz ko redz\u0113jis.<\/p>\n

Dz\u012bvo baltu tautu \u2013 latvie\u0161u un lietuvie\u0161u t\u016bristiem ir k\u0101da liela priek\u0161roc\u012bba: lai kurp m\u0113s ar\u012b dotos, m\u0113s vienm\u0113r non\u0101ksim tur, kur tuv\u0101k\u0101 vai t\u0101l\u0101k\u0101 senatn\u0113 ir dz\u012bvoju\u0161i m\u016bsu sen\u010di \u2013 protobalti vai kroma\u0146onas cilv\u0113ki<\/strong>. Neap\u0161aub\u0101mi arheolo\u0123ijas un antropolo\u0123ijas fakti liecina, ka m\u016bsu sen\u010di dzi\u013c\u0101 aizv\u0113stur\u0113 ir apdz\u012bvoju\u0161i visus kontinentus. T\u0101p\u0113c baltiski upju, ezeru un apdz\u012bvotu vietu nosaukumi ir sastopami visneiedom\u0101jam\u0101k\u0101s viet\u0101s vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113. Ar baltu hidron\u012bmiem un topon\u012bmiem ir apz\u012bmogots viss Eir\u0101zijas kontinents un daudzviet ar\u012b \u0100frika. Austr\u0101lij\u0101 un Amerik\u0101 sakar\u0101 ar jauno tautu veikto brut\u0101lo koloniz\u0101ciju ir izpost\u012bts ne tikai baltu, bet ar\u012b jaun\u0101ko viet\u0113jo tautu kult\u016brv\u0113sturiskais mantojums. Un tom\u0113r \u0161is tas var atrasties pat tur. Braz\u012blij\u0101, Ekvador\u0101 un Viskonsinas \u0161tat\u0101 ASV ir atrasti arheolo\u0123ijas materi\u0101li ar baltu rakstu z\u012bm\u0113m<\/strong>. Tas liecina, ka baltu kult\u016bra ir bijusi glob\u0101la jau dzi\u013ci aizv\u0113sturiskos laikos.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

T\u0101p\u0113c \u0161odien latvie\u0161u un lietuvie\u0161u t\u016bristiem vai milit\u0101r\u0101s misij\u0101s dieno\u0161iem karav\u012briem ir v\u0113rts noskaidrot ko viet\u0113j\u0101 valod\u0101 noz\u012bm\u0113 k\u0101ds upes, ezera vai pils\u0113tas nosaukums. Man bija liels p\u0101rsteigums konstat\u0113t, ka Dublina tagad\u0113j\u0101 \u012bru valod\u0101 noz\u012bm\u0113 dub\u013caini, t\u0101tad sen\u0101s baltu tautas \u2013 eiru v\u0101rds ir saglab\u0101jies pat p\u0113c divk\u0101r\u0161as gallu un ang\u013cu okup\u0101cijas. Var b\u016bt ar\u012b situ\u0101cijas, kur baltiski motiv\u0113tiem hidron\u012bmiem vai topon\u012bmiem viet\u0113j\u0101 valod\u0101 nav nek\u0101das noz\u012bmes, bet tie ir pa\u0161saprotami latvie\u0161u valod\u0101. Piem\u0113ram, Laba vai V(i)ltava \u010cehij\u0101. Pat ja m\u0113s jaut\u0101tu latvie\u0161iem ko noz\u012bm\u0113 Daugava, ar atbildi b\u016btu gr\u016bt\u012bbas. Lietuvie\u0161iem atbildi atrast b\u016btu viegl\u0101k. Latviski Daugava noz\u012bm\u0113 apm\u0113ram to, ko noz\u012bm\u0113 Daudzeva \u2013 ciemata nosaukums. Sen\u010diem bija pietieko\u0161a motiv\u0101cija dot tie\u0161i \u0161\u0101du v\u0101rdu, jo Daugav\u0101 satek daudz maz\u0101ku up\u012b\u0161u un t\u0101 ir bag\u0101ta gan ar \u016bde\u0146iem, gan ar ziv\u012bm. V\u0101rds apstiprina upes p\u0101r\u0101kumu par cit\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Neviens hidron\u012bms nav glu\u017ei \u201cno gaisa gr\u0101bts\u201d<\/strong>. Hidron\u012bmu un topon\u012bmu izv\u0113les motiv\u0101cija var b\u016bt gan objekt\u012bva, gan v\u0101rda dev\u0113ju subjekt\u012bvas izv\u0113les auglis. Piem\u0113ram, Eiropas vidien\u0113 Fihtela (sen\u0101k Piktu) kaln\u0101j\u0101 ir 1053 m augstais Nabas kalns, kas no\u0161\u0137ir Reinas (T\u012bras), Elbas (Labas) un Donavas baseinus. Uz dienvidiem no t\u0101, uz Donavu tek Nabas upe; uz zieme\u013ciem, uz Labu tek Z\u0101le, kas pirm\u0101 izk\u013c\u016bst no kalniem l\u012bdzenum\u0101 un mier\u012bg\u0101 tec\u0113jum\u0101, \u0161\u016bpojot \u016bdensz\u0101les pl\u016bst t\u0101l\u0101k. Uz austrumiem, uz Labu tek Egera, kas dienvidbaltu valod\u0101 ir t\u0101 pati Laba; uz rietumiem, uz T\u012bru tek Maina, kas daudzk\u0101rt maina tec\u0113jumu gan zieme\u013cu, gan dienvidu virzien\u0101. Nekur vis\u0101 Eir\u0101zijas kontinent\u0101 neatrad\u012bsim tik unik\u0101lu situ\u0101ciju, kas atspogu\u013cota tik prec\u012bzi motiv\u0113tos hidron\u012bmos un topon\u012bmos, kas turkl\u0101t ir neapstr\u012bdami baltiski.<\/p>\n

T\u0101tad konstat\u0113j\u0101m, ka izv\u0113l\u0113t\u0101 hidron\u012bma motiv\u0101cija izriet no konkr\u0113t\u0101 objekta \u012bpatn\u012bb\u0101m<\/strong>, piem\u0113r\u0101m Maina un Z\u0101le, vai \u012bpa\u0161\u012bb\u0101m<\/strong>, piem\u0113ram, Laba un V(i)ltava. Laba ir \u201claba\u201d t\u0101p\u0113c, ka tai ir izsv\u0113rts tec\u0113jums un t\u0101s krastos nedraud pl\u016bdu briesmas. Bet V(i)ltava ir \u201cvilt\u012bga\u201d upe ar nel\u012bdzsvarotu tec\u0113jumu un bie\u017ei p\u0101rsteidz ar negaid\u012btiem pl\u016bdiem. \u0160o hidron\u012bmu motiv\u0101cija, izriet no objektu v\u0113rt\u0113juma<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Hidron\u012bmi var raksturot ar\u012b pieder\u012bbu<\/strong>. Donavas pieteka Sava ir \u201csava\u201d k\u0101 sena m\u0101jvieta v\u0101rda dev\u0113jiem. T\u0101pat Eiru zem\u0113 Moja (m\u0101ja) apliecina pieder\u012bbu v\u0101rda dev\u0113jiem. Mal\u0113nie\u0161u Mojupe (m\u0101jupe) it k\u0101 paskaidro ar\u012b eiru Mojas motiv\u0101ciju. Ar\u012b Muna Taizem\u0113 un Mona Jemen\u0101 ir v\u0101rda dev\u0113ju \u012bpa\u0161ums. Mozambik\u0101 tek Save, bet Sena un Namuna ir vietv\u0101rdi.<\/p>\n

Hidron\u012bmi var satur\u0113t ar\u012b zin\u0101mas \u0123eogr\u0101fiskas nor\u0101des<\/strong>. Latvij\u0101 atrodam Zieme\u013csus\u0113ju un Dienvidsus\u0113ju, Vidusupi, Lielo un Mazo Juglu; t\u0101pat Rietumu un Zieme\u013cu Daugavu esam\u012bba liecina, ka v\u0101rda dev\u0113ji t\u0101m bija m\u016bsu sen\u010di \u2013 balti. R\u012btupe tek m\u016bsu apdz\u012bvot\u0101s teritorijas austrumos, vai r\u012btos.<\/p>\n

Up\u0113m ir doti ar\u012b apk\u0101rt\u0113jo ainavu raksturojo\u0161i v\u0101rdi<\/strong>. Piem\u0113ram: B\u0113rze Latvij\u0101, Ber\u017etale Lietuv\u0101, Berezina Baltkrievij\u0101, vai Liepupe Latvij\u0101 un Lippe (L\u012bpa \u2013 liepa) V\u0101cij\u0101, Me\u017ea un Mie\u017ee\u0146a Krievij\u0101, M(e)\u017ee \u010cehij\u0101, vai caur purviem teko\u0161\u0101 Pura Sib\u012brij\u0101. T\u0101pat caur klin\u0161ainu apvidu teko\u0161\u0101s upes veido \u012bpa\u0161u \u201cm\u016bru grauz\u0113ju\u201d grupu: T\u0101lajos Austrumos Am\u016bra, Jemen\u0101 M\u016bra, Pakist\u0101n\u0101 Mura, \u0136\u012bn\u0101 \u0160ara Murens, Austrij\u0101 un Dienvidsl\u0101vij\u0101 M\u016bra, Rum\u0101nij\u0101 Mure\u0161a un Turcij\u0101 Murata.<\/p>\n

Hidron\u012bmiem var b\u016bt v\u0113sturiska pieska\u0146a<\/strong> \u2013 nor\u0101de uz objektu senatn\u012bgumu. Divas Kambod\u017eas upes Sana un Sena sasaucas ar div\u0101m San\u0101m Bosnij\u0101 un Polij\u0101, ar S\u0113nu Francij\u0101, Senno ezeru Baltkrievij\u0101, Sonu Indij\u0101 un dienvidbaltisko Urupi Zieme\u013ckauk\u0101z\u0101, k\u0101 ar\u012b ar \u0160enonu \u012arij\u0101.<\/p>\n

Up\u0113m var b\u016bt doti ar\u012b da\u017e\u0101du rad\u012bjumu v\u0101rdi<\/strong>. Piem\u0113ram Latvij\u0101: Irbe, Bu\u013c\u013cupe, Slocene, Vilce, Briede, Odze, V\u0101rnene. Lietuv\u0101: Varduva, A\u0161va, Jara. Baltkrievij\u0101 Lo\u0161a, Polij\u0101 Bobere, Rum\u0101nij\u0101 Putna, D\u0101nij\u0101 Varde u.t.t.<\/p>\n

V\u0101rda dev\u0113ji da\u017ereiz<\/strong>, sev par prieku, up\u0113m pie\u0161\u0137\u012bru\u0161i skan\u012bgus sievie\u0161u vai v\u012brie\u0161u v\u0101rdus<\/strong>. Piem\u0113ram: Venta un Vija Latvij\u0101, Dane Lietuv\u0101, Ilze un Ilme V\u0101cij\u0101, Inna Austrij\u0101 un Ina Polij\u0101, Jana \u0160rilank\u0101 un Jakutij\u0101, Je\u0146iseja (J\u0101\u0146a seja) Austrumsib\u012brij\u0101 un P\u0113terupe Latvij\u0101.<\/p>\n

Protams, var sastapt hidron\u012bmus un v\u0113l bie\u017e\u0101k topon\u012bmus, kas gad\u012bjuma d\u0113\u013c \u0161\u0137iet baltiski vai latviski. Piem\u0113ram Odesa ir pils\u0113ta, kas atrodas sen\u0101 tra\u0137ie\u0161u teritorij\u0101, bet t\u0101s nosaukums radies ilgi p\u0113c tam, kad no turienes aizg\u0101ja baltu tauta heru\u013ci, kas k\u0101 p\u0113d\u0113jie pameta seno tra\u0137ie\u0161u dzimteni. T\u0101p\u0113c Odesai nav nek\u0101 kop\u012bga ne ar baltiem, ne ar des\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Ta\u010du da\u017ei hidron\u012bmi ir p\u0101rlieku izplat\u012bti, turkl\u0101t neapstr\u012bdami baltiski, lai vi\u0146u esam\u012bbu un noz\u012bmi dr\u012bkst\u0113tu ap\u0161aub\u012bt<\/strong>. No v\u0101rda \u201cn\u0101ra\u201d ir veidoti gan zieme\u013cu, gan dienvidu baltu hidron\u012bmi. To izplat\u012bba austrumu-rietumu virzien\u0101 ar\u012b ir iev\u0113rojama. Zieme\u013cbaltisko Noru atrodam T\u0101lajos Austrumos un \u012arij\u0101, Nare Volgas basein\u0101 sasaucas ar Naru Pakist\u0101n\u0101 un Bugas pieteku Narevu, Narvu Igaunij\u0101 un Narinu Tja\u0146\u0161a\u0146\u0101. Nemunas pieteka Nere sasaucas ar Neri Rum\u0101nij\u0101 un Neri Polij\u0101, ar Neretu Latgal\u0113 un Neretvu Bosnij\u0101. T\u0101tad 12 \u201cN\u0101ras\u201d pl\u016bst caur telpu un laiku apliecinot, ka no Klus\u0101 l\u012bdz Atlantijas oke\u0101nam dabas objektus v\u0101rdos nosauca senie balti<\/strong>. \u0160\u0101du faktu kop\u0113j\u0101 masa ir tik liela, ka to priek\u0161\u0101 ir j\u0101apklust jebkuriem \u201cpret\u201d argumentiem.<\/p>\n

Da\u013ca upju nosaukumu tapu\u0161i kop\u012bgi ar v\u0101rda dev\u0113ju tautu pa\u0161nosaukumiem<\/strong> un ir gr\u016bti at\u0161\u0137irt kur\u0161 te ir pirmais un kur\u0161 atvasin\u0101tais v\u0101rds. Lai k\u0101 ar\u012b neb\u016btu, \u0161ie hidron\u012bmi pal\u012bdz izsekot seno baltu tautu migr\u0101cijai. Par k\u0101dreiz\u0113jo hetu tautu kl\u0101tb\u016btni liecina Hetas un Hatangas upes Rietumsib\u012brij\u0101, Hotanas upe un pils\u0113ta, k\u0101 ar\u012b Hara Hoto o\u0101ze \u0136\u012bn\u0101, Hetas upe un pils\u0113ta Laos\u0101, Hatjai, Hetkai un Hota pils\u0113tas Taizem\u0113, bet t\u0101m l\u012bdz\u0101s eso\u0161\u0101 Varina apliecina ar\u012b baltisko vari\u0146u k\u0101dreiz\u0113jo kl\u0101tb\u016btni Indo\u0137\u012bn\u0101. T\u0101l\u0101k hetu ce\u013ci ir vedu\u0161i uz Maz\u0101ziju un Divupi l\u012bdz beigu\u0161ies tagad\u0113j\u0101 It\u0101lij\u0101 un V\u0101cij\u0101, bet vari\u0146i piepild\u012bja Zieme\u013ceiropu. L\u012bdz\u012bgi varam izsekot ar\u012b k\u016bru un s\u0113\u013cu ce\u013ciem. L\u016bk, But\u0101n\u0101 K\u016bru up\u0113 ietek Dangme (debesu upe Himalajos) un sasauc\u0101s ar K\u016bru Turcij\u0101 un Aizkauk\u0101z\u0101, bet k\u0101 atbalss \u0161\u012bm div\u0101m K\u016br\u0101m \u0160veices Alpos v\u0113l viena upe un divas pils\u0113ti\u0146as ir dab\u016bju\u0161as K\u016bras v\u0101rdu. Kur\u0161u dz\u012bvo\u0161anu \u0160veices Alpos pirms gallu ekspansijas apstiprina hidron\u012bmi: \u0100re, Emme un Zimme, kas ir izteikti kursiski. Ar s\u0113\u013cu v\u0101rdu saist\u0101s Sellinga ezers Tibet\u0101, Selengas upe Mongolij\u0101, se\u013ckupu tautas atlikums Obas basein\u0101, s\u0113\u013cu kl\u0101tb\u016btne Grie\u0137ij\u0101 un Umbrij\u0101, un t\u0101 no Dodonas Grie\u0137ij\u0101 l\u012bdz S\u0113lpilij Latvij\u0101. Ta\u010du s\u0113\u013cu tautas veido\u0161an\u0101s pirms\u0101kums var\u0113tu b\u016bt Zejas pietekas Selemd\u017eas krastos Am\u016bras basein\u0101, jo baltu tautu s\u0101kumi n\u0101k no Klus\u0101 oke\u0101na krastiem. To apstiprina arheolo\u0123iskie atradumi.<\/p>\n

Donavas liel\u0101 pieteka Drava sav\u0101 nosaukum\u0101 dal\u0101s ar baltisko drav\u0113nu tautu; Odra nosaukum\u0101 dal\u0101s ar baltisko odru tautu no tra\u0137ie\u0161u grupas. \u0160\u012b tauta ziedu laikus piedz\u012bvoja 4.gds.pr.m.\u0113. \u0137\u0113ni\u0146a Sitalka laik\u0101. No baltisk\u0101s ukru tautas v\u0101rdu mantojusi Ukeres upe, bet no kur\u0161u cilts \u2013 tollensiem Tollense,\u2013 t\u0101s tagad atrodas V\u0101cij\u0101. Bet Lidijas valdnieka Kr\u0113za v\u0101rdu senie balti iem\u016b\u017ein\u0101ju\u0161i Francij\u0101, nosaucot vienu no Vjennas pietek\u0101m par Kr\u0113zu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Ir hidron\u012bmi, kas uzr\u0101da saikni ar ma\u0123iju<\/strong>. T\u0101ds nav tikai Burtnieku ezers Latvij\u0101. Baltu ce\u013cos caur \u0100ziju jau Birm\u0101 atrodam Kaladanas upi. T\u0101lajos Austrumos Am\u016bras pietekas Bureja un Usuri (burve un \u013caunie gari) ar\u012b nes ma\u0123ij\u0101 motiv\u0113tus v\u0101rdus. Bet Latvij\u0101 \u0161o v\u0101rdu baltisko izcelsmi apstiprina nelielais U\u0161ura ezeri\u0146\u0161, kas ar\u012b b\u016bs uzskat\u012bts par k\u0101da \u013caun\u0101 gara (U\u0161ura vai Asura) m\u0101jokli. V\u0113l\u0101kos laikos zieme\u013cbalti pamaz\u0101m atmeta U\u0161uru un Asuru v\u0101rdu lieto\u0161anu, bet dienvidos iem\u016b\u017ein\u0101ja varm\u0101c\u012bg\u0101s jaukte\u0146u imp\u0113rijas \u2013 As\u012brijas nosaukum\u0101. \u0136\u0113ni\u0146\u0161 Asurbanipals \u2013 asuru karoga auts.<\/p>\n

Interesanti ir izsekot k\u0101 radies viens vai otrs hidron\u012bms un k\u0101 tas l\u012bdz ar v\u0101rda dev\u0113jiem p\u0101rvietojies no Austrumiem uz Rietumiem. Saj\u0101nu kalnos no niec\u012bg\u0101 ar aukstu kalnu \u016bdeni pild\u012bt\u0101 ezeri\u0146a, ko m\u016bsu senci pamatoti nosauca par Oku (aku), iztek Okas upe. Vai ir iesp\u0113jama v\u0113l sp\u0113c\u012bg\u0101ka motiv\u0101cija \u0161\u0101diem hidron\u012bmiem? Turkl\u0101t te nav vajadz\u012bga nek\u0101da hidron\u012bma izskaidro\u0161ana, jo seno baltu v\u0101rds \u201coka\u201d v\u0113l \u0161odien ir lieto\u0161an\u0101. Tie\u0161\u0101 Okas tuvum\u0101 izce\u013cas ar\u012b Je\u0146iseja. T\u0101p\u0113c ar\u012b vi\u0146as v\u0101rda izcelsme j\u0101mekl\u0113 baltu valod\u0101. Volgas aug\u0161tec\u0113 m\u016bsu sen\u010di atrada upi ar l\u0113nu tec\u0113jumu un aukstu \u016bdeni un tapa otr\u0101 Oka Volgas basein\u0101. Dzeramo \u016bdeni umbri sauca par okvu, bet it\u0101\u013ci p\u0101rv\u0113rta par akvu. Ta\u010du \u0161o v\u0101rdu ies\u0101kums j\u0101mekl\u0113 Saj\u0101nu kalnu Ok\u0101, ar\u012b Okvai Bostv\u0101n\u0101 un Okanai Gabon\u0101\u2026<\/p>\n

\u0160\u0137iet d\u012bvaini, ka Mainai V\u0101cij\u0101 atrodam v\u0101rda m\u0101su Mainu \u010cukotk\u0101 un Janai, kas ce\u013cas Verhojanskas<\/strong> kaln\u0101j\u0101 atrodam v\u0101rda m\u0101su Janu Ceilon\u0101. Majai no \u013benas baseina atrodam v\u0101rda m\u0101su Moju \u012arij\u0101 un Mojupi Latvij\u0101. Omas upei Sib\u012brij\u0101 ir v\u0101rda m\u0101sa Etiopij\u0101 un tuva radiniece Omme D\u0101nij\u0101, bet Rietumsib\u012brijas di\u017eupei Obai ir t\u0101pat motiv\u0113ta v\u0101rda m\u0101sa Francij\u0101. Save Mozambik\u0101 sveicina Savu \u2013 Donavas pieteku. \u0160eit min\u0113t\u0101s transkontinent\u0101l\u0101s hidron\u012bmu vien\u0101d\u012bbas un l\u012bdz\u012bbas nek\u0101di nevar izskaidrot ar v\u0113sturiski p\u0101rskat\u0101m\u0101 laika sakariem un aizguvumiem. \u0160\u0101du faktu kopums pieder aizv\u0113sturei, bet faktu daudzums izsl\u0113dz to gad\u012bjuma raksturu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Raugoties no Latvijas un Lietuvas hidron\u012bmu atlikuma aizv\u0113stures dzi\u013cumos ar\u012b atkl\u0101sim v\u0101rdu vien\u0101d\u012bbu, vai tuvu un t\u0101lu radniec\u012bbu. T\u0101 piem\u0113ram ar B\u0101rtas upi un ciematu Latvij\u0101 sasaucas Bartina Turcij\u0101, B\u0101rte V\u0101cij\u0101, B\u0101rtas novads Austrumpr\u016bsij\u0101 un par B\u0101rtuvu saukt\u0101 upes aug\u0161tece Lietuv\u0101. Tebra Kurzem\u0113 sasaucas ar Tibru It\u0101lij\u0101, bet Tirza Vidzem\u0113 ar Tirso Sard\u012bnijas sal\u0101. Ostupe Kurzem\u0113 sasaucas ar \u016asti nad Labem (ostu-\u016bstu pie Labas) \u010cehij\u0101. L\u012bkupe Kurzem\u0113 sasaucas ar Isl\u012bki Lietuv\u0101, Leini V\u0101cij\u0101 un Same\u0161u Ung\u0101rij\u0101, bet Latvijas L\u012bgupei un L\u012bgatnei ir v\u0101rda m\u0101sa L\u012bgaja Lietuv\u0101. Kur\u0161u B\u0113rze sasaucas ar lei\u0161u Ber\u017etali, Berezinu Baltkrievij\u0101, Birzavu Rum\u0101nij\u0101 un Birjuzu Sib\u012brij\u0101. M\u016bsu Sv\u0113tei ir divas v\u0101rda m\u0101sas \u0160ventojas Lietuv\u0101 un pils\u0113ti\u0146a \u0160v\u0113te V\u0101cij\u0101. Ar\u012b zemga\u013cu Lielupei bija v\u0101rda m\u0101sa zieme\u013cu Lielupe \u2013 Mude, kas tagad p\u0101rtulkota krieviski Ve\u013cikaja. M\u016bsu Salacai ir v\u0101rda m\u0101sa Salanta Lietuv\u0101 un varb\u016bt pat Salonga Kongo. M\u016bsu Braslai ir m\u0101sa Brad\u0101no It\u0101lij\u0101, Br(a)da Polij\u0101 un motiv\u0101cijas m\u0101sa Plone (pl\u0101n\u0101-sekl\u0101) Lietuv\u0101, Plones upe un Plones ezers Polij\u0101 un v\u0113l Plonezers V\u0101cij\u0101, net\u0101lu no D\u0101nijas robe\u017eas. M\u016bsu Tum\u0161upei ir m\u0101sas Timi\u0161a Rum\u0101nij\u0101, Temsa Anglij\u0101 un Tiamisa Grie\u0137ij\u0101, v\u0113l radiniece Melnupe Latvij\u0101 un cit\u0101s valod\u0101s tulkot\u0101s m\u0101sas (Meln\u0101 Irti\u0161a utt.). M\u016bsu Lauce un Laucesa ir motiv\u0101cijas m\u0101sas \u0100rei \u0160veic\u0113 un Purai Sib\u012brij\u0101. No Neretvas, kas ietek Adrijas j\u016br\u0101 l\u012bdz Neretai Latgal\u0113 ir iez\u012bm\u0113ts s\u0113\u013cu tautas t\u016bksto\u0161iem gadu gar\u0101 ce\u013ca p\u0113d\u0113jais posms.<\/p>\n

Varnenes upe no Balvu rajona sasaucas ar Varnovu V\u0101cij\u0101 un abas ir vienl\u012bdz vari\u0146u un obru upes. Bet Latgales Istra glab\u0101 baltisko Donavas senv\u0101rdu un ir radiniece seno tra\u0137ie\u0161u Strumai Bulg\u0101rij\u0101 un Strimonai Grie\u0137ij\u0101. Indras un Dagdas up\u012btes glab\u0101 reli\u0123iski v\u0113sturisku saikni ar sen\u0101m diev\u012bb\u0101m Indru un Dagdu (Agni)<\/strong>, kas aizv\u0113stur\u0113 pieder\u0113ja baltiem, bet v\u0113l\u0101k galliem rietumos un hinduistiem austrumos.<\/p>\n

Ar\u012b vismaz\u0101k\u0101s up\u012btes Latvij\u0101 glab\u0101 atmi\u0146as no baltu varen\u012bbas laikiem. T\u0101 mal\u0113nie\u0161u J\u0101rup\u012bte (J\u0113rup\u012bte) sasaucas ar Jaru Lietuv\u0101 un Jaru Anglij\u0101. Dane Lietuv\u0101 sasaucas ar dienvidbaltisko Danu Portug\u0101l\u0113 un div\u0101m zieme\u013cbaltu Don\u0101m Skitij\u0101 un Skotij\u0101. A\u0161va Lietuv\u0101 sasaucas ar Asvu Ugand\u0101, kur v\u0113l tek Pagera, Kagera un Katonga, kas sasaucas ar Hatangu Sib\u012brij\u0101, bet Ugandas Okere sasaucas ar Okeru V\u0101cij\u0101. Vizlas up\u012bte Latvij\u0101 ir liel\u0101s baltu Vislas maz\u0101 m\u0101sa un radiniece ar\u012b V\u012b\u017eonai Lietuv\u0101. Pie vi\u0146u saimes v\u0113l pieskait\u0101ma \u0160vitine (sp\u012bdo\u0161\u0101-vizu\u013cojo\u0161\u0101) Lietuv\u0101, jo teko\u0161s \u016bdens ne vienk\u0101r\u0161i sp\u012bd, bet vizu\u013co.<\/p>\n

Topon\u012bmi sal\u012bdzinot ar hidron\u012bmiem ir maz\u0101k notur\u012bgi<\/strong>. Atsevi\u0161\u0137os re\u0123ionos baltiskie vietv\u0101rdi ir saglab\u0101ti liel\u0101 skait\u0101, bet citur tie nomain\u012bti un izskausti pavisam. \u0160obr\u012bd apskat\u012bsim tikai da\u017eus, toties visai z\u012bm\u012bgus vietv\u0101rdus. Ja Latvij\u0101 par Bever\u012bnas atra\u0161an\u0101s vietu str\u012bdas, tad N\u012bderland\u0113 Beverveika v\u0113l \u0161odien dz\u012bva un sveika. Pie tam v\u0101rda otr\u0101 da\u013ca \u201cveika\u201d liecina, ka v\u0101rds pieder vari\u0146u valodai, bet Bever\u012bna k\u0101 pils nosaukums apliecina T\u0101lavas latga\u013cu pieder\u012bbu vari\u0146u tautai.<\/p>\n

Zieme\u013cbaltu valdniekus sauca par valdaviem un reiklem. Valdavu v\u0101rds iem\u016b\u017ein\u0101ts Valdaja augstien\u0113 Krievij\u0101, bet reiku v\u0101rds Reikjav\u012bk\u0101 Island\u0113. Sen\u0101k\u0101 v\u0101rda forma Reikjav(e)ika t\u0101pat k\u0101 Beverv(e)ika vai V\u0101lv(e)ika N\u012bderland\u0113 apliecina v\u0101rda izcelsmi no vari\u0146u valodas, t\u0101tad no Eirop\u0101 ien\u0101ku\u0161o baltu tautu sen\u0101k\u0101 sl\u0101\u0146a.<\/p>\n

Latvij\u0101 Sp\u012bdala ir paz\u012bstama k\u0101 teiku un eposa L\u0101\u010dpl\u0113sis t\u0113ls, bet eiru zem\u0113 vi\u0146as v\u0101rds iem\u016b\u017ein\u0101ts mazpils\u0113ti\u0146as nosaukum\u0101. Luksemburg\u0101 ir mazpils\u0113ti\u0146a Vilca, bet Zemgal\u0113 Vilce ir pagasta centrs. Ne visus hidron\u012bmus un topon\u012bmus no zaud\u0113taj\u0101m teritorij\u0101m var\u0113ja iem\u016b\u017ein\u0101t atk\u0101rtoti. T\u0101p\u0113c v\u0113sturisk\u0101s atmi\u0146as nostiprin\u0101\u0161anai m\u016bsu burtnieki izdom\u0101ja pat m\u012bklas: upe tek uz rite\u0146iem<\/strong>; kas t\u0101 par upi un kur t\u0101 tek ? Atbilde: upe saucas Ore un t\u0101 tek caur V\u0101ciju.<\/p>\n

Seno nosaukumu saglab\u0101jis ar\u012b Papuka (t\u0113tuka) kalns starp baltu up\u0113m Savu un Dravu. Tas liecina, ka \u0161\u012b teritorija gadu t\u016bksto\u0161os uzskat\u012bta par baltu t\u0113vzemi. Papuks t\u0101pat k\u0101 t\u0113tuks ir m\u012b\u013cv\u0101rdi\u0146i, kas apliecina m\u016bsu sen\u010du m\u012blest\u012bbu uz skaisto zilo Donavu ar t\u0101s pietek\u0101m un m\u012bl\u012bgaj\u0101m kalnu ainav\u0101m. Grie\u0137ij\u0101 savu v\u0101rdu saglab\u0101jis Parnasa kalns. Latviski tas noz\u012bm\u0113 p\u0101rnestu vai uzb\u0113rtu kalnu. Ar\u012b t\u0101 otrais v\u0101rds Paropam\u012bs ir baltisko pelasgu v\u0101rds un latviski noz\u012bm\u0113tu p\u0101rr\u0101pojamais, tas ir bijis uzb\u0113rts tik st\u0101vs, ka to var\u0113ja tikai p\u0101rr\u0101pot nevis norm\u0101li p\u0101riet. Polijas pils\u0113ta Sanoka Sanas upes krast\u0101 neko nenoz\u012bm\u0113 po\u013cu valod\u0101, bet neapstr\u012bdami pasaka, ka t\u0101 ir vis\u012bst\u0101k\u0101 baltu senpils\u0113ta ar zieme\u013cbaltu dotu v\u0101rdu.<\/p>\n

T\u0101 var\u0113tu turpin\u0101t v\u0113l ilgi, bet vai tas vajadz\u012bgs? Tas, ka visas Eiropas kult\u016bras pamat\u0101 st\u0101v baltu kult\u016bra un valoda ir ac\u012bm redzams un aus\u012bm dzirdams, un t\u0101p\u0113c nenoliedzams arheologijas, v\u0113stures un valodniec\u012bbas faktu kopums, ko nedr\u012bkst ignor\u0113t<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

T\u0101p\u0113c vai nu pildot kara klau\u0161as vai br\u012bvi ce\u013cojot, v\u0113rosim \u0161o zemi k\u0101 materi\u0101lo sen\u010du mantojuma da\u013cu un nepalaid\u012bsim gar\u0101m gar\u012bgos un v\u0101rdiskos z\u012bmolus un z\u012bmogus, ko m\u016bsu senci atst\u0101ju\u0161i mums par liec\u012bbu. B\u016btu gan interesanti, gan noder\u012bgi izp\u0113t\u012bt vai viet\u0113j\u0101, jaunaj\u0101 valod\u0101 baltiskie hidron\u012bmi un topon\u012bmi ir saglab\u0101ju\u0161i seno noz\u012bmi un saturu. Varb\u016bt tiem ir paral\u0113la noz\u012bme jaunaj\u0101 valod\u0101? Vai ar\u012b tie vienk\u0101r\u0161i k\u013cuvu\u0161i par neizskaidrojamiem \u012bpa\u0161v\u0101rdiem?<\/p>\n

\u0160im ievada skaidro jumam pievieno\u0161u baltisku hidron\u012bmu un topon\u012bmu sarakstu da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s valst\u012bs Eir\u0101zij\u0101 un \u0100frik\u0101. B\u016btu v\u0113lams, ka m\u016bsu t\u016bristi pie izdev\u012bbas p\u0101rbaud\u012btu vai tagad\u0113jie iedz\u012bvot\u0101ji apj\u0113dz \u201csavu\u201d upju, ezeru, kalnu un pils\u0113tu nosaukumu izcelsmi.<\/p>\n

EIROPA<\/strong><\/p>\n

AUSTRIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Ille, Inna, Zilla, Gaila, Drava, M\u016bra, L\u0101vante, Mor\u0101va, Pulkava, Donava.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> V\u012bne-Vindabona, Lustenava, Vergle, Celle, Braunava, L\u012bcene, V\u012bsa, M\u016brava.<\/p>\n

ALB\u0100NIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Osumi, Mati, Devoli, Semani.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Feni\u0137ija, Dukati, Permeti, Kruma.<\/p>\n

BE\u013b\u0122IJ\u0100<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Iz\u0113ra, Senna, Mosa, Lesa, Sambra.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Mola, M\u0101seika, Varema, Senv\u012bta.<\/p>\n

BULG\u0100RIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Donava, Loma, Vita, Osama, Kulaka, Kalnica, Marica, Arda, Struma, Skata.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Vidina, Melna, Loma, Mor\u0101va, Rujena, Galata, Belene.<\/p>\n

\u010cEHIJA-SLOV\u0100KIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Laba, V(i)tava, M(e)\u017ee, S\u0101zava, Cidli\u0146a, Mor\u0101va, Odra, Poprada, Donava.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Litvinova, \u016asti pie Labas, \u010cehu L\u012bpa, Kol\u012bna, V\u012bra, Jesen\u012bka, Palota.<\/p>\n

D\u0100NIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Omme, Varde, Storo, G\u016bdena.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Varde, R\u012bbe, Kolinga.<\/p>\n

DIENVIDSL\u0100VIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Sava, Drava, Donava, M\u016bra, Kupa, Sana, Una, Mor\u0101va, Vardara, Neretva, Ibara.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Labina, Jesenica, Vele\u0146e, Tuzla, Bra\u010da, Bola, Bara, Bora, Ko\u010dani, Struga.<\/p>\n

FRANCIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Iz\u0113ra, Sona, S\u0113na, \u0112na, Rona, Mozele, M\u0113za, Oba, Kr\u0113za, Somma, Vjenna, Garonna, Maj\u0113na, Vil\u0113na.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Bresta, Mora, Daksa, Baj\u0113, V\u0113\u017ea, Vezula, Basa, Dola, Leteja.<\/p>\n

GRIE\u0136IJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Tiamisa, Strimona, Nesta.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Mik\u0113nas, Tira, Mola, Levkada, Dodoni, Trikala, Kozani, Tirnava, Aija, Vola, Sama.<\/p>\n

\u012aRIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Nora, Moja, \u0160enona.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Baltimora, Kova, Golveja, M\u0101ma, Sp\u012bdala, Slaigo.<\/p>\n

ISLANDE<\/p>\n

Pils\u0113tas:<\/strong> V\u012bka, Reikjav\u012bka.<\/p>\n

IT\u0100LIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Adid\u017ee, Brad\u0101no,Tirso, Salso, Ombrone, Tibra, Pesk\u0101ra, Sekja.
\nGardas ezers.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Roma, Tur\u012bna, Mil\u0101na, Sp\u0113cija, Prato, Ven\u0113cija, Ud\u012bne.<\/p>\n

LIELBRIT\u0100NIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Dona, Sp\u0113ja, Teja, \u012adena, Tisa, Sveila, J\u016bra, D\u0113rventa, \u016aza, Jara, Stora, Temsa.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> V\u012bka, Terso, Oma, Ili, G\u016bla, Benta, Kausa.
\nKollas un Mallas salas.<\/p>\n

LUKSEMBURGA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Mozele, S\u012bra, \u016ara.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Kapel\u0113na, Vilca.<\/p>\n

N\u012aDERLANDE<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> M\u0101sa, V\u0101la, Eisela.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Grova, Berta, Borne, Emmena, Vordena, V\u0113rta, \u016adena, Gauda, Ermelo, Beverveika, V\u0101lveika.<\/p>\n

NORV\u0112\u0122IJA<\/p>\n

Upe:<\/strong> Glomma.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Varde, B\u016bde, Malde, Vosa, Oda, Mosa, Br\u012bne, Svelgene, G\u016bla.<\/p>\n

POLIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Visla, Odra, V\u0101rta, Obra, Bobere, Ina, Drava, Vep\u0161a, Slupja, Lupava, Br(a)da, Noteca, Lina, Omu\u013ceva, Sana, Nida, Nera, Nareva, Pilica, Velena.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Cedi\u0146a, Gubi\u0146a, Bogati\u0146a, Elka, Traki\u0161\u0137i, Suvalki, Svece, Opole, IIl\u017ea, Varka, Velena, Belkava, Velu\u0146a.<\/p>\n

PORTUG\u0100LE<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Dana, Alva, Zezeri, Sadu, Mira, Kaja.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Meda, Mora, Savi\u0161a, Silvi\u0161a.<\/p>\n

RUM\u0100NIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Donava, Nera, Timi\u0161a, Birzava, Motru, Olteca, Olta, Vedeja, Putna, Mure\u0161a, Pruta, Tisa, Suli\u0146a.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Beju\u0161a, Baja, V\u0101ca, Putna, Bra\u0161ova, Breila, Sebe\u0161a, Motru, Brada.<\/p>\n

SOMIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Tana, Torne.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> \u012ato, V\u0101sa, K\u016bmu, Mikeli, Lieksa.<\/p>\n

SP\u0100NIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Sinka, Sila.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Tuja, Lugo, Mora, Samora, Masa, Velva, Basa, V\u012bka.<\/p>\n

\u0160VEICE<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> \u0100re, Emme, Zimme, Inna, Mera, Linte, Nikera, Jauna, Tesa, T\u012bra, K\u016bra, Bita.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Divas K\u016bras, B\u012ble, V\u0101zene, T\u0101lv\u012ble, Tavana.<\/p>\n

UNG\u0100RIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Drava, M\u016bra, Donava, Lisa, Maro\u0161a, Egera, Samo\u0161a, Zala, Tarna.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> M\u0101da, V\u0101ca, Solta, Baja, P\u0101pa, G\u0113ra, Baka, Letene, Berzence, Vill\u0101\u0146a, Mora.<\/p>\n

V\u0100CIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Laba (Elba),T\u012bra (Reina), Varnova, Tollense, Ukere, Odra, Sude (Z\u016bde), Piene, Ore, Ilme, Z\u0101le, G\u0113ra, Lenne, L\u0101na, Leine, L\u012bpe, R\u016bra, Mozele, Emsa, Nek\u0101ra, Iz\u0101ra, Maina, Naba, Eg\u0113ra, Vez\u0113ra.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Tr\u012bre, Halle, Veidene, L\u0113ne, Ilcene, Leina, Citava, L\u012bbene, L\u012bbenava, \u0160v\u0113te, Templine, Lukava, Vilcene, Ukro, B\u0101rte, V\u0101rene.<\/p>\n

ZVIEDRIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Torne, \u016ame, L\u016ble, Kl\u0101ra.
\nSt\u016br\u0161ena ezers.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Serna, Stur\u0161e, M\u016btala, M\u016bra, Upsala, J\u016bsd\u0101le, Omola.<\/p>\n

\u0100ZIJA<\/strong><\/p>\n

KRIEVIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Am\u016bra, Usuri, Bureja, Zeja, Kolima, Vitima, Aldana, Vi\u013cuja, \u013bena, Oka, Angara, Je\u0146iseja, Irti\u0161a, Oba, \u0160ilka, Jana, Heta, Hatanga, Kotuja, Katu\u0146a, Taza, Pura, Usa, Pe\u010dora, Meze\u0146a, Daugava, Me\u017ea, Kama, V(i)jatka, Volga, Oka-2, Zu\u0161a, Upa, P\u013cava, Para, Nara, Sura, Seima, Dona, Oma, Toma, Lovate, Narva, Urupa, Laba, Kuma, Bija.
\nOkas ezers.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Bija, Omska, Tomska.
\nAltaja un Saj\u0101nu kalni, Valdaja augstiene.<\/p>\n

BANGLADE\u0160A<\/p>\n

Atrajas upe un Siletas pils\u0113ta, k\u0101 ar\u012b Bramaputras upe.<\/p>\n

BIRMA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Salvina, Kaladana, Mali, Iravadi.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Pal\u0101na, Pa\u0101na, Tavoja, La\u0161o, Tako.<\/p>\n

BUT\u0100NA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> K\u016bru un Dangme.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Mongara un Punaka.<\/p>\n

INDIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Inda, Sinda, Betva, Sona, Varda, Sarda, \u0160ajoka, Narmada, Tela.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Silvasa, Guna, divas Itavas, Sagara, R\u012bga, Puri, Betija, Laknava, Agra, Duna.<\/p>\n

IR\u0100NA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Atr\u0101ka, Karasu, Maz\u0101na, Kola.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Nesa, Varam\u012bna, Gorg\u0101na, Sargala, Save, \u016agi\u0146a, Pol\u0101na, Mij\u0101ne, Reja.<\/p>\n

JEMENA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Mad\u0101ba, M\u016bra, Mona.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Taiza, Beida, Gaida, Sukra, Sana.<\/p>\n

JORD\u0100NIJA<\/p>\n

Pils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Salta, Daba, B\u0101jira, R\u0101mla, Hatija.<\/p>\n

KAMBOD\u017dA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Sena, Sana, Konga, Mekonga.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Lompata, Baraja, Bariama.<\/p>\n

\u0136\u012aNA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Am\u016bra, Usuri, Arguna, \u0160ara Murens, Hotana, Tarima, Salvina.
\nHara Hoto o\u0101ze.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Altaja, \u0160uidina, Cita, Veija, Goli\u0146ka, Dardo, Garda, Korla.<\/p>\n

LAOSA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Heta, Kadi\u0146a, Banglai, Benga, Konga, Mekonga.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Heta, Sana, Singa, Pal\u0101na, Pakse, Paklai, Pakopa, Vienpuka.<\/p>\n

LIB\u0100NA<\/p>\n

L\u012bt\u0101nu upe.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> T\u012bra, Sidona, Beiruta, Balbeka.<\/p>\n

MONGOLIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Selenga, Idera, \u016argola, Orhona, Tola.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> divas Altaja, \u010detras Bajana, Bajangolo, Bajanobo, Mandala, divas Murena, Tela, Luna, M\u0101nta, Ma\u0146ta.<\/p>\n

NEP\u0100LA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Aruna, Seti, Rapti, Kalinadi.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Silgarni, Pokara, Patana (Lalitp\u016bra).<\/p>\n

OM\u0100NA<\/p>\n

Pils\u0113tas:<\/strong> S\u0101lala, Galata, S\u016bra, Maskata, Suvaika, Buraimi.<\/p>\n

PAKIST\u0100NA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Inda, Ravi, Kurama, Mura, Mula, Bado, Nala, Nara, Nari, Zoba.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Dargai, Sazina, Tata, Kolva, Tala.<\/p>\n

SAUDA AR\u0100BIJA<\/p>\n

Pils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Laila, Rasa, Sen\u0101va, L\u012bna, B\u0101ti\u0146a, Varia.
\nVakras, Insalas un Gaudas o\u0101zes.<\/p>\n

S\u012aRIJA<\/p>\n

Pils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Lat\u0101\u0137ija, Raka, Ba\u0101ba, \u0160umaitija, Koma, Sa\u0101na, D\u016bma, Dera, Zil\u0101fa.<\/p>\n

\u0160RILANKA<\/p>\n

Upe:<\/strong> Jana.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Galle, Kandi, Bibile, Matale, \u010cilava.
\nVel\u0113nas sala.<\/p>\n

TAIZEME<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Salvina, Kama, Muna, Pasaka, Inga, Pinga, Nana, Joma, Mekonga.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Hetjai, Hetkai, Hota, Launa, Taka, Surina, Varina, Lopburi, Saraburi, \u010conburi.<\/p>\n

TURCIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Marica, Simava, Lenid\u017ee, Karasu, Murata, Tigra, K\u016bra.
\nTaura kalni.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Babeski, Gemlika, Iznika, Geive, Troja, Ezine, Mil\u0113ta, T\u012bre, Simava, \u010cala, Mygla, Isp\u0101rta, Ilgina, Saite\u013ci, Eregli, Z\u012ble, Izmira, Izmita, Bartina, Sirmene, Mu\u0161a, Karsa, Ankara,(Ankura-fr\u012b\u0123u, Ankira-gallu, Ankara-turku v\u0101rds pils\u0113tai).<\/p>\n

\u0100FRIKA<\/strong><\/p>\n

AL\u017d\u012aRIJA<\/p>\n

Upe:<\/strong> Saura.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Bl\u012bda, Medeja, Gardaja, Tebesa, Veda, Vargla, Golea, Vallena.<\/p>\n

\u0112\u0122IPTE<\/p>\n

Pils\u0113tas:<\/strong> S\u012bva, M\u016bta, Bal\u0101ta, T\u0113bas, Tanta, Dumj\u0101ta.<\/p>\n

ETIOPIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Oma, Dava, Ava\u0161a, Abaja.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Gondera, Tabora, Vordera, Gota, Dangla, Mojale, Voldija.<\/p>\n

KAMER\u016aNA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Logone, Nuna, Vina, Krosa, Dume, Loma, Bumba, Beka, Koma, Sanga, Donga.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Ebolova, Obala, Guna, Joko, Duala, Edela, Jaunde.<\/p>\n

L\u012aBIJA<\/p>\n

Pils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Beida, Zella, Vad\u0101na, Br\u0101ka, G\u0101ta, Garj\u0101na.<\/p>\n

MAROKA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> S\u016bsa, Verga, Seb\u016b, Dadesa, Muluja.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> M\u016bsa, T\u0101za, B\u0101btaza, Vaz\u0101na, Asni, Asa, Aka, As\u012bla, T\u0101ta, T\u0101vn\u0101ta.<\/p>\n

MOZAMBIKA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Limpupo, Lurio, Mesato, Save.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Sena, Tete, Moma, Vila, Namuna.<\/p>\n

KONGO un ZAIRA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Salonga, Ubangi, Vele, Lopori, Ituri.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Kama, Tolo, Vaca, Opala, Itula, Kole, Kalima.<\/p>\n

KOTDIVU\u0100RA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Bandania, Komoe, Iringa, Davo, Lobo, Jarani.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Mana, Divo, Uelle, Segela, Sandege, Sakala, Isia, Akupe, Dab\u016b, Tab\u016b.<\/p>\n

SENEG\u0100LA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Seneg\u0101la, Gambija.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Dabo, Kolda, Salde, Semme, Bala, Matama, Tuba, Luga.<\/p>\n

TUNISIJA<\/p>\n

Upe:<\/strong> Mellega.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Nefta, B\u0113d\u017ea, T\u0101la, Sabrija, S\u016bsa, Bizerta, Kart\u0101ga.<\/p>\n

UGANDA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Okere, Asva, Pagera, Kagera, Katonga.
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> Paranga, Isva, Gulu, Mojo, Lira, Soroti, I\u0161aka.<\/p>\n

ZAMBIJA<\/p>\n

Upes:<\/strong> Lufupa, Kalomo, Dongve\u2026
\nPils\u0113tas:<\/strong> \u012asoka, Mansa, Sinda\u2026<\/p>\n

Un t\u0101: \u012asoka atg\u0101dina par k\u0101du ies\u0101kumu (\u012bsokumu), kad cilv\u0113ks bija vienl\u012bdz mies\u012bga un gar\u012bga b\u016btne. Mansa atg\u0101dina aizur\u0101lu mansus un viduslaiku \u0123erm\u0101\u0146us, kas ar mies\u012bgo cilv\u0113ka da\u013cu saprata visu cilv\u0113ku (men\u0161on \u2013 senpr\u016b\u0161u izpratn\u0113 miesa, bet Men\u0161 v\u0101cu izpratn\u0113 cilv\u0113ks). Sinda atg\u0101dina seno dienvidbaltu tautu sindus, kuras p\u0113d\u0113jais atlikums sav\u0101c\u0101s Pakist\u0101n\u0101 un Indij\u0101. Zambijas Lufupa t\u0101pat k\u0101 Urupa Zieme\u013ckauk\u0101z\u0101 un Upa Volgas basein\u0101 liek atcer\u0113ties, ka ir baltu upe (upa). Kalomo var\u0113tu b\u016bt Kolimas radiniece, bet Dongve m\u0101sa Dangmei no But\u0101nas Himalajos.<\/p>\n

Mainoties klimatam un apdz\u012bvot\u012bbai, sajaucoties taut\u0101m un ras\u0113m, caur kontinentiem un gadu t\u016bksto\u0161iem v\u0113l joproj\u0101m daudz un da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s viet\u0101s \u0161\u012b zeme Ir apz\u012bmogota ar protobaltu z\u012bmogu, jo visu, ko Dievs rad\u012bjis, v\u0101rdos nosauca m\u016bsu sen\u010di.<\/p>\n

Andrejs Kavacis,<\/em><\/strong>
\n<\/em><\/strong>2009. gada 08. oktobr\u012b.<\/em><\/p>\n

Piez\u012bmes pie internet\u0101 ievietotajiem koment\u0101riem<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nebr\u012bnos, ka daudziem las\u012bt\u0101jiem grib\u0113tos tur\u0113t rok\u0101s detaliz\u0113ti izstr\u0101d\u0101tu un hronolo\u0123iski prec\u012bzu \u00abBaltu senv\u0113sturi\u00bb. Ta\u010du mans uzdevums nav peln\u012bt maizi profesion\u0101\u013ciem un titul\u0113tiem v\u0113stures zin\u0101tniekiem.<\/p>\n

Mana \u00abBaltu senv\u0113sture\u00bb ir protests pret v\u0113stures zin\u0101tnieku bezdarb\u012bbu. Tur j\u016bs neatrad\u012bsiet vair\u0101k par viena cilv\u0113ka divos<\/strong> gados paveikto. Mana darba pamat\u0101 ir burtnieku v\u0113sts par obru tautu un vi\u0146as p\u0113d\u0113jo, ar uzvaru vai\u0146agoto karag\u0101jienu. V\u0113stures dokumentu kl\u0101sts, kur\u0101 es p\u0101rbaud\u012bju burtnieku v\u0113stis nav pla\u0161s, bet pietiekami ticams.<\/p>\n

Tiem, kuri man\u0101 darb\u0101 grib saskat\u012bt \u201ezin\u0101tnisko fantastiku\u201d, ieteiktu iepaz\u012bties ar izmantoto literat\u016btu. Tur vien\u012bgi I. V\u012bka \u201eM\u016bsu dz\u012bve senatn\u0113\u201d var\u0113tu pretend\u0113t uz t\u0101du apz\u012bm\u0113jumu, ta\u010du ar\u012b taj\u0101 ir daudz paties\u012bbas graudu. Kas attiecas uz fantastiku, tad tie\u0161i p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101 laik\u0101 LU v\u0113stures fakult\u0101tes izdotaj\u0101 \u017eurn\u0101l\u012bt\u012b ir cil\u0101ta doma, ka visa v\u0113sture sast\u0101vot tikai no \u201em\u012btiem\u201d. Dom\u0101ti gan komunistu, fa\u0161istu un liber\u0101\u013cu veidotie v\u0113stures m\u012bti. Ar v\u0113stures politisko mitolo\u0123iz\u0113\u0161anu kop\u0161 17.gds. l\u012bdz m\u016bsdien\u0101m akt\u012bvi nodarbojas Krievijas imperi\u0101listi. T\u0101 ir fantastika un apzin\u0101ti meli.<\/p>\n

Noklus\u0113ta paties\u012bba un nozagta v\u0113sture var likties fantastika, tom\u0113r t\u0101 nav zin\u0101tnisk\u0101 fantastika, ja satur paties\u012bbu. Vien\u012bgi paties\u012bba v\u0113sturi padara par zin\u0101tni<\/strong>!<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u201eiezemietis<\/strong>\u201d sav\u0101 koment\u0101r\u0101 (11.10.2009. at. 0:59) p\u0101rmet nekonsekvenci etnon\u012bmu zi\u0146\u0101. Diem\u017e\u0113l pa\u0161i v\u0113stures avoti ir nekonsekventi, jo bie\u017ei vien vienu un to pa\u0161u tautu sauc da\u017e\u0101dos v\u0101rdos. Tas nav labi, bet es to nevaru izlabot. Tas, ka par \u0137eltiem sauktas baltu tautas un ar\u012b jaukte\u0146i \u2013 galli, nav mana vaina. Brit\u0101nijas kimrus es nekur neesmu piemin\u0113jis. Vien\u012bgi, kad Dr. Zeiferts uz dienvidiem no D\u0101nijas kart\u0113 ba\u017e\u012bgi iez\u012bm\u0113jis Hersonesas kimbrus pieliekot kl\u0101t jaut\u0101juma z\u012bmi, es bez ba\u017e\u0101m vi\u0146u v\u0101rdu attiec\u012bg\u0101 laika kart\u0113 izdz\u0113su, jo tur tad dz\u012bvoja Varnovas obri un da\u013c\u0113ji \u0123ermaniz\u0113tie obotr\u012bti, caur kuriem jaun\u0101s v\u0101cu n\u0101cijas valod\u0101 non\u0101ca tie baltu v\u0101rdi, kurus esmu uzr\u0101d\u012bjis \u00abPielikuma\u00bb rakst\u0101 \u201eBarbarismi m\u016bsdienu valod\u0101 un barbariska attieksme pret sen\u010du valodu\u201d. Tur j\u016bs redziet tos \u201e\u0137eltu<\/strong>\u201d v\u0101rdus, kas kop\u0101 ar gotu valodu veidoju\u0161i v\u0101cu valodu.<\/p>\n

Taisn\u012bba \u201enatur\u0101listam<\/strong>\u201d (12.10.2009. at. 0:37)
\nAr haz\u0101riem un vi\u0146u kart\u0113m neesmu paz\u012bstams un ar vi\u0146u p\u0113cn\u0101c\u0113jiem \u2013 \u201epadomju ebrejiem\u201d ar\u012b negribu paz\u012bties, jo ne\u012bsti \u017e\u012bdi ir t\u0101pat k\u0101 viltota nauda\u2026<\/p>\n

Taisn\u012bba \u201enatur\u0101listam<\/strong>\u201d ar\u012b (12.10.2009. at. 1:33), tom\u0113r kas attiecas uz at. 0:37 pamudin\u0101jumu papildin\u0101t \u00abBaltu senv\u0113sturi\u00bb ar etnosu p\u0101rvieto\u0161an\u0101s hronolo\u0123iju, man j\u0101atz\u012bstas, ka priek\u0161 tam man vairs nav ne laika, ne iesp\u0113ju. Burtnieku mutv\u0101rdu trad\u012bcij\u0101 glab\u0101to zi\u0146u vecumu m\u0113ro ar inform\u0101cijas glab\u0101t\u0101ju paaud\u017eu skaitu. T\u0101da inform\u0101cija ir \u013coti aptuvena un ir gandr\u012bz neiesp\u0113jami to prec\u012bzi savienot ar zin\u0101maj\u0101m laika skait\u012b\u0161anas sist\u0113m\u0101m. Turkl\u0101t man zin\u0101ma tikai viena da\u013ca no S\u012bma\u0146a Spirka glab\u0101t\u0101s inform\u0101cijas. Blefot negribu.<\/p>\n

Paldies Aigaram Br\u016bvelim<\/strong> (04.08.2009. at. 19:01)
\n\u201eLatvie\u0161u \u2013 \u0161um\u0113ru valodas \u0161ok\u0113jo\u0161\u0101s l\u012bdz\u012bbas\u201d dro\u0161i vien ir \u013coti v\u0113rt\u012bgs darbs, kuru \u0161obr\u012bd v\u0113l nepaz\u012bstu.<\/p>\n

Par \u201eja<\/strong>\u201d koment\u0101ru (03.08.2009. at. 20:36)
\nKoment\u0113t\u0101js ir ac\u012bmredzam\u0101 v\u0113sturisko melu atkar\u012bb\u0101<\/strong>: proti, \u201ebaltu ciltis\u201d ir dz\u012bvoju\u0161as tikai Baltij\u0101 un pasauli nekad nav pazinu\u0161as. Tad nu neskatoties uz to, ka m\u016bsu sen\u010di ir devu\u0161i v\u0101rdus visiem \u0123eogr\u0101fiskajiem objektiem Eir\u0101zij\u0101 un \u0100frik\u0101, bet tom\u0113r nav pazinu\u0161i \u0161o kontinentu floru un faunu, ir apgalvojums no lielas \u201esviesta\u201d mucas. M\u016bsu sen\u010di neesot pazinu\u0161i pat pudi\u0146u, lai gan vesela tauta saucas par budiniem, tas ir pudi\u0146iem!<\/p>\n

Ac\u012bm redzot sen\u010du pudi\u0146\u0161 bija tik gar\u0161\u012bgs, ka kaimi\u0146tautas vi\u0146us t\u0101 ar\u012b nosauca par budiniem. Un it\u0101\u013cu valod\u0101 \u201ebudino\u201d v\u0113l \u0161odien ir pudi\u0146\u0161.<\/p>\n

Te nu \u201eja\u201d koment\u0113t\u0101jam ir taisn\u012bba<\/strong> \u2013 vi\u0146\u0161 raksta: \u201eTe nu gan ir sviests\u2026\u201d Pareizi, pudi\u0146\u0161 bez sviesta nesan\u0101k!<\/p>\n

Andrejs Kavacis,
\n<\/em><\/strong>13.10.2009.<\/em><\/p>\n

Izmantoti AISBERGS resursi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Priek\u0161v\u0101rds Tauta bez savas v\u0113stures zin\u0101\u0161an\u0101m ir k\u0101 b\u0113rns bez vec\u0101kiem, kuram var iest\u0101st\u012bt, ko vien grib. Kaut kas t\u0101ds ir noticis ar baltu taut\u0101m. Modern\u0101 v\u0113sture t\u0101m ir nozagusi pirmdzimt\u012bbas paties\u012bbu, l\u012bdz ar...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[8],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tautastribunals.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11709"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tautastribunals.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tautastribunals.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tautastribunals.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tautastribunals.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11709"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/tautastribunals.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11709\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11711,"href":"https:\/\/tautastribunals.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11709\/revisions\/11711"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tautastribunals.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11709"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tautastribunals.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11709"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tautastribunals.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11709"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}